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The efficient use of the irrigation systems constitutes an aspect of vital importance for the achievement of appropriate securities of water productivity. This efficiency will be conditioned in great measure by the behavior of the climatic variables during the irrigation process. With the objective of valuing the effect of the direction of the wind in the quality of the irrigation with central pivot machines in dependence of the different positions that it occupies during the irrigation an evaluation was carried out in the UBPC Victoria II of the Empresa Agropecuaria Camagüey. Were determined the parameters of the irrigation quality in three positions of the machine regarding wind direction, two in the direction of the wind and one perpendicular. The results indicate a variation in the behavior of the valued parameters, reaching the most unfavorable securities in Coefficient of Uniformity (80 %), Uniformity of Distribution (78 %), Efficiency of Discharge (72 %) and Appropriately Irrigated Area (44 %) when the machine is located perpendicular to the direction of wind, that indicates the convenience of considering the position of the machine in relation to the wind during the evaluation process in order to achieve a better interpretation of the observed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural production is more affected by the Climatic Change each day, motivate for that is required the application of measures that allow to minimize the negative goods of the droughts and other manifestations of changes in the climatic variables. The present work is carried out with the objective of to value the behavior of the climate during the last years in Camagüey municipality, and starting from the result, to propose measures of adaptation to the Climatic Change that facilitate the production of several cultivations in a sustainable way in this territory. For this it was used like reference the behavior of the climate and their goods in the production of several cultivations in this municipality during the last years; as a result of this study is demonstrated that it is necessary to change the traditional concepts of plantation for campaigns of cold and spring, and to work more with the presage of behavior of the climatic variables. There are intend three intervention lines: the application of measures of adaptation and attenuation for the administration of the soil, as well as techniques measures to increase the administration of use of the water, and the procedures for improve the knowledge about the Climatic Change among producers, technicians and officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article in the magazine "Environmental Legal News" presents the Supreme Court's ruling of May 23, 2024, which addresses an administrative litigation regarding hydrological plans in the Segura river basin. The authorization of water use in overexploited aquifers and the sustainability of the water resource are discussed. The Court dismisses the appeal, arguing coherence with the Water Framework Directive and the European Union's policy on water resource sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

La cuenca Mate forma parte de la demarcación hidrográfica de Esmeraldas, unidad hidrográfica Río Verde y está ubicada en el cantón Rioverde. Las principales actividades productivas de la cuenca son: agricultura, ganadería y pesca. Debido a la problemática socioeconómica de las zonas ubicadas en sus límites, se formuló como objetivo proponer un plan de gestión integral de la cuenca del rio Mate, asumiendo como foco central el recurso agua. La investigación es de carácter descriptivo, exploratorio con un diseño no experimental. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron la revisión documental, entrevistas y talleres. Se utilizaron instrumentos tipo matrices de interpretación de la información aportada por los actores participantes; además la matriz FODA, para formular estrategias con las fortalezas, oportunidades, amenazas y debilidades identificadas en el análisis interno y externo a la cuenca en estudio. Los resultados arrojan debilidades socioeconómicas, pocas acciones para la conservación de la cuenca y actividades parceladas para el uso racional del agua. Destacan la identificación de tres zonas de intervención para el manejo de: recursos marino costero, actividades agroproductivas y otra de bosques y protección de fuentes de agua. Adicionalmente, se realizó el plan ordenado en atención a tres dimensiones: estructura del plan de manejo, tres ejes transversales, dos programas y cuatro proyectos. Como conclusión se establece que el plan armoniza las actividades realizadas en la cuenca con el manejo de los recursos naturales, considerando el agua como elemento central e integrando los aspectos socioeconómicos que influyen en la calidad de vida de los habitantes.

