24 results on '"Urošev, Marko"'
Search Results
2. Hydrological Characteristics of Serbia
- Author
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Urošev, Marko, primary, Milanović Pešić, Ana, additional, Kovačević–Majkić, Jelena, additional, and Štrbac, Dragoljub, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Regional Flood Frequency Analysis Based on L-Moment Approach (Case Study Tisza River Basin)
- Author
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Igor Leščešen, Urošev, Marko, Dolinaj, Dragan, Pantelić, Milana, Telbisz, Tamás, Varga, György, Savić, Stevan, and Milošević, Dragan
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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4. Danube River discharge at Bezdan gauging station (Serbia) and its correlation with atmospheric circulation patterns
- Author
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Dolinaj Dragan, Leščešen Igor, Pantelić Milana, Urošev Marko, and Milijašević-Joksimović Dragana
- Subjects
atmospheric circulation patterns ,trends ,Danube River ,discharge ,Serbia ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
For understanding hydroclimatological process chain it is crucial to identify relations between large-scale climatic circulations and river discharge. The Danube is one of the most important European waterways, flowing 2.857 kilometers across the Europe and with 817.000 km2 basin. Danube River average and maximum discharges are correlated with eight atmospheric circulation patterns indices: AOi, EAi, EA/WRi, ENSOi, MOi, NAOi, SCANDi and WeMOi in 65 years period at the Bezdan gauging station in Serbia. Obtained results showed that precipitation, MOi and WeMOi have constant and dominant influences on Danube River average discharge at Bezdan gauging station, while maximum discharge is mainly influenced by precipitation and MOi. All registered correlations are positive.
- Published
- 2019
5. Lessons from the 2018-2019 European droughts : a collective need for unifying drought risk management
- Author
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Blauhut, Veit, Stoelzle, Michael, Ahopelto, Lauri, Brunner, Manuela I., Teutschbein, Claudia, Wendt, Doris E., Akstinas, Vytautas, Bakke, Sigrid J., Barker, Lucy J., Bartošová, Lenka, Briede, Agrita, Cammalleri, Carmelo, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, De Stefano, Lucia, Fendeková, Miriam, Finger, David C., Huysmans, Marijke, Ivanov, Mirjana, Jaagus, Jaak, Jakubínský, JiÅ™í, Krakovska, Svitlana, Laaha, Gregor, Lakatos, Monika, Manevski, Kiril, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, Nikolova, Nina, Osuch, Marzena, Van Oel, Pieter, Radeva, Kalina, Romanowicz, Renata J., Toth, Elena, Trnka, Mirek, Urošev, Marko, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, Sauquet, Eric, Stevkov, Aleksandra, Tallaksen, Lena M., Trofimova, Iryna, Van Loon, Anne F., Van Vliet, Michelle T.H., Vidal, Jean Philippe, Wanders, Niko, Werner, Micha, Willems, Patrick, Zivković, Nenad, Hydrologie, Landdegradatie en aardobservatie, Blauhut V., Stoelzle M., Ahopelto L., Brunner M.I., Teutschbein C., Wendt D.E., Akstinas V., Bakke S.J., Barker L.J., Bartosova L., Briede A., Cammalleri C., Kalin K.C., De Stefano L., Fendekova M., Finger D.C., Huysmans M., Ivanov M., Jaagus J., Jakubinsky J., Krakovska S., Laaha G., Lakatos M., Manevski K., Neumann Andersen M., Nikolova N., Osuch M., Van Oel P., Radeva K., Romanowicz R.J., Toth E., Trnka M., Urosev M., Urquijo Reguera J., Sauquet E., Stevkov A., Tallaksen L.M., Trofimova I., Van Loon A.F., Van Vliet M.T.H., Vidal J.-P., Wanders N., Werner M., Willems P., Zivkovic N., University of Freiburg, Department of Built Environment, Uppsala University, University of Birmingham, Lithuanian Energy Institute, University of Oslo, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Latvia, European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute, Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Complutense University, Comenius University in Bratislava, Reykjavík University, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology of Montenegro, University of Tartu, Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Hungarian Meteorological Service, Aarhus University, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Institute of Geophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Universita di Bologna, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Technical University of Madrid, INRAE, National Hydrometeorological Service, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Utrecht University, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, KU Leuven, University of Belgrade, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Water and Climate Risk, Hydrologie, and Landdegradatie en aardobservatie
- Subjects
IMPACTS ,drought ,risk ,management ,strategy ,stakeholders ,Europe ,Hidrología ,media_common.quotation_subject ,WATER-RESOURCES ,CIRCULATION ,Vulnerability ,Earth and Planetary Sciences(all) ,Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser ,METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT ,EVENTS ,Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources ,Short summary: Recent drought events caused enormous damage in Europe. We therefore questioned the existence and effect of current drought management strategies on the actual impacts and how drought is perceived by relevant stakeholders. Over 700 participants from 28 European countries provided insights into drought hazard and impact perception and current management strategies. The study concludes with an urgent need to collectively combat drought risk via a European macro-level drought governance approach ,11. Sustainability ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,Life Science ,Geosciences, Multidisciplinary ,Environmental planning ,media_common ,Science & Technology ,WIMEK ,Corporate governance ,Geology ,Directive ,Hazard ,6. Clean water ,Water Resources Management ,Water resources ,Geography ,Harm ,13. Climate action ,Physical Sciences ,Water Resources ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Water Systems and Global Change ,Psychological resilience ,Hydrology ,SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation ,Diversity (business) - Abstract
