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Background. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of combination hepatoprotective therapy for alcoholic liver damage. Given the difference in the mechanism of action and the experimentally demonstrated cytoprotective efficacy of ademetionine and lipoic acid, these drugs could be expected to potentiate each other’s effects. Objective. To determine the effect of the combined use of ademetionine and lipoic acid on the cytolytic syndrome and oxidative metabolism in the blood of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Methods. A randomized prospective study was conducted examining 30 patients diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease and 15 healthy individuals. The patients were treated at the Drug Abuse Clinic of the Krasnodar Krai Ministry of Health, whereas healthy volunteers were monitored at the Clinic of the Kuban State Medical University (2022–2024). The study included male patients aged 20 to 40 years with a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease in the form of alcoholic hepatitis. Patients with other decompensated somatic and psychiatric disorders were excluded from the study. Via simple randomization with the use of random number tables, the patients were distributed into three groups. Group 2 patients received ademetionine (400 mg intravenously per day, Hepcifol). Group 3 patients were administered lipoic acid (600 mg intravenously per day, Octolipen). Group 4 patients received combination therapy with the administration of ademetionine and lipoic acid in the specified dosages and forms. The inpatient treatment lasted 15–18 days; on admission and prior to discharge, the patients had their blood samples taken. Blood serum was assayed for the activity of hepatocyte cytolysis markers and the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and bilirubin, as well as total antioxidant activity and thiol group content. The concentrations of glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined in erythrocytes. The data were statistically processed using Statistica 10 (StatSoft, Inc., 2011). The differences between the parameters of the groups were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. Following a three-week course of treatment, the combination therapy with two sulfur-containing hepatoprotectors helped to achieve 1.7–2.1 times lower activity of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in blood plasma as compared to the corresponding markers in the groups of patients receiving only one of the drugs. The therapy with sulfur-containing drugs was accompanied by tendencies toward normalization of free radical homeostasis. The maximum effects were achieved when lipoic acid was used alone or together with ademetionine. In this case, a 52–64% increase in the antioxidant activity of blood plasma was observed, with the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances decreasing by 28–36%. Conclusion. The combination therapy with the use of sulfur-containing hepatoprotectors helped to achieve the lowest possible enzyme activity (cytolytic syndrome markers) in patients with alcoholic hepatitis

Native phytophagous insects are often not adapted to novel chemistry of invasive plants, but over time they begin to adapt and feed on them. We simulated the spread of a mutant allele that enables phytophages to feed on invasive plant as efectively as on native plant. Tis simulation involved two insect populations associated with native and invasive plant species, with gene fow between them. Fitness was assigned using the Ricker function, which incorporated plant abundance, insect feeding efciency, and competition between genotypes. For the mutation to become fxed in fewer than one hundred generations, invasive plant must be at least as abundant as native one. Te efect of invasive plant relative abundance is larger than that of ftness diferences in feeding efciency of wild type phytophages between plants. Te spread of this allele under natural selection is faster if it has come from standing genetic variation, rather than newly arisen mutation, or, in the latter case, if there is assortative mating.

Adalimumab is a biological drug effectively used in the treatment of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and psoriasis. This study analyzed the therapeutic and economic benefits of adalimumab. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis showed significant improvements in quality of life and work productivity after treatment with adalimumab, confirming its clinical and economic efficacy. In the case of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and psoriasis, adalimumab demonstrated high efficacy and safety, significantly improving patients' conditions, establishing it as the gold standard of therapy. The use of adalimumab biosimilars offers accessible alternatives to the original drugs, expanding treatment options and reducing the economic burden on patients.