At worldwide scale the agriculture is the biggest consumer of water, coinciding the reports when pointing out that it consumes 70% of the total water used in the planet annually, being necessary to increase the efficiency of its use. In that sense in the world are carried out efforts guided to obtaining of more food with less water. This research had as objective to evaluate the behavior of the productivity of the irrigation water in the bean cropping. The study was carried out in the Basic Unit of Cooperative Production (UBPC) "Victoria II", of the Agricultural Company Camagüey, where the irrigation was carried out using machines of central pivot on a Fersialitic brown red soil. The obtained results show values of water irrigation productivity in a range from 1,90 to 7,70 m³/kg in equality of conditions of soils, irrigation technology and cultivation, which confirms the incidence of other factors others than the irrigation. The obtained results in different irrigation systems show inadequacies in the practices of handling of the technology being necessary the implementation of good agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the lipid profile of a person or community is fundamental for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of some diseases, especially dyslipidemia conceptualized as metabolic lipid changes resulting from disorders in lipid transport, with repercussions on the levels of circulating lipoproteins. This disorder is more frequent in people with sedentary habits and a diet based on industrialized products. This study aims to analyze the lipid profile in residents of the riverside community "Lago do Puruzinho", located in the municipality of Humaitá, Amazonas. This is a descriptive cross-sectional research, with the universe of study formed by 164 people distributed in 20 families. The sample consisted of 40 people, aged between 13 and 73 years (36.25 ± 14.31), 18 women (35.05 ± 12.89), and 22 men (35.94 ± 16.13). To determine the lipid profile, Refrigerated Serum was analyzed using the Automated Enzyme method (BS-200). The results showed the following means and standard deviations for each item analyzed: Cholesterol 199.25 ± 44.00, LDL 126.26 ± 39.13, HDL 48.87 ± 10.77 and Triglycerides 120.17 ± 41.14. The lipid profile of women was higher than that of men in all parameters studied, with a statistically significant difference in Cholesterol and LDL. It is concluded that there are many challenges to be faced in the studied community in order to promote better life habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a new method for quantification of solid waste deposition in coastal environment. To this end, we compared (l) the usual method of manual collection and (2) the proposed method based on photographic sampling of solid waste deposited. The collections were made at Guanabara beach, located on Ilha do Governador, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The comparative study showed no statistically significant difference between the two sampling methodologies in relation to the quantification of solid waste. The total amounts of solid waste found through manual collection (n=143) and photographic sampling (n= 118) were statistically compared and showed no significant difference. The results obtained show a series of relative advantages regarding the proposed method: (1) dispenses the collection of the residues, avoiding the exposure to contaminating and cutting products, (2) reduced in approximately 3 times the working time in the field and in the laboratory, (3) dispenses the concern with space for storage, weight and transport of the residues. Thus, photographic sampling becomes a practical, efficient, and easily accessible tool to be used in works of this nature. We hope that this methodology will increase the number of studies, stimulating new works in the area, also acting as a tool for social awareness on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study that is presented, a comprehensive diagnosis is carried out on the use of available water in livestock agroecosystems linked to the Project Environmental Bases for Local Food Sustainability (BASAL) of Jimaguayú Municipality, Camagüey Province and its possibilities of responding to the potential needs of the agricultural sector. As a result, it was found that the availability of groundwater is limited to flows below 3 L/s in most of the wells. In addition, it was determined that there are 4 dams and 25 micro dams in the municipality belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), which, however, cannot be used because they are distant from the study area. The available forecasts on the climate behavior in the studied area indicate that drought conditions must increase, due to which, in order to supply the water requirements of irrigation activities and of livestock, it will be necessary to apply measures for increasing water use efficiency. A plan of measures was drawn up that includes the installation of 10 sprinkler irrigation systems, the drilling of 18 wells, the colocation of 8 windmills, the repairing of 12 tanks and hydraulic installations and the maintenance of 16 reservoirs. The actions to be applied were specified through the Irrigation Advisory Service (IAS) to increase the efficiency in the use of available water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years has been given great weight to the study on Controlled Deficit Irrigation (CDI), being the way to more effectively apply water to crops, when all the water necessary to guarantee an irrigation regime is not available in order to guarantee an optimal irrigation pattern in low sensitive phenologic periods, with the least impact