Funding Information: This open-access publication was funded by the University of Freiburg. Funding Information: Financial support. The project is supported by the Wassernetzwerk Baden-Württemberg (Water Research Network of the State Baden-Württemberg), which is funded by the Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg (Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the State Baden-Württemberg) (grant no. AZ. 7532.21/2.1.6) and Maa-ja vesitekniikan tuki ry foundation. Doris E. Wendt acknowledges her support as part of the NERC-funded Groundwater Drought Initiative (NE/R004994/1). Lucy J. Barker was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R016429/1) as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering National Capability. The contributions of Mirek Trnka, Lenka Bartošová, and Jaak Jaagus have been supported by SustES – Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Veit Blauhut et al. Drought events and their impacts vary spatially and temporally due to diverse pedo-climatic and hydrologic conditions, as well as variations in exposure and vulnerability, such as demographics and response actions. While hazard severity and frequency of past drought events have been studied in detail, little is known about the effect of drought management strategies on the actual impacts and how the hazard is perceived by relevant stakeholders. In a continental study, we characterised and assessed the impacts and the perceptions of two recent drought events (2018 and 2019) in Europe and examined the relationship between management strategies and drought perception, hazard, and impact. The study was based on a pan-European survey involving national representatives from 28 countries and relevant stakeholders responding to a standard questionnaire. The survey focused on collecting information on stakeholders' perceptions of drought, impacts on water resources and beyond, water availability, and current drought management strategies on national and regional scales. The survey results were compared with the actual drought hazard information registered by the European Drought Observatory (EDO) for 2018 and 2019. The results highlighted high diversity in drought perception across different countries and in values of the implemented drought management strategies to alleviate impacts by increasing national and sub-national awareness and resilience. The study identifies an urgent need to further reduce drought impacts by constructing and implementing a European macro-level drought governance approach, such as a directive, which would strengthen national drought management and mitigate damage to human and natural assets.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Hydrological droughts in the Južna Moravia river basin (Serbia)
- Author
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Urošev Marko, Dolinaj Dragan, and Leščešen Igor
- Subjects
hydrological drought ,threshold level method ,drought deficit ,RDI ,Južna Morava ,Serbia ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Spatial and temporal analysis of hydrological droughts, defined by two variables: deficit and duration of drought, is presented in this paper. Time series of deficits and drought durations are derived using threshold level method for 15 hydrological stations in basin of Južna Morava (Serbia). Since Q90 was used as threshold level for drought definition, these time series are ready for frequency analysis of extreme droughts. The longest average duration of drought is observed on Visočica River at Braćevci, then on Vlasina River at Vlasotince, and shortest droughts on upstream stations of Južna Morava, Vladičin Han and Grdelica. There is a direct relationship between absolute values of drought deficits and catchment area or mean annual water discharge, while standardize deficits have similar spatial distribution as drought duration. Regional deficit index (RDI) was calculated, which enabled insight in spatial-temporal drought characteristics in defined regions, like seasons when droughts most often occur, and derivation of largest droughts, both in terms of their duration, and covered area.
- Published
- 2016
7. Variation in the VLF signal noise amplitude during the period of intense seismic activity in Central Italy from 25 October to 3 November 2016
- Author
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Nina, Aleksandra, primary, Biagi, Pier Francesco, additional, Pulinets, Sergey, additional, Nico, Giovanni, additional, Mitrović, Srđan T., additional, Čadež, Vladimir M., additional, Radovanović, Milan, additional, Urošev, Marko, additional, and Popović, Luka Č., additional
- Published
- 2022
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8. Small hydropower plants in Serbia: Hydropower potential, current state and perspectives
- Author
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Panić, Milena, Urošev, Marko, Milanović Pešić, Ana, Brankov, Jovana, and Bjeljac, Željko
- Published
- 2013
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9. Trends of mean annual and seasonal discharges of rivers in Serbia
- Author
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Kovačević-Majkić Jelena and Urošev Marko
- Subjects
discharge ,annual trend ,seasonal trend ,Serbia ,water resources ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Subjects of this paper are trends of annual and seasonal water discharges in Serbia. Data of water discharges at the 94 hydrological stations in the period 1961-2010 were analyzed, using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's method. It was concluded that 27% of analyzed stations have statistically significant changes on annual level and 14-24% on seasonal level. The annual, winter, spring and summer trends are negative, while positive trends occur at only one station for annual values, on many stations in autumn and at a small number of stations in winter. Considering the quality of data, the results of the Beli Drim River basin require additional research, while negative trends at stations downstream of water reservoirs, primarily in basins of Južna Morava and Drina rivers, are consequences of human activities. Results show that the attention of the competent water management authorities should be directed to the Timok and Južna Morava basins in terms of the expected decrease of amounts of water, and to the basins of Toplica, Nišava, Pusta, Ibar and Kolubara rivers when it comes to increase of amounts of water. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 47007]
- Published
- 2014
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10. At-site hydrological drought analysis: Case study of Velika Morava River at Ljubičevski most (Serbia)
- Author
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Urošev Marko, Dolinaj Dragan, and Štrbac Dragoljub
- Subjects
Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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11. Lessons from the 2018-2019 European droughts: a collective need for unifying drought risk management
- Author