ABSTRACT The partial Pb2+ substitution with Cu+ ions has been thoroughly applied as an approach to produce new absorber materials with enhanced light and radiation hardness required for potential aerospace applications of perovskite solar cells. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that Cu+ ions are partially integrated into the crystal lattice of MAPbI3 on the surface of perovskite grains and induce p‐doping effect, which is crucial for a range of applications. Importantly, the presence of Cu+ enhances photostability of perovskite films and blocks the formation of metallic lead as a photolysis product. Furthermore, we have carried out one of the first studies on the radiation hardness of complex lead halides exposed to two different stressors: γ‐rays and 8.5 MeV electron beams. The obtained results demonstrate that Cu+ doping alters completely the radiation‐induced degradation pathways of the double cation perovskite. Indeed, while Cs0.12FA0.88PbI3 degrades mostly with segregation of δ‐phase of FAPbI3 forming a Cs‐rich perovskite phase, the Cs0.12FA0.88Pb0.99Cu0.01I2.99 films tend to expel δ‐CsPbI3 and produce FA‐rich perovskite phase, which shows impressive tolerance to both γ‐rays and high energy electrons. The beneficial effect of copper ion incorporation on the stability of lead halide perovskite solar cells under light soaking and γ‐ray irradiation conditions has been shown. The discovered possibility of controlling the electronic properties and major materials degradation pathways through minor modification of their chemical composition (e.g., replacing 1% of Pb2+ with Cu+) opens up tremendous opportunities for engineering new perovskite absorber compositions with significantly improved properties for both terrestrial and aerospace applications.

Introduction. It is relevant to generalize the experience in carrying out medical and evacuation measures in the combat zone for those affected by combat toxic substances during the implementation of medical support measures for the defensive operation of the Defense Forces of Ukraine. Purpose of the work: based on studying the features of the use of chemical munitions during the armed Russian aggression on the territory of Ukraine, identify problematic issues of anti-chemical protection of military personnel and scientifically substantiate ways to solve them. Materials and methods. Using the methods of comparative analysis, a systematic approach and generalization, the features of the use of chemical munitions, the medical consequences of the defeat of military personnel and the implemented anti-chemical protection measures were studied. The study materials were: guiding documents on the organization of medical protection in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, NATO countries, materials of specialists of the working group on generalizing experience in carrying out medical and evacuation measures in the combat zone for those affected by combat toxic substances (CTS) for the period from December 2022 to March 2024 inclusive. Results. An analysis of the features of the use of chemical munitions during the full-scale Russian invasion of the territory of Ukraine, the medical consequences of the defeat of military personnel was conducted. The practical experience of organizing medical and evacuation measures in the combat zone for those affected by combat toxic substances was generalized and the effectiveness of anti-chemical protection measures was assessed. The problematic issues of chemical protection when the Russian aggressor used CTS during hostilities were identified and operational and long-term ways of solving them were proposed. Conclusions. Summarizing the problematic issues of protecting military personnel in the conditions of the use of chemical munitions during the armed Russian aggression on the territory of Ukraine, the authors came to the conclusion that they are due to the inconsistency of the regulatory and legal regulation of measures for the medical protection of military personnel with new tactics, forms and methods of using chemical munitions, the unsatisfactory provision of means of anti-chemical protection and means of medical protection in conditions of chemical contamination, and insufficient knowledge and skills of personnel regarding actions in conditions of chemical contamination.

The publication is devoted to the review of accumulated data on the relationship of respiratory allergopathology with neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. The immediacy of the problem is due to the mutual influence of allergic and neuropsychiatric conditions combined in a child on the course of these diseases. According to research, the connection of respiratory allergic diseases with disorders of neurodevelopment, in particular with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders, is clearly manifested, and the first publications on the connection with speech and other mild cognitive impairments have appeared. At the same time, the formation of depression, suicidal behavior, and anxiety disorders in respiratory allergopathology is being actively studied. It is assumed that the close relationship between nervous and immune regulation provides a high correlation of allergic and neuropsychiatric pathological conditions, although cause-and-effect relationships have not yet been precisely established. In this regard, it becomes relevant to introduce into clinical practice monitoring of cognitive status, neuropsychic development and possible symptoms of anxiety, depression and suicidal thoughts in the treatment of children with respiratory allergic diseases. Timely detection of violations will make it possible to provide specialized interventions at an early stage in order to achieve a favorable treatment result in the long term.