on the yield or the quality of the fruits. This scenario of less availability of water for irrigation and greater demand for production, convey to the need to increase water productivity, being the objective of the research to assess the application of CDI strategies in bean production and its effect on water productivity. The study was carried out at the Victoria II Basic Unit of Cooperative Production (UBPC), using technology of central pivot machines on reddish-brown Fersialitic soil. The results show the highest yield value (1 600 kg·ha-1) obtained in quadrant C1 irrigated at 100% of the demand, the lowest value (1 300 kg·ha-1) in quadrant C4 irrigated according to traditional strategy in the productive unit and intermediate values (1 400 and 1 500 kg·ha -1) in quadrants C2 and C3 in which different CDI strategies were applied. The results obtained on water productivity show the highest value in quadrant C3 (0, 53 kg·m-3) confirming the importance of knowing the response of the crop to water in its different phenological stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fountains have been a constant in the life of men, from the oldest civilizations to the present day. The first fountains allowed access to the water that nature offers spontaneously, to meet man and domestic animals' basic needs. Then the first artifi- cial fountains arrived, built in villages, towns and cities, which for many years provided their inhabitants with the water they required, also serving as a meeting place and recreation. After them ornamental artificial fountains arrived, which were built in streets, squares and parks and in the inside of palaces and gardens, and served as an urban element that contributed to organise the landscape, softening and embellishing the environment. They can also be considered as a work of art, acquiring the purpose of artistic expression with their sculptures and architectural fountains, leaving the water that gushes from their fountains or falls through the waterfalls as a secondary ornament. The use of water as an element of architectural and urban composition has been present in all cultures and the fountain has been the most common modality. Its evolution is the result of man's use and behaviour with water, which since its inception has been conditioned by the technological level reached in each era. The article takes a quick tour through the history of fountains, from their origin to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se evaluó el uso del agua lluvia dentro de un área definida en el Campus de la Universidad de América, a fin de determinar su posible gestión en una propuesta de aprovechamiento. Se definieron los puntos que podrían servir de almacenamiento del agua lluvia y de las escorrentías naturales a recuperar, teniendo la posibilidad de rehabilitación de tanques existentes. Para la propuesta del aprovechamiento de agua lluvia, se realizaron mediciones y se determinó la calidad y cantidad del recurso pluvial, la cual fue de 36116 L/año que representa un 12,23% de ahorro de agua potable que se utiliza actualmente en dos baterías de baños. Los análisis fisicoquímicos de las muestras representativas de agua lluvia, presentan niveles de turbiedad de 16,73 UNT, de dureza total 1000 ppm y de sólidos totales 700 ppm en parámetros que superan la norma, pero que se puede utilizar para el fin propuesto, además de considerar otros usos como riego de jardines, el diseño de cascadas de aguas artificiales, entre otros.

Evidence from the Health Surveillance study (Visa) has demonstrated the lack of funding to carry out Visa actions, consequently with few training activities in the area, in addition to the nonimplementation of the permanent education policy. This research aimed to evaluate publications in the area regarding human resources training and the implementation of permanent education as a teaching strategy. Thus, an integrative review was carried out by searching the Medline and Lilacs databases from February to March 2020. The bibliographic survey reached a search for 516 articles as an initial sample, and after using filters, 38 articles and only 21 were read in full, with 7 meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We identified that there is a deficiency in the policy of permanent education in health surveillance, an absence of a Political-Pedagogical Project including the theme of Visa in higher education courses, a lack of investment and appreciation regarding the need for training for professionals and finally there is a need to implement new forms of learning for workers in the field. Because the field of work is very comprehensive, it requires professionals to have knowledge of different fields of activity for greater effectiveness and resolution. It is necessary to intensify educational strategies, as the absence of a broad training policy for these workers can cause impacts in terms of protecting the health of communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En 2016, la isla de San Andrés, en el Caribe Colombiano, fue declarada en calamidad pública al no contar con suficiente recurso hídrico para satisfacer la demanda de agua de una población residente y flotante que va en aumento. Paralelamente hay un modelo de turismo de masas que arraiga la escasez relativa y para comprender su impacto, el presente trabajo hace una valoración analítica del uso del agua en el servicio de alojamiento: se documenta la percepción, los patrones de uso y las estrategias de ahorro que el turista, el hotelero, las viviendas turísticas y las entidades gubernamentales tienen sobre el agua y finalmente los indicios de conflicto entre el sector turismo y los residentes por el recurso.