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Hydrologie, Landdegradatie en aardobservatie, Blauhut, Veit, Stoelzle, Michael, Ahopelto, Lauri, Brunner, Manuela I., Teutschbein, Claudia, Wendt, Doris E., Akstinas, Vytautas, Bakke, Sigrid J., Barker, Lucy J., Bartošová, Lenka, Briede, Agrita, Cammalleri, Carmelo, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, De Stefano, Lucia, Fendeková, Miriam, Finger, David C., Huysmans, Marijke, Ivanov, Mirjana, Jaagus, Jaak, Jakubínský, JiÅ™í, Krakovska, Svitlana, Laaha, Gregor, Lakatos, Monika, Manevski, Kiril, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, Nikolova, Nina, Osuch, Marzena, Van Oel, Pieter, Radeva, Kalina, Romanowicz, Renata J., Toth, Elena, Trnka, Mirek, Urošev, Marko, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, Sauquet, Eric, Stevkov, Aleksandra, Tallaksen, Lena M., Trofimova, Iryna, Van Loon, Anne F., Van Vliet, Michelle T.H., Vidal, Jean Philippe, Wanders, Niko, Werner, Micha, Willems, Patrick, Zivković, Nenad, Hydrologie, Landdegradatie en aardobservatie, Blauhut, Veit, Stoelzle, Michael, Ahopelto, Lauri, Brunner, Manuela I., Teutschbein, Claudia, Wendt, Doris E., Akstinas, Vytautas, Bakke, Sigrid J., Barker, Lucy J., Bartošová, Lenka, Briede, Agrita, Cammalleri, Carmelo, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, De Stefano, Lucia, Fendeková, Miriam, Finger, David C., Huysmans, Marijke, Ivanov, Mirjana, Jaagus, Jaak, Jakubínský, JiÅ™í, Krakovska, Svitlana, Laaha, Gregor, Lakatos, Monika, Manevski, Kiril, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, Nikolova, Nina, Osuch, Marzena, Van Oel, Pieter, Radeva, Kalina, Romanowicz, Renata J., Toth, Elena, Trnka, Mirek, Urošev, Marko, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, Sauquet, Eric, Stevkov, Aleksandra, Tallaksen, Lena M., Trofimova, Iryna, Van Loon, Anne F., Van Vliet, Michelle T.H., Vidal, Jean Philippe, Wanders, Niko, Werner, Micha, Willems, Patrick, and Zivković, Nenad
- Published
- 2022
12. Floods in Serbia in the 1999-2009 period: Hydrological analysis and flood protection measures
- Author
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Milanović Ana, Urošev Marko, and Milijašević Dragana
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floods ,maximum water levels and discharges ,distribution function ,flood protection measures ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The review on greatest floods recorded in Vojvodina and central Serbia within the period from 1999 to 2009 is given in this paper. For 13 hydrological stations, that recorded the greatest floods for the present period, probability of occurrence of these floods has been accomplished. Based on analysis of time series of discharge and water level maximum, performed by applying probability theory and mathematical statistics, and calculated theoretical probability distribution function of floods, probability of occurrence of flood has been obtained. Most often the best agreement with the empirical distribution function had a Log-Pearson III, Pearson III distribution. These results can be used for dimensioning of hydro-technical objects for flood protection. The most significant causes for floods recorded in this period were melting of snow and intensive rainfall. In this paper the current situation of flood protection and future development of flood protection measures were also presented. .
- Published
- 2010
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13. Assessment of the river habitat quality in undeveloped areas of Serbia applying the RHS (river habitat survey) method
- Author
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Urošev Marko, Milanović Ana, and Milijašević Dragana
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RHS method ,HQA index ,HMS index ,Golijska Moravica ,Jerma ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Paper's main goal is to establish 'RHS reference site', which will be the basis for future classification of river habitat quality in other regions of Serbia. River habitats in Golijska Moravica and Jerma basin have been assessed and classified by RHS method, and reference values are determined (which would serve for the next research of river habitats in Serbia). In Golijska Moravica and Jerma basin semi-natural and predominantly unmodified habitats with high diversity are dominant. If we compare HQA index of Moravica and Jerma with HQA indexes in some European countries (Austria, Germany) of same river type (small, shallow mountain rivers) we can conclude that sites in Moravica and Jerma basin have higher habitat diversity. Within river basins there are spatial differences of HQA index value. River sites in Moravica and Jerma basin have lower values of HMS index than sites in European countries. The impact of individual characteristics on total HQA and HMS score is also determined in this paper. Results of this paper are important for conservation of natural habitats, for river basin management plans and to estimate environmental impact of future water management activities in these basins.
- Published
- 2009
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14. Analysis of seasonal flow and minimum water discharge of Veliki Rzav for the purposes of regional water supply system 'Rzav'
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Urošev Marko
- Subjects
seasonal flow ,minimum water discharge ,water supply system "Rzav ,frequency curves ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Minimum water discharge and seasonal flow calculations of Veliki Rzav at Arilje have been conducted for the purposes of regional water supply system "Rzav". For the first time for this hydrological station minimum water discharges have been calculated by frequency curves, parameters of which have been determined by method of moments. Also for the first time in Serbia seasonal flow was calculated using "composing method". Analysis presented in this paper can be used for exploitation and planning of upcoming water management activities in the regional water supply system "Rzav.
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- 2007
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15. Water quality in the Golijska Moravica basin
- Author
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Urošev Marko
- Subjects
Golijska Moravica ,river pollution ,water quality ,water quality protection ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The basin of the Golijska Moravica River is rich in water, and therefore its water is used for water supply of towns and industry not only in the basin but in the whole region as well. This paper presents the status of water quality in the main rivers of the basin, and recommends measures for water quality protection.
- Published
- 2006
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16. Use of the RHS method in Golijska Moravica river basin
- Author
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Milanović Ana, Urošev Marko, and Milijašević Dragana
- Subjects
River Habitat Survey (RHS) ,Golijska Moravica ,Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA) ,Habitat Modification Class (HMC) ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
River Habitat Survey (RHS) is terrain method developed in UK in 1994. for determination of physical character of rivers and river basin. This method is applied for the first time in Golijska Moravica river basin. Two indices which broadly describe the diversity of river habitat and landscape features (Habitat Quality Assessment (HQA)) and extent and severity of artificial modification to the channel (Habitat Modification Class (HMC)) has been developed for reporting purposes. These are based on simple scoring systems which have been agreed by technical experts.