INTRODUCTION. Metaphase analysis is used to assess the mutagenicity of medicines, and its accuracy depends directly on the quality of cytogenetic preparations. Existing procedures for cytogenetic sample preparation require optimisation because of their time and labour intensiveness and potential for artefactual chromosome loss that leads to errors in the interpretation of analytical results.AIM. This study aimed to optimise a cytogenetic sample preparation procedure for mammalian bone marrow cells for in vivo metaphase analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was performed in randomly bred male mice weighing 18–20 g. The authors prepared cytogenetic samples of bone marrow cells according to the procedures set forth in the Guidelines for Conducting Preclinical Studies of Drugs (A.N. Mironov (ed.), 2012), and GOST 34659-2020, Methods for Testing the Impact of Chemical Products on the Human Body. Assessment of Chromosomal Aberrations in Bone Marrow Cells of Mammals, as described and with modifications. Sample preparation involved using Hanks’ solution, sodium citrate and potassium chloride solutions, acetic acid, methyl alcohol, medium 199, HEPES, and Giemsa stain.RESULTS. The authors conducted an experimental comparison of the characteristics of cytogenetic preparations of mammalian bone marrow cells for in vivo metaphase analysis prepared using several methods. The samples prepared in accordance with the Guidelines for Conducting Preclinical Studies of Drugs exhibited the highest percentage of analysable metaphase plates, in comparison with those obtained using the other sample preparation procedures. The authors optimised the sample prepara tion conditions, including the composition of the hypotonic solution (0.56% KCl), the time of hypotonic treatment (20 min), the time of fixation (12 h), and the composition of the culture medium (liquid medium 199 with Hanks’ salts and glutamine). The authors introduced a step of preliminary chromosome fixation with 6% acetic acid, which generally contributed to an increase in the proportion of analysable metaphase plates by reducing the scattering and sticking of chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS. The authors presented a modified sample preparation procedure for cytogenetic preparations that, compared with the previous procedures, offers an increase in the percentage of analysable metaphase plates to 56%, a 12% rise in the percentage of full sets of chromosomes (n=40), and a 2–10-hour reduction in the preparation time.

Objective: to determine the impact of socio-demographic factors and characteristics of political and economic changes on corruption.Methods: the work uses the methods of comparative analysis, construction of conjugation tables, and the index method; the information base is the public opinion monitoring data in Vologda oblast, with 1,500 respondents filling in questionnaires at their place of residence. The sample is random and quota; representativeness is ensured by the proportions observed between the residents of settlements of different types, gender and age structure of the population; sampling error does not exceed 3 %.Results: manifestations of corruption have been the subject matter of scientific discourse for quite a long time, but the research approaches have been constantly expanding from the historical, legal, and economic points of view. The article considers corruption as a multidimensional phenomenon and analyzes it from the perspective of an integrative approach, which implies taking into account territorial aspects, socio-demographic factors, and the citizens’ perception of the political and economic situation in the country and in the region. The analysis of the assessment results of the public opinion about the corruption level in the region showed that the authorities and the health care system are the most susceptible to corruption. The assessment of the territorial prevalence of corruption showed that the corruption index values along the “center – periphery” line are higher in the regional center than in the districts. It was also revealed that differences in the socio-demographic characteristics insignificantly influence the perception of changes in the corruption level, unlike the perception of corruption depending on the economic and political situation in the region.Scientific novelty: Based on the analysis of the results of the corruption level monitoring in the region, it is shown that positive assessments of the political and economic situation are associated with an unchanged or decreased level of corruption perception. Hence, good and very good assessments of the economic situation were more often associated with a decrease in the corruption level last year.Practical significance: the identified links between corruption, socio-demographic, political and economic factors can serve as a basis for adjusting and improving anti-corruption policy at the regional and state level.