This research shows the results obtained, during the conformation of design criteria, to ensure the built and management of irrigation systems in gardens efficiently. Aspects related to the determination of irrigation requirements, water use and supply sources; according to climate conditions, were included. Design tools are addressed to rationalize the system, guarantee water efficiency, facilitate its building according to available resources, specifying irrigation frameworks, spacing between sprinklers and laterals, as well as network schemes. Elements are detailed on sizing of sprinkler circuits, main distribution network, automatic control system and pumping station. These design criteria were applied in tourist centers in Cayo Santa María, Cayo Coco and Cayo Cruz, Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate monitoring of water use is an important step in managing water resources in an efficient, sustainable manner. Irrigation is especially important as the largest consumptive use of freshwater in the United States. The U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) monitor water use for irrigation at the national level, but many states have their own programs. Alabama collects data for irrigation, but there are concerns about participation and accuracy. We investigated the effectiveness of the program in southeastern Alabama for 2011 to 2015, with a focus on center pivot irrigation. The number of pivots increased by about 50 percent (461 to 712), but the number of pumps registered with the state remained the same (126), and water use reporting was consistently low at 50 percent. An attempt to match registered pumps with center pivots for calculating depth of irrigation applied to fields was obstructed by inaccurate pump location data provided on application forms and other issues. Recommended changes to the program include adopting North American Industry Classification System codes for identifying types of water use, adopting the USDA's classification system for methods of irrigation, revising instructions about mapping pump and center pivot locations, and conducting workshops to inform farmers about updates and to encourage participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to characterize farming systems and document crops diversity, markets and water source for irrigation. The fieldwork was carried out transect walks, interviews to key informants and a survey to 32 farmers of PM and 61 of ME were conducted. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics, cluster analysis. In PM three groups of farmers were identified, specialized in grains (cereals), vegetables and diverse crops, and in ME two groups were identified, one dedicated to the production of grains in two growing seasons (PV and OI) and the other group only to a one growing season PV. In PM the land use is permanent and very dynamic due to its proximity to the river Lerma, the presence of 20 official wells, availability of machinery, agricultural land and access to credits. In ME there is also a diversification of crops, but with a lower availability of water, there are 13 official wells. The production is designated to the local, national and international market and of the water used for its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water reuse has been a strategic tool to reduce pressure on water resources. There is no specific nationwide legislation in Brazil that addresses water quality standards for reuse. In this study 11 national and sub-national regulatory documents (legal, normative, and guidelines) were analyzed, both in relation to water reuse and water use. The objective is to compare the main water quality standards regarding the subject in order to add to the implementation and the enhancement of water reuse in Brazil. The study concluded that the analyzed documents present overlapping standards and, in most cases, with very different values. In the subject of the use restriction or risk exposure for urban reuse, the different instruments evaluated there is a diversity in the conceptual premises. The specific Brazilian legislation addressing water reuse presents very restrictive standards, which can be barriers to the implementation of effective reuse in the country. The specific water quality standard for reuse must be consistent with the country's socioeconomic reality, primarily presenting the microbiological indicators of the effluent and the quality parameters that represent it. Risk assessment must be addressed in order to provides basis for the limits determined as microbiological standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo del artículo es estimar estadísticamente, con un enfoque cualitativo, el conocimiento sobre temas de educación ambiental de estudiantes de primaria en cuatro comunidades del río Amacuzac, antes y después de asistir a un taller sobre uso sustentable, manejo y conservación del agua y del ecosistema ripario, elaborado con base en materiales educativos de varias instituciones. Se aplicaron cuestionarios, cuyas respuestas reflejan las percepciones de los niños sobre el tema. Los resultados evidencian las diferencias significativas de conocimiento y aprendizaje entre las comunidades; también las capacidades para asimilar información nueva y retenerla. Se obtuvo un diagnóstico claro de los saberes y experiencias previas o iniciales de los asistentes. Esto es importante, porque los programas de educación ambiental difundidos y aplicados en el país suelen ser los mismos, pero la población es heterogénea por lo que es relevante incluir estas variables en el análisis, cuando se comparan las poblaciones.