- Published
- 2006
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17. Supplementary material to "Lessons from the 2018–2019 European droughts: A collective need for unifying drought risk management"
- Author
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Blauhut, Veit, primary, Stoelzle, Michael, additional, Ahopelto, Lauri, additional, Brunner, Manuela I., additional, Teutschbein, Claudia, additional, Wendt, Doris E., additional, Akstinas, Vytautas, additional, Bakke, Sigrid J., additional, Barker, Lucy J., additional, Bartošová, Lenka, additional, Briede, Agrita, additional, Cammalleri, Carmelo, additional, De Stefano, Lucia, additional, Fendeková, Miriam, additional, Finger, David C., additional, Huysmans, Marijke, additional, Ivanov, Mirjana, additional, Jaagus, Jaak, additional, Jakubínský, Jiří, additional, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, additional, Krakovska, Svitlana, additional, Laaha, Gregor, additional, Lakatos, Monika, additional, Manevski, Kiril, additional, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, additional, Nikolova, Nina, additional, Osuch, Marzena, additional, van Oel, Pieter, additional, Radeva, Kalina, additional, Romanowicz, Renata J., additional, Toth, Elena, additional, Trnka, Mirek, additional, Urošev, Marko, additional, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, additional, Sauquet, Eric, additional, Stevkova, Silvana, additional, Tallaksen, Lena M., additional, Trofimova, Iryna, additional, van Vliet, Michelle T. H., additional, Vidal, Jean-Philippe, additional, Wanders, Niko, additional, Werner, Micha, additional, Willems, Patrick, additional, and Živković, Nenad, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Lessons from the 2018–2019 European droughts: A collective need for unifying drought risk management
- Author
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Blauhut, Veit, primary, Stoelzle, Michael, additional, Ahopelto, Lauri, additional, Brunner, Manuela I., additional, Teutschbein, Claudia, additional, Wendt, Doris E., additional, Akstinas, Vytautas, additional, Bakke, Sigrid J., additional, Barker, Lucy J., additional, Bartošová, Lenka, additional, Briede, Agrita, additional, Cammalleri, Carmelo, additional, De Stefano, Lucia, additional, Fendeková, Miriam, additional, Finger, David C., additional, Huysmans, Marijke, additional, Ivanov, Mirjana, additional, Jaagus, Jaak, additional, Jakubínský, Jiří, additional, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, additional, Krakovska, Svitlana, additional, Laaha, Gregor, additional, Lakatos, Monika, additional, Manevski, Kiril, additional, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, additional, Nikolova, Nina, additional, Osuch, Marzena, additional, van Oel, Pieter, additional, Radeva, Kalina, additional, Romanowicz, Renata J., additional, Toth, Elena, additional, Trnka, Mirek, additional, Urošev, Marko, additional, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, additional, Sauquet, Eric, additional, Stevkova, Silvana, additional, Tallaksen, Lena M., additional, Trofimova, Iryna, additional, van Vliet, Michelle T. H., additional, Vidal, Jean-Philippe, additional, Wanders, Niko, additional, Werner, Micha, additional, Willems, Patrick, additional, and Živković, Nenad, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Lessons from the 2018–2019 European droughts: A collective need for unifying drought risk management
- Author
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Blauhut, Veit, Stoelzle, Michael, Ahopelto, Lauri, Brunner, Manuela I., Teutschbein, Claudia, Wendt, Doris E., Akstinas, Vytautas, Bakke, Sigrid J., Barker, Lucy J., Bartošová, Lenka, Briede, Agrita, Cammalleri, Carmelo, De Stefano, Lucia, Fendeková, Miriam, Finger, David C., Huysmans, Marijke, Ivanov, Mirjana, Jaagus, Jaak, Jakubínský, Jiří, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, Krakovska, Svitlana, Laaha, Gregor, Lakatos, Monika, Manevski, Kiril, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, Nikolova, Nina, Osuch, Marzena, van Oel, Pieter, Radeva, Kalina, Romanowicz, Renata J., Toth, Elena, Trnka, Mirek, Urošev, Marko, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, Sauquet, Eric, Stevkova, Silvana, Tallaksen, Lena M., Trofimova, Iryna, van Vliet, Michelle T. H., Vidal, Jean-Philippe, Wanders, Niko, Werner, Micha, Willems, Patrick, Živković, Nenad, Blauhut, Veit, Stoelzle, Michael, Ahopelto, Lauri, Brunner, Manuela I., Teutschbein, Claudia, Wendt, Doris E., Akstinas, Vytautas, Bakke, Sigrid J., Barker, Lucy J., Bartošová, Lenka, Briede, Agrita, Cammalleri, Carmelo, De Stefano, Lucia, Fendeková, Miriam, Finger, David C., Huysmans, Marijke, Ivanov, Mirjana, Jaagus, Jaak, Jakubínský, Jiří, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, Krakovska, Svitlana, Laaha, Gregor, Lakatos, Monika, Manevski, Kiril, Neumann Andersen, Mathias, Nikolova, Nina, Osuch, Marzena, van Oel, Pieter, Radeva, Kalina, Romanowicz, Renata J., Toth, Elena, Trnka, Mirek, Urošev, Marko, Urquijo Reguera, Julia, Sauquet, Eric, Stevkova, Silvana, Tallaksen, Lena M., Trofimova, Iryna, van Vliet, Michelle T. H., Vidal, Jean-Philippe, Wanders, Niko, Werner, Micha, Willems, Patrick, and Živković, Nenad
- Abstract
Drought events and their impacts vary spatially and temporally due to diverse pedo-climatic and hydrologic conditions, as well as variations in exposure and vulnerability, such as demographics and response actions. While hazardous severity and frequency of past drought events have been studied in detail, little is known about the effect of drought management strategies on the actual impacts, and how the hazard is perceived by relevant stakeholders for inducing action. In a continental study, we characterised and assessed the impacts and the perceptions of two recent drought events (2018 and 2019) in Europe and examined the relationship between management strategies and drought perception, hazard and impacts. The study was based on a pan-European survey involving national representatives from 28 countries and relevant stakeholders responding to a standard questionnaire. The survey focused on collecting information on stakeholders’ perceptions of drought, impacts on water resources and beyond, water availability and current drought management strategies at national and regional scales. The survey results were compared with the actual drought hazard information registered by the European Drought Observatory (EDO) for 2018 and 2019. The results highlighted high diversity in drought perceptions across different countries and in values of implemented drought management strategies to alleviate impacts by increasing national and sub-national awareness and resilience. The study concludes with an urgent need to further reduce drought impacts by constructing and implementing a European macro-level drought governance approach, such as a directive, which would strengthen national drought management and lessen harm to human and natural potentials.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Spatial distribution of specific runoff in Serbia based on rainfall-runoff relationship