This article attempts to analyse the definition and structure of the concept of "intercultural competence" in scientific research and normative documents at the Ukrainian and European levels, to identify commonalities and differences, to characterise positive changes and, based on the analysis, to formulate a definition of the concept that would reflect today's realities and take into account modern challenges in education (general, foreign language). Starting from the end of the 20th century, scientific works of English-speaking, German-speaking, and domestic scientists were studied, but the main focus was on research from the last 20 years due to significant changes in the structure of societies due to globalisation, migration processes, and the activation of contacts in the professional and private spheres of representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities. Attention is drawn to the fact that understanding the concept of "intercultural competence" acquired new meanings at different stages of its research. Among the reasons for reconsideration and clarification are primarily the challenges that appeared under the influence of social processes in the pan-European and world dimensions, taking into account the national characteristics of countries' development. In accordance with the shift in emphasis in the definition of the concept, its structure also changed; however, despite the selection of specific components by different authors, the structure of intercultural competence retained a common core and layered new components. In the educational discourse, there is a noticeable increase in attention to the concept in the context of social competence, the development of which is aimed, among other things, at conflict-free coexistence, successful communication, and the ability to adapt to a multilingual and multicultural society.

This study explores the “image of the virtual intentional author” in the news discourse of corporate websites. A comparative analysis of materials from corporate websites of Kemerovo State University and Siberian Coal and Energy Company is conducted. Subjective, predicate-actant, and locative-temporal components are identified. Typical and specific semantic components are named. The typical shared components include the following meanings: “I am a significant subject of the Russian space”; “I represent a collective of professionals”; “I engage in volunteer and charitable activities”. Each of the considered organizations’ intentional author image is characterized by specific features. The intentional author of the university’s news content realizes the following modal meanings: “I am not only a leading university in the region but also part of global rankings, serving as a center for scientific, social, volunteer activities, etc. in the region”, thus, the virtual author communicates the intention to present the university as a significant subject of the Russian educational space. The intentional author of the energy company’s news content conveys meanings such as: “I am the best production organization”; “I am competitive”; “I am socially oriented”; “I interact with authorities and public organizations”.

Internet sites are tools of communication that require a comprehensive study of all aspects, e.g., that of the virtual author who carries out communicative intentions through Internet discourse. A virtual author is a collective figure represented in the discourse of a company website. The authors modelled a virtual author as a collective representative of an educational institution that promotes a positive image of this institution while informing about its agenda and activities. The analysis involved 50 news headlines published on the official website of the Kuzbass Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in 2022-2023. The methods of content and intent analyses made it possible to identify the units of the propositional frame, such as a) participants of events, i.e., subjects; b) predicates that characterize the participants and indicate the type of the event; c) chronotope. The virtual author of the news content appeared to be the Institute as a collective person that expresses their communicative intentions by informing the audience, thus shaping a positive image. As a subject, the virtual author reported news about the object, i.e., the Institution, and implemented the communicative intentions, i.e., to inform and promote a positive image. Each subject was part of the university staff: We are Together; We are a Team; We Participate in Important Events; We have Socially Significant Partners; We are the Best; We Support the City, the Region, and the Country, etc. The communicative intention to create an image of a successful university determined the choice of lexical units used in the propositional frame to explicate the objective mode and implicate the subjective one.