The impacts of the climatic change in the agricultural sector, mainly the manifestations of stronger and more frequent drought, force to achieve the most efficient use of the available water. In the Managerial Base Unit (UEB) "Genetics Los Pinos" of the Cattle Company Triángulo Tres in Camagüey province the readiness of superficial and underground water is limited, which limits the agricultural production of this UEB. This situation has forced to use such alternative solutions as the supply of water in pipes, with high consumption of diesel fuel and o electric power, which also constitutes a solution that doesn't satisfy the necessities. With the objective of achieving an efficient use of the water and the energy for the supply to the animals was carried out an integral study that allows to know the specific situation of each of the existent supply sources and the possibilities of achieving a more efficient level of use of the water starting from an integral strategy that prioritizes the employment of renewable sources of energy. The results indicate that exists the potential possibility of improving the level of satisfaction of the necessities of water for the supply to the livestock from 20% to 80%, as long as the use of the renewable sources of energy is increased of 38% to 79%, which will require actions that include investments and organizational measures related with the rational use of the energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this work was to study, the effect of two irrigation treatments on soil moisture content, growth and yield variables in the Cayman grass (Brachiaria hybrid). The cultivar employed was CIAT BRO2 / 1752 grown in double row in concrete containers of 1,56 m2. Irrigation treatments consisted of applying 50 and 100 % of ETc, (T 50 and T 100, respectively). Bottom fertilization was performed before planting with complete NPK (9-13-17) and urea (46-0-0), applying to each channel 0,1and 0,04 kg, respectively. The irrigation was applied through an automated system of micro spray and the delivery of the water was controlled by valves placed conveniently in each treatment. The results showed a significant effect of the treatments on the soil water content where the T 50 plants showed a water deficit at 50 and 74 days after sowing (DAS), also the effect of the irrigation treatments on the growth variables was observed where significant differences were only found in the accumulation of dry mass of the aerial part, root and total of T 100 plants. The relative content of water decreased in plants T 100 although this did not influence to obtain higher results in dry mass production (t ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ambiente y Desarrollo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: rainbow trout is widely accepted for human consumption worldwide, however, its culture requires large quantities of high quality water. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate growth and survival of rainbow trout fry cultured in closed water recirculation systems (CRS). Methods: three sequential experiments were conducted, each with three CRS consisting of a fish tank, a gravel bio-filter, a water pump and aeration pumps. Fifty rainbow trout fry were placed in each system and fed with 45% protein pellets. Physicochemical and fish growth parameters were measured for each system at days 1, 15, and 30. Results: water parameters were maintained within normal values for the species in all the experiments. Observed fish growth was similar or greater than previously reported. Survival was lower, mainly due to the presence of Ich in some of the cultures. Although total biomass increase was small due to the low stocking density, condition factor and food conversion were within reported values. Conclusion: this study demonstrates that simple recirculation systems with a very small amount of water can be used for rainbow trout initiation.

A partir del concepto de paisaje y bajo los enfoques de la geografía cultural y la ecología política se hizo la zonificación participativa de la cuenca del río Huámito, Michoacán, México, a fin de analizar el papel del agua dentro de la cultura local en términos de percepciones, perspectivas, discursos y roles de poder de los diversos grupos sociales locales.Con este ejercicio metodológico se logró una descripción de las complejas relaciones sociales y espacialidades en el uso de los recursos naturales. La geografía cultural y las metodologías de investigación participativa, como enfoques complementarios, fueron herramientas que permitieron realizar una aproximación a la integración conceptual interdisciplinaria con la ecología política.