- Author
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Urošev, Marko, Štrbac, Dragoljub, Kovačević-Majkić, Jelena, Plavšić, Jasna, Yamashkin, Stanislav, Urošev, Marko, Štrbac, Dragoljub, Kovačević-Majkić, Jelena, Plavšić, Jasna, and Yamashkin, Stanislav
- Abstract
One of the indicators of water potential and water resources is specific runoff. Specific runoff for the whole territory of Serbia was obtained using the exponential relation between depth of runoff Y (mm) and precipitation P (mm). This relation is obtained on the basis of the mean annual amount of precipitation and annual water discharge, namely the depth of the runoff for 69 basins for the period 1961–2010. Coefficient of determination (R²) of relation between the depth of runoff and precipitation is 0.72. The differences between measured and modeled values of specific runoff vary from basin to basin, but at the level of the whole Serbia it is 3.5%. More precisely, the measured specific runoff amounts 5.6 l/s/km2, and the modeled specific runoff is 5.7 l/s/km2. The verification was done by applying the model to 11 large river basins in Serbia. Spatial distribution of the modeled specific runoff is presented by a digital map of specific runoff with pixel resolution 100 × 100 m which enables the estimation of mean annual water discharge in any ungauged basin in Serbia.
- Published
- 2020
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- Author
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Dolinaj, Dragan, Pavić, Dragoslav, Urošev, Marko, Dolinaj, Dragan, Pavić, Dragoslav, and Urošev, Marko
- Abstract
Velike vode su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako i u pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize velikih voda, sa dve promenljive (zapremine i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću (najčešće maksimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom velikih voda, koje su izdvojene metodom praga su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardne vrednosti, jer daju konkretne vrednosti mogućih količina vode (zapremine velikih voda) Metoda praga je primenjena na 22 stanica na četiri najveće reke Panonskog basena (Dunav, Sava, Tisa i Drava) za period 1964-2013. godina što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na ovako velikom geografskom području. Kao prag za izdvajanje velikih voda uzeta je vrednost Q10, jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih velikih voda u najvećih reka Panonskog basena. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode godišnjih maksimuma za statističku analizu karakteristika velikih voda. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali karakteristike velikih voda metodom godišnjih maksimuma, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće, kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma zapremina i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer –Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun velikih voda različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto. Pomoću L-moment dijagrama (LCs/L-Ck) utvrđena je homogenost regiona, u ovom slučaju Panonskog basena, kao iizabrana regionalna r, High waters are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, as well as in terms of its impact on the ecosystem and society. This dissertation presents the advantage of analyzing high waters with two variables (volumes and duration), compared to the usual analysis with one value (usually the maximum annual discharge). The results obtained by the statistical analysis of high waters, which are defined by the threshold method, have shown that they have greater applicability in water management than methods that use standard values because they give concrete values of possible water quantities (volume of highwaters). The threshold method was applied to 22 stations on the four largest rivers Pannonian Basin (Danube, Sava, Tisa and Drava) for the period 1964-2013. This represents the largest sample in such a large geographical area. The value of Q10 was taken as the threshold for defining the high waters, as the aim was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme high waters in the largest rivers of the Pannonian Basin. The threshold selection also influenced the selection of the annual maximum method for statistical analysis of the characteristics of high waters. L-moments were used to determine the parameter of the theoretical distributions, which give more reliable estimates of parameters than ordinary moments. In the previous researches, which analyzed the characteristics of high waters by the method of annual maximums, the distribution function was selected in advance, and not on the basis of tests of approval and check of probability graphs, as is done in this dissertation. In order to check the goodness-offit tests of annual maximum volumes and duration, the tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kramer-Mizes were used, and based on their res
- Published
- 2019
22. Hidrološke suše u slivu Velike Morave
- Author
-
Urošev, Marko, Dolinaj, Dragan, Pavić, Dragoslav, Savić, Stevan, Lukić, Tin, and Živković, Nenad
- Subjects
Hidrološke suše, metoda praga,statistička analiza, metoda parcijalnih serija, L- momenti, Velika Morava ,Hydrological droughts, threshold method, frequency analysis, partial duration series, L-moments, Velika Morava ,Хидролошке суше, метода прага,статистичка анализа, метода парцијалних серија, L- моменти, Велика Морава - Abstract