Monitoring of the thickness of the active layer within the lake-marsh type of terrain in the northern taiga was carried out at three sites organized in 1997, 2013 and 2022. In these areas, two types of tracts are distinguished: frozen peat bogs and swampy runoff hollows with a lowered roof of permafrost (the cross-section of the sites is the same type, the only difference is in the thickness of the peat). The work methodology complied with the unified protocol of the international CALM program. Additionally, the surface settlement was assessed (based on leveling from a local benchmark), geophysical studies were carried out and the temperature of the active layer rocks was measured at different gullies. In swampy runoff hollows, hollows with open water and on specific mineral spots within peat bogs, the depth of the permafrost roof is 3–10 m. At the boundaries of peat bogs and in swampy runoff hollows, the thawing depth exceeds 2 m, and on peat bogs it varies from 0.8 to 1.6 m depending on the thickness of the organic layer and the condition of the ground cover. On peatlands with an organic layer more than 1 m thick and a continuous ground cover, the depth of the seasonal thawing layer in some places does not exceed 0.4 m. These peatlands respond poorly to climate change. The depth of the permafrost roof within thin peat bogs (less than 0.5 m of peat) with oppressed vegetation cover is currently more than 2 m, marking the beginning of the replacement of the seasonally thawed layer with seasonally frozen and the formation of areas with a lowered permafrost roof. Monitoring of soil temperatures in such areas has showed that a random combination of climatic factors in individual years can lead to short-term (two years) new formation of permafrost or the merging of seasonal permafrost with permafrost. Thus, the formation of non-merging permafrost is of a reciprocating nature.

This article analyzes creative practices aimed at fostering the development of machinery manufacturers in the European North against the backdrop of sanctions. The significance of this study arises from the adverse impact of economic sanctions on machinery manufacturers and the imperative to devise strategies for mitigating these negative consequences. The research hypothesis posits that, within the current economic landscape, creative practices can significantly contribute to enhancing business activity and bolstering the potential of machinery manufacturers in the realm of import substitution. The article proposes a methodological approach that integrates both quantitative and qualitative assessments. This approach involves the identification of problems and the determination of development prospects for the machinery industry, utilizing official statistical data in conjunction with insights obtained through case studies. Implementation of such an approach has facilitated the formulation of a list of priority areas for machinery manufacturers. This approach considers the core tenets of the import substitution concept in the context of economic sanctions, regional peculiarities of the industry, and the feasibility of incorporating and disseminating creative practices within it. The study scrutinizes key indicators reflecting the current state of the machine industry in Russian regions and evaluates the propensity of machinery manufacturers toward creative development. Additionally, the article presents case-study results of companies that, through the adoption of creative practices, successfully improved their business activities despite economic sanctions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of the corresponding methodological approach, complemented by a clarification of essential concepts related to the research topic (“creative economy,” “creative industries,” and “creative practices”), enabling a precise differentiation between them. The practical significance of the research lies in the applicability of its results by machinery manufacturers, particularly those impacted by international economic sanctions, and by regional authorities overseeing the industrial development of their respective regions.

We review the current understanding of pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry of conditions following extensive resections of the liver parenchyma and describe potential ways of surgical and metabolic correction, including promising molecular targets for therapy. Reduced residual tissue volume (small-for-size syndrome), parenchymal edema due to hyperperfusion and impaired venous blood outflow, septic complications, organ ischemia-reperfusion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are considered key pathogenetic factors in liver failure development following extensive resections of the liver parenchyma. Given the above, promising ways of managing posthepatectomy conditions are the use of agents reducing portal pressure (octreotide [somatostatin analogue], terlipressin [vasopressin analogue], and propranolol), energotropic metabolic drugs (combined preparations of succinate and antioxidants, gasotransmitter donors), and antibiotics and synbiotics for prevention of infectious complications. The approaches currently used in clinical practice cannot always effectively manage complications following extensive hepatectomy, so fundamental research should focus on searching and creating effective strategies for prevention and therapy of posthepatectomy liver failure.