El agua empieza a ser escasa en muchas partes del mundo en desarrollo. Colombia es uno de tales países si se siguen las alertas del último estudio nacional del agua. De lo anterior se sigue la premura por discutir cuáles son las alternativas para lograr la gestión sostenible del agua. Así, el propósito de este documento es explorar los principales elementos a tener en cuenta si se quiere abordar la problemática de la gestión del recurso. El documento es una revisión de producción bibliográfi ca en 5 bases de datos reconocidas a nivel internacional. Se observa a partir de la revisión que la gestión del recurso trasciende los meros mecanismos para ejercerla y por el contrario, implica asuntos de gobernabilidad, comprensión de quién y cómo se usa y luego si las alternativas para la gestión. Adicionalmente, se observa que los enfoques basados en el mercado tienden a trabajar de manera más aislada que el resto de alternativas que tienen en su construcción bases multidisciplinarias, multidimensionales. Por último, sobresale el hecho de que la tendencia de las herramientas no basados en el mercado es hacia una gestión integral del recurso (incluye diversas fuentes, múltiples actores y diferentes usos).

El agua empieza a ser escasa en muchas partes del mundo en desarrollo. Colombia es uno de tales países si se siguen las alertas del último estudio nacional del agua. De lo anterior se sigue la premura por discutir cuáles son las alternativas para lograr la gestión sostenible del agua. Así, el propósito de este documento es explorar los principales elementos a tener en cuenta si se quiere abordar la problemática de la gestión del recurso. El documento es una revisión de producción bibliográfi ca en 5 bases de datos reconocidas a nivel internacional. Se observa a partir de la revisión que la gestión del recurso trasciende los meros mecanismos para ejercerla y por el contrario, implica asuntos de gobernabilidad, comprensión de quién y cómo se usa y luego si las alternativas para la gestión. Adicionalmente, se observa que los enfoques basados en el mercado tienden a trabajar de manera más aislada que el resto de alternativas que tienen en su construcción bases multidisciplinarias, multidimensionales. Por último, sobresale el hecho de que la tendencia de las herramientas no basados en el mercado es hacia una gestión integral del recurso (incluye diversas fuentes, múltiples actores y diferentes usos).

In areas of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA) an experiment was conducted with crop wheat in order to assess their physiological response to water stress by default, for which the effect of two irrigation treatments on soil moisturecontent, development variables, water relations, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in culturewere evaluated. The INCA TH 4 cultivar was grown at double row in concrete containers of 1,56 m 2. The two irrigation treatments T 100 and T 50, they consisted of applying 50 to 100 % of standard crop evapotranspiration (ETc.), respectively. Background fertilization was performed before planting with complete formula NPK (9-13-17) and urea (46-0-0) applied to each container 0,1 and 0,04 kg., respectively. Irrigation was applied using an automated system micro sprinkler and water delivery was controlled by valves placed in each treatment. The results showed a significant effect of treatments on soil water content and T 50 at 52 and 67 days after sowing (DDS) that dropped below 15 %, something that was confirmed with the values of potential deficit soil moisture (Dp) which was 178 in T 50 and 77 mm in T 100, respectively. Also the results of leaf water potential (Yfoliar) showed that T 50 plants were exposed to severe water deficit at 41 and 62 DDS, with lower values of -1.5 MPa and T 100 at 62 DDS. Stomatal conductance (gs) showed greater sensitivity to water stress than the remaining variables of water relations. Studied treatments hardly exerted any effect on growth variables, mainly in the accumulation of dry matter and leaf area. In T 50 plants had a lower yield and water use efficiency (WUE) was slightly higher than the T 100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the last years a great impulse has been given to the cooperative and farmer's production inside the alimentary program, being indispensable the development of appropriate technologies that will facilitate the production in this area. In the Institute of Agricultural Engineering Research have been designed two systems of mean pressure sprinkling irrigation with components basically of national production dedicated to satisfy the growing demand in this sector. These systems have begun to be used like part of different programs of food production. With a view to being able to organize the parameters of exploitation of these systems, has been carried out the hydraulic evaluation in different conditions of wind speed and height of the sprinkler using the approaches recommended in the specialized bibliography, and are determined the parameters of Uniformity of Distribution, Coefficient of Uniformity, Efficiency of Discharge, effective Irrigated Area and Coefficient of Variation of the flow, being concluded that in both cases the systems respond to appropriate hydraulic designs. However, the wind speeds as well as te height of the sprinkler influence in a significant way in the results obtained in he irrigation quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]