Хидролошке суше су сложена појава како у погледу фактора који је изазивају, тако и у погледу њеног утицаја на екосистем и друштво. У дисертацији је приказана предност анализе малих вода, односно хидролошких суша са две променљиве (дефицит и трајање), у односу на уобичајену анализу са једном вредношћу(најчешће минимални годишњи протицај). Резултати добијени статистичком анализом суша, које су издвојене методом прага недвосмислено су показали да имају већу применљивост у водопривреди него методе које користе стандардизоване индексе, јер дају конкретне вредности недостајућих количина воде (запремине дефицита суша) у односу на релативне вредности стандардизованих индекса. Метода прага је примењена на39 станица у сливу Велике Мораве за период 1960-2014, што до сад представља највећи узорак на којем је примењивана у Србији, било да се ради о анализи малих или еликих вода. Као праг за издвајање суша узета је вредност Q90 , јер је циљ био анализа просторних и временских карактеристика екстремних(великих) суша у сливу Велике Мораве. Избор прага утицао је и на избор методе парцијалних серија за статистичку анализу карактеристика суша. За одређивање параметра теоријских расподела коришћени су L-моменти који дају поузданије оцене параметара од обичних момената. У досадашњим радовима, који су анализирали хидролошке суше методом парцијалних серија, функција расподеле се унапред одабирала, а не на основу тестова сагласности и провере графика вероватноће,као што је урађено у овој дисертацији. За проверу сагласности годишњег максимума дефицита и трајања коришћени су тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов и Крамер–Мизес, на основу којих су изабране меродавне расподеле за прорачун суша различитих повратних периода на станицама, и обрнуто.С помоћу L-момент дијаграма(LC s/LC k )утврђена је хомогеност региона, у овом случају целог слива Велике Мораве, као и изабрана регионална расподела(P+W) за дефиците и трајање суше, на основу које су израчунати безразмерни квантили, који се могу користити за оцену суша великих повратних периода на хидролошки неизученим сливовима., Hidrološke suše su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako i u pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize malih voda, odnosno hidroloških suša sa dve promenljive (deficit i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću(najčešće minimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom suša, koje su izdvojene metodom praga nedvosmisleno su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardizovane indekse, jer daju konkretne vrednosti nedostajućih količina vode (zapremine deficita suša) u odnosu na relativne vrednosti standardizovanih indeksa. Metoda praga je primenjena na39 stanica u slivu Velike Morave za period 1960-2014, što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na kojem je primenjivana u Srbiji, bilo da se radi o analizi malih ili elikih voda. Kao prag za izdvajanje suša uzeta je vrednost Q90 , jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih(velikih) suša u slivu Velike Morave. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode parcijalnih serija za statističku analizu karakteristika suša. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali hidrološke suše metodom parcijalnih serija, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće,kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma deficita i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer–Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun suša različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto.S pomoću L-moment dijagrama(LC s/LC k )utvrđena je homogenost regiona, u ovom slučaju celog sliva Velike Morave, kao i izabrana regionalna raspodela(P+W) za deficite i trajanje suše, na osnovu koje su izračunati bezrazmerni kvantili, koji se mogu koristiti za ocenu suša velikih povratnih perioda na hidrološki neizučenim slivovima., Hydrological droughts are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, and in terms of its impact on ecosystems and society. The dissertation shows the advantage of low water analysis, i.e. hydrological drought with two variables (deficit and duration), compared to the usual analysis of a single value (a minimum annual flow). The results obtained by statistical analysis of drought, which are separated by the threshold method clearly demonstrated to have greater applicability in water management than methods that used standardized indices, because they give concrete value of missing quantities of water (drought deficit volume) with respect to relative values of standardized index. Threshold method was applied to 39 stations in the Morava River Basin for the period 1960-2014, which so far represents the largest sample on which it was applied in Serbia, whether it is on the analysis of low or high water. The value of Q90 was selected as a threshold for separating the drought, because the goal was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme (large) droughts in the basin of Velika Morava. Selected threshold affected the choice of partial duration series method for statistical analysis of the drought characteristics. L-moments were used to determine the parameters of theoretical distributions because they give more reliable estimates of the parameters than ordinarymoments. In previous papers, which analyzed the hydrological drought by partial duration series, distribution function was chosen in advance, and not on the results of goodness-of-fit tests and visual validation of frequency curve on probability paper, as it was done in this thesis. To check the goodness-of-fit tests of annual maximum deficit and duration tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer –Mises were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for calculation of different return periods of droughts on the stations, and vice versa. The homogeneity of the region was determined by L-moment diagrams (LC s/LC k ), and in this case it was the whole basin of the Velika Morava. L-moments were used for selection of regional distribution (P+W) for the drought duration and deficits, based on which dimensionless quantiles were calculated, which can be used for аеssessment of droughts of great return periods in the hydrological ungauged catchments.