The article characterizes the activities and legacy of Russian legal historians who found themselves in emigration in European academic centers in the 1920s. Among these researchers are mentioned M. N. Yassinsky, G. V. Demchenko, F. V. Taranovsky, A. V. Soloviev, and M. V. Shakhmatov. It is shown that prior to the revolution, these scholars taught at various universities in Russia, and in emigration they occupied chairs at higher educational institutions in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The sources of the study include published works by the scholars, memoirs of emigrants, as well as archival materials of various types from storage facilities in Russia and Slovenia, which are being introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The analysis of sources revealed that their establishment in emigration was associated with certain difficulties. On the other hand, the experience gained in Russian universities in studying and teaching the history of Russian and Slavic law helped them integrate into the local academic environment. Only Taranovsky and Shakhmatov to some extent adhered to their previous themes in their scholarly activities, while other scholars changed theirs. It is concluded that this was due to a lack of access to sources and the demands of the courses being taught. At the same time, it is emphasized that there was ideological-methodological unity and awareness of belonging to a particular scientific community. The conclusion is drawn that pre-revolutionary schools of legal history continued to exist in the conditions of European emigration.

A crucial problem of the photoinduced degradation of perovskite semiconductors based on complex lead halides has been addressed here by suppressing PbI2 photolysis to metallic lead. The systematic screening of >30 modifying cations introduced as substituents for 5% of Pb2+ in the PbI2 composition has revealed their tremendous effects on the rate of material degradation under light exposure. Thus, the most successful stabilizing cations could maintain a high absorbance of the Pb0.95M0.1/nI2 films and block Pb0 formation after 400 h of continuous illumination, when the non-modified PbI2 films completely decomposed to Pb0 and I2. The obtained results present a promising solution for the problem of metallic lead formation in the active layer of perovskite solar cells during their operation, which can pave the way for the development of a new generation of highly efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics.

Introduction. Digitalization is a mainstream trend in business transformation. Its purpose is to solve the problems of enterprise and industry development, such as lower costs of doing business, expanded customer database, efficient management of sales channels, lower costs of contact with the target audience, sales forecasting and monitoring. Purpose. The research is aimed at finding the areas for improving the tools of public support in the entrepreneurial sector in the era of digitalization. Materials and Methods. General scientific methods (analysis, comparison) and specialized (analytical, statistical) methods of research were used in the analysis. Results. The analysis showed specific features of digitalization impact on the entrepreneurial sector, identified the problems which demand special tools of public support for the entrepreneurial sector at the time of voluntary and forced digitalization at the regional level, as well as outlined the areas to solve the problems in question. The analysis revealed the reasons hindering the transition of enterprises to digital transformation (for example, lack of knowledge, skills, and competencies to handle digital technologies, lack of financial resources for their introduction). The paper describes methods and tools of public support for entrepreneurial digitalization at the regional level. The study shows that the current tools are not always efficient, which is confirmed by the representatives of expert community. Conclusions. Some novel parts of the study identifies the prevalence of digital technologies, the achieved results and expected effects from the implementation of regional cases aimed at solving problems associated with digitalization. In practice, the results of the study could be used by the representatives of government and management bodies, who could be involved into finding the solutions for providing the public support to a business sector. Keywords: business, digitalization, digital transformation, support tools, public support, region Funding: the research is a part of a state task No. FMGZ-2022-0002 “Methods and mechanisms of socio-economic development of the Russian regions in the context of digitalization and the fourth industrial revolution”.

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge to States and health systems. The pandemic and its consequences can have a devastating impact on the health and development of children, especially those in vulnerable situations — children with disabilities.The aim of the study is a medical and social assessment of the effect of the COVID—19 pandemic and its consequences on families with children with disabilities.Methods. A descriptive study using the Google forms platform was conducted using the cross-sectional method. Two groups of parents of children aged 0–17 years with disabilities (group 1) and without disabilities (group 2) who apply to a medical organization for preventive examinations were interviewed.Results and discussion. A total of 175 electronic questionnaires were received. Parents from 46 regions of Russia participated in the survey. A significant majority of respondents were women — 172 people (98%), 3 men (2%). More than half of the respondents are residents of the megalopolis. The study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the health and education of children and on the lifestyle and families welfare in general. It was revealed that the financial situation of many families who took part in the study worsened, which affected the living conditions of children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the health care system was being rebuilt taking into account new tasks to counteract dangerous infection, which was reflected in changes in the provision of medical care to children, and in some cases this led to a deterioration of their health. A significant number of parents who participated in the study believe that changes in the organization of medical care during the pandemic had a negative impact on their child’s health. Among the main health problems, parents highlight delays and cancellations of medical consultations, difficulties in obtaining urgent care and problems with drug provision. Among the main health problems, parents highlight delays and cancellations of medical consultations, difficulties in obtaining emergency care and problems with drug provision. The study shows that families with disabled children have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic to a greater extent than families raising children without chronic health problems. If the deterioration of the financial situation is almost equally revealed in both groups, then problems related to medical care and education have a more noticeable impact on families with a child with a disability. The obtained results should be taken into account in times of new challenges when developing measures of state support for families with children, especially with children with disabilities. At the same time, it is important to pay primary attention to the organization of medical care for children (continuity of planned medical care for the child population and rehabilitation actions) and educational services (providing online learning opportunities for the child, taking into account individual ones).Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have had a negative impact on the standard and quality of life of people, especially families with children. The pandemic has had a significant adverse impact on the health and development of children, especially children with disabilities. The study showed a decrease in the financial situation of families, problems with children receiving medical care, difficulties in education, especially with regard to specialized pedagogical classes with disabled children, during the pandemic. According to the study, in order to prevent the negative impact of the pandemic, it is proposed not only to provide financial support to families, but also to maintain access to the educational process with the provision of the required devices, as well as the possibility of receiving medical care for children, especially children with disabilities, including planned.

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. Studies of the inhalation administration of chemicals are associated with challenges in designing experiments. The parameters to be selected include the experimental animal species, the inhalation chamber, and the mode of inhalation (dynamic or static).AIM. This study aimed to analyse the practical application of regulatory requirements to non-clinical studies of the inhalation toxicity of chemicals.DISCUSSION. This review compares international and Russian standards for studying the inhalation toxicity of chemicals, including GOST 32542-2013, GOST 326432020, GOST 32636-2020, GOST 32383-2013, and GOST 2646-2014. The improvement of the legal and regulatory framework correlates with adopting the Good Laboratory Practice and the risk-based approach to categorising test substances into hazard classes. Hazard classes are determined in rodents without dose extrapolation to humans. The authors present the differences between the main guidelines on inhalation exposure in rodent studies of acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity. The article describes current approaches to assessing the inhalation toxicity of chemicals, which allow researchers to replace animal studies with in vitro tests.CONCLUSIONS. According to the current regulatory standards, inhalation toxicity is studied in rats/mice, which have anatomical differences from humans. As an alternative to animal studies, researchers are developing and validating in vitro methods, which yet require regulatory review and approval.

The aim of the work was to compare the main socio-demographic and eco-epidemiological parameters of tick-borne viral encephalitis, tick-borne borrelioses and tick-borne rickettsiosis.Materials and methods. The authors’ databases based on epidemiological investigation records were used for the study. All in all, 2974 cases (Irkutsk and the Irkutsk district) were analyzed during the periods of 1995–2022 for tick-borne viral encephalitis and tick-borne borrelioses, and 2001–2022 for tick-borne rickettsiosis.Results and discussion. The following parameters were assessed: the timing of epidemic season; the geography of prevalence; localization of tick bite on the human body; incubation time; gender and age structure of patients; social composition and exposure conditions. It was shown, that the parameters had their own features for each disease, and part of them are common to all Eurasian area of these infections. The shared characteristics include: the early epidemic season onset for tick-borne rickettsiosis; the shorter incubation time for tickborne rickettsiosis as compared to tick-borne viral encephalitis and tick-borne borrelioses; the increased frequency of tick-borne rickettsiosis vectors’ bites near the head and neck, and tick-borne borrelioses vectors – on the torso; large percentage of older persons among patients with tick-borne borrelioses and children under 14 years of age among patients with tick-borne rickettsiosis; prevalence of male population over female one as regards all surveyed pathogens. Low incidence of tick-borne diseases among professional contingent (the work associated with staying in natural foci of infection), an increased risk of tick-borne encephalitis and rickettsiosis among social group “unemployed”, and tick-borne borrelioses – among retirees, can be attributed to regional specificity.