- Published
- 2016
23. Протицајни режим великих вода Дунава, Саве, Тисе и Драве у Панонском басену
- Author
-
Dolinaj, Dragan, Pavić, Dragoslav, and Urošev, Marko
- Subjects
Дунав ,High waters ,Велике воде ,Annual maximum method ,Statistička analiza ,Метода годишњих максимума ,Velike vode ,Dunav ,Panonski basen ,Statistical analysis ,Pannonian basin ,Metoda godišnjih maksimuma ,Статистичка анализа ,Панонски басен ,Danube - Abstract
Велике воде су сложена појава како у погледу фактора који је изазивају, тако и у погледу њеног утицаја на екосистем и друштво. У дисертацији је приказана предност анализе великих вода, са две променљиве (запремине и трајање), у односу на уобичајену анализу са једном вредношћу (најчешће максимални годишњи протицај). Резултати добијени статистичком анализом великих вода, које су издвојене методом прага су показали да имају већу применљивост у водопривреди него методе које користе стандардне вредности, јер дају конкретне вредности могућих количина воде (запремине великих вода) Метода прага је примењена на 22 станица на четири највеће реке Панонског басена (Дунав, Сава, Тиса и Драва) за период 1964-2013. година што до сад представља највећи узорак на овако великом географском подручју. Као праг за издвајање великих вода узета је вредност Q10, јер је циљ био анализа просторних и временских карактеристика екстремних великих вода у највећих река Панонског басена. Избор прага утицао је и на избор методе годишњих максимума за статистичку анализу карактеристика великих вода. За одређивање параметра теоријских расподела коришћени су L-моменти који дају поузданије оцене параметара од обичних момената. У досадашњим радовима, који су анализирали карактеристике великих вода методом годишњих максимума, функција расподеле се унапред одабирала, а не на основу тестова сагласности и провере графика вероватноће, као што је урађено у овој дисертацији. За проверу сагласности годишњег максимума запремина и трајања коришћени су тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов и Крамер –Мизес, на основу којих су изабране меродавне расподеле за прорачун великих вода различитих повратних периода на станицама, и обрнуто. Помоћу L-момент дијаграма (LCs/L-Ck) утврђена је хомогеност региона, у овом случају Панонског басена, као иизабрана регионална расподела (LN) за запремине и трајање велике воде. Кластер анализа коришћена је као друга метода за издвајање хомогених региона. На основу ове анализе у Панонском басену су издвојена три региона која имају исте карактеистике. Velike vode su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako i u pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize velikih voda, sa dve promenljive (zapremine i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću (najčešće maksimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom velikih voda, koje su izdvojene metodom praga su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardne vrednosti, jer daju konkretne vrednosti mogućih količina vode (zapremine velikih voda) Metoda praga je primenjena na 22 stanica na četiri najveće reke Panonskog basena (Dunav, Sava, Tisa i Drava) za period 1964-2013. godina što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na ovako velikom geografskom području. Kao prag za izdvajanje velikih voda uzeta je vrednost Q10, jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih velikih voda u najvećih reka Panonskog basena. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode godišnjih maksimuma za statističku analizu karakteristika velikih voda. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali karakteristike velikih voda metodom godišnjih maksimuma, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće, kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma zapremina i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer –Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun velikih voda različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto. Pomoću L-moment dijagrama (LCs/L-Ck) utvrđena je homogenost regiona, u ovom slučaju Panonskog basena, kao iizabrana regionalna raspodela (LN) za zapremine i trajanje velike vode. Klaster analiza korišćena je kao druga metoda za izdvajanje homogenih regiona. Na osnovu ove analize u Panonskom basenu su izdvojena tri regiona koja imaju iste karakteistike. High waters are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, as well as in terms of its impact on the ecosystem and society. This dissertation presents the advantage of analyzing high waters with two variables (volumes and duration), compared to the usual analysis with one value (usually the maximum annual discharge). The results obtained by the statistical analysis of high waters, which are defined by the threshold method, have shown that they have greater applicability in water management than methods that use standard values because they give concrete values of possible water quantities (volume of highwaters). The threshold method was applied to 22 stations on the four largest rivers Pannonian Basin (Danube, Sava, Tisa and Drava) for the period 1964-2013. This represents the largest sample in such a large geographical area. The value of Q10 was taken as the threshold for defining the high waters, as the aim was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme high waters in the largest rivers of the Pannonian Basin. The threshold selection also influenced the selection of the annual maximum method for statistical analysis of the characteristics of high waters. L-moments were used to determine the parameter of the theoretical distributions, which give more reliable estimates of parameters than ordinary moments. In the previous researches, which analyzed the characteristics of high waters by the method of annual maximums, the distribution function was selected in advance, and not on the basis of tests of approval and check of probability graphs, as is done in this dissertation. In order to check the goodness-offit tests of annual maximum volumes and duration, the tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kramer-Mizes were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for calculation of different return periods of high waters on the stations, and vice versa. The L-moment diagram (L-Cs/L-Ck) determined the homogeneity of the region, in this case the Pannonian basin. L-moments were used for selection of regional distribution (LN) forvolumes and duration of high waters. Cluster analysis was used as the second method for separating homogeneous regions. Based on this analysis in the Pannonian Basin, three regions have been identified that have the same hydrological characteristics.
- Published
- 2019
24. Proticajni režim velikih voda Dunava, Save, Tise i Drave u Panonskom basenu
- Author
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Leščešen, Igor, Dolinaj, Dragan, Pavić, Dragoslav, and Urošev, Marko
- Subjects
Velike vode, Metoda godišnjih maksimuma, Statistička analiza, Dunav, Panonski basen ,Велике воде, Метода годишњих максимума, Статистичка анализа, Дунав, Панонски басен ,High waters, Annual maximum method, Statistical analysis, Danube, Pannonian basin - Abstract
Велике воде су сложена појава како у погледу фактора који је изазивају, тако иу погледу њеног утицаја на екосистем и друштво. У дисертацији је приказана предност анализе великих вода, са две променљиве (запремине и трајање), у односу на уобичајену анализу са једном вредношћу (најчешће максимални годишњи протицај). Резултати добијени статистичком анализом великих вода, које су издвојене методом прага су показали да имају већу применљивост у водопривреди него методе које користе стандардне вредности, јер дају конкретне вредности могућих количина воде (запремине великих вода) Метода прага је примењена на 22 станица на четири највеће реке Панонског басена (Дунав, Сава, Тиса и Драва) за период 1964-2013. година што до сад представља највећи узорак на овако великом географском подручју. Као праг за издвајање великих вода узета је вредност Q10, јер је циљ био анализа просторних и временских карактеристика екстремних великих вода у највећих река Панонског басена. Избор прага утицао је и на избор методе годишњих максимума за статистичку анализу карактеристика великих вода. За одређивање параметра теоријских расподела коришћени су L-моменти који дају поузданије оцене параметара од обичних момената. У досадашњим радовима, који су анализирали карактеристике великих вода методом годишњих максимума, функција расподеле се унапред одабирала, а не на основу тестова сагласности и провере графика вероватноће, као што је урађено у овој дисертацији. За проверу сагласности годишњег максимума запремина и трајања коришћени су тестови Колмогоров-Смирнов и Крамер –Мизес, на основу којих су изабране меродавне расподеле за прорачун великих вода различитих повратних периода на станицама, и обрнуто. Помоћу L-момент дијаграма (LCs/L-Ck) утврђена је хомогеност региона, у овом случају Панонског басена, као иизабрана регионална расподела (LN) за запремине и трајање велике воде. Кластер анализа коришћена је као друга метода за издвајање хомогених региона. На основу ове анализе у Панонском басену су издвојена три региона која имају исте карактеистике., Velike vode su složena pojava kako u pogledu faktora koji je izazivaju, tako iu pogledu njenog uticaja na ekosistem i društvo. U disertaciji je prikazana prednost analize velikih voda, sa dve promenljive (zapremine i trajanje), u odnosu na uobičajenu analizu sa jednom vrednošću (najčešće maksimalni godišnji proticaj). Rezultati dobijeni statističkom analizom velikih voda, koje su izdvojene metodom praga su pokazali da imaju veću primenljivost u vodoprivredi nego metode koje koriste standardne vrednosti, jer daju konkretne vrednosti mogućih količina vode (zapremine velikih voda) Metoda praga je primenjena na 22 stanica na četiri najveće reke Panonskog basena (Dunav, Sava, Tisa i Drava) za period 1964-2013. godina što do sad predstavlja najveći uzorak na ovako velikom geografskom području. Kao prag za izdvajanje velikih voda uzeta je vrednost Q10, jer je cilj bio analiza prostornih i vremenskih karakteristika ekstremnih velikih voda u najvećih reka Panonskog basena. Izbor praga uticao je i na izbor metode godišnjih maksimuma za statističku analizu karakteristika velikih voda. Za određivanje parametra teorijskih raspodela korišćeni su L-momenti koji daju pouzdanije ocene parametara od običnih momenata. U dosadašnjim radovima, koji su analizirali karakteristike velikih voda metodom godišnjih maksimuma, funkcija raspodele se unapred odabirala, a ne na osnovu testova saglasnosti i provere grafika verovatnoće, kao što je urađeno u ovoj disertaciji. Za proveru saglasnosti godišnjeg maksimuma zapremina i trajanja korišćeni su testovi Kolmogorov-Smirnov i Kramer –Mizes, na osnovu kojih su izabrane merodavne raspodele za proračun velikih voda različitih povratnih perioda na stanicama, i obrnuto. Pomoću L-moment dijagrama (LCs/L-Ck) utvrđena je homogenost regiona, u ovom slučaju Panonskog basena, kao iizabrana regionalna raspodela (LN) za zapremine i trajanje velike vode. Klaster analiza korišćena je kao druga metoda za izdvajanje homogenih regiona. Na osnovu ove analize u Panonskom basenu su izdvojena tri regiona koja imaju iste karakteistike., High waters are a complex phenomenon both in terms of the factors that cause it, as well as in terms of its impact on the ecosystem and society. This dissertation presents the advantage of analyzing high waters with two variables (volumes and duration), compared to the usual analysis with one value (usually the maximum annual discharge). The results obtained by the statistical analysis of high waters, which are defined by the threshold method, have shown that they have greater applicability in water management than methods that use standard values because they give concrete values of possible water quantities (volume of highwaters). The threshold method was applied to 22 stations on the four largest rivers Pannonian Basin (Danube, Sava, Tisa and Drava) for the period 1964-2013. This represents the largest sample in such a large geographical area. The value of Q10 was taken as the threshold for defining the high waters, as the aim was to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme high waters in the largest rivers of the Pannonian Basin. The threshold selection also influenced the selection of the annual maximum method for statistical analysis of the characteristics of high waters. L-moments wereused to determine the parameter of the theoretical distributions, which give more reliable estimates of parameters than ordinary moments. In the previous researches, which analyzed the characteristics of high waters by the method of annual maximums, the distribution function was selected in advance, and not on the basis of tests of approval and check of probability graphs, as is done in this dissertation. In order to check the goodness-offit tests of annual maximum volumes and duration, the tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kramer-Mizes were used, and based on their results representative distribution was chosen for calculation of different return periods of high waters on the stations, and vice versa. The L-moment diagram (L-Cs/L-Ck) determined the homogeneity of the region, in this case the Pannonian basin. L-moments were used for selection of regional distribution (LN) forvolumes and duration of high waters. Cluster analysis was used as the second method for separating homogeneous regions. Based on this analysis in the Pannonian Basin, three regions have been identified that have the same hydrological characteristics.
- Published
- 2019
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