The problem of environmental pollution by human waste products is currently critically relevant. Organic fragments undergo degradation slowly and as a result accumulate in ecosystems. Many studies confi rm the presence of various pollutants in rivers, soils, atmosphere. Despite a large body of work on the search for methods of inactivation and purifi cation of such pollutants, there is no universal method, applicable to various classes of xenobiotics. The purpose of this work has been to study the destructive processes of model systems of xenobiotics of various nature. UV irradiation has been used as a method of destruction. The destruction of model substances has been studied in the work: two dyes, two pharmaceuticals and two nitro derivatives of phenol. Destructive processes of model systems of various pollutants have been studied. It is shown that many substrates undergo photodestruction within the fi rst hour. Kinetic characteristics of these processes are calculated. The results obtained indicate that UV irradiation can be considered as a promising method of inactivation of various pollutants.

Introduction: Worldwide glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss. The processes associated with the loss of retinal ganglion cells are multifactorial and have much in common with neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore the search for means to prevent the death of retinal neurons is an important task of modern pharmacology. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on male Wistar rats. Glaucoma was modeled by injecting a 1% solution of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber of the eye. The IOP level was recorded on the 0th, 63rd and 73rd days of the experiment. The effectiveness of the drugs was evaluated based on the results of ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, followed by the determination of gene expression. Results and Discussion: In the group with RU-1355 correction, the fundus picture improved; the index in the group was 18.0% lower compared to the model. The introduction of the RU-1355 compound provided an increase in the a-wave amplitude by 18.1%, and b-wave amplitude by 39.0% relative to the group with pathology. The most pronounced effect was observed on the expression level of BDNF, Bcl-2, Caspase 3 and NF-κB p65, which indicates that the compound has the capacity to influence the slowdown of the apoptosis process through an increase in the neurotrophic factor and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Conclusion: RU-1355 has neuroprotective properties, which was expressed by a decrease in ophthalmoscopic manifestations, preservation of the b-wave amplitude of the electroretinogram and the influence on gene expression of factors involved in apoptosis and neuroprotection. Based on the pharmacological activity of the RU-1355 compound in relation to POAG, further study of its action against other retinal diseases is promising.

The relevance of the study is determined by the strategic interests of the Russian Federation dictating the need to achieve a national priority, which is the development of human potential. Given the ongoing reduction in labor force against a background of depopulation processes, finding a solution to the problem seems especially relevant. The purpose of this study is to develop a scientific conceptual framework for an intelligent risk-based innovative system for analysis, prediction and prevention of occupational and work-related health disorders of workers. This will help substantiate keynote sanitary-hygienic and medical-preventive measures aimed at reducing losses in healthy life expectancy and increasing occupational longevity. The main theoretical idea is based on a unique information-intellectual innovative system for analyzing and predicting cause-and-effect relationships between the effects of harmful and hazardous occupational factors and the resulting health problems of workers, occupational diseases included. The developed predictive digital neural network models, trained on retrospective or actual data on working conditions, health status, socioeconomic conditions and lifestyle factors, are the information and analytical basis for carrying out calculations and assessing the evolution of personal and group (occupation, age, and work records) health risks caused by occupational or work-related diseases in workers. This provides solid grounds for making a forecast of a prevented period of reduction in occupational working capacity associated with working conditions, specifically for each examined occupation, age, and work records. Such forecasts are an eligible information basis for developing and making well-grounded managerial decisions including those concerning sanitary, hygienic and medical preventive measures aimed at preserving occupational longevity. This will significantly increase effectiveness of corporate health-preserving policies.