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Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common cause of neuropathy worldwide, with oxidative and inflammatory being the pathways involved. Red fruit (Pandanus conoides Lamk) is a plant native to Papua, Indonesia. Red fruit oil (RFO) is known to have potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. Aims and Objective: To evaluate the effects of RFO in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. Methods: Male Wistar rats were induced with 55 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperioteally. Rats with fasting blood glucose >200 mg/dL were assigned into groups treated with vehicle, pregabalin, and 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 mL/kg RFO, respectively. Treatments were given for 3 weeks after a 6-week induction period was completed. Neuropathic pain was evaluated by thermal hyperalgesia testing. Histopathological changes of sciatic the nerve were evaluated by the Gaussian adaptive threshold method. Feed and drinking intake, blood glucose levels, body weight, and the sciatic nerve proinflammatory cytokines were also measured. Results: There were increases in blood glucose levels, feed and drink intake, MDA, TNF-alfa, IL-6, iNOS, NFkB and the number of damaged nerve cells in the DPN rat model when compared with normal rats (p<0.05). Decreased weight, number of pancreatic B cells, latency time of thermal hyperalgesia were also observed in DPN rats. A decrease in NRF2 and HO was observed in DPN rats but was not different compared with the normal group. RFO improved blood glucose, feed and drink intake, body weight, MDA and IL-6 levels, B-cell counts, the sciatic nerve presentation, and thermal hyperalgesia, although they did not return to normal value. Pregabalin did not affect blood glucose levels, body weight or pancreatic B cells but improved thermal hyperalgesia, the nerve cell counts, TNF-alfa, iNOS, IL-6, dan NFkB. Discussion and Conclusion: Overall, results of the present work indicate that RFO recovers DPN through the involvement of the oxidative and neuroiflammatory pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant protein. When administered orally, it has low bioavailability due to its low permeation. In a previous study we fused gliadin peptide P51 (LGQQQPFPPQQPYPQPQPF) and gliadin peptide P61 (QQPYPQPQPF) with SOD Citrus limon (SOD_Cl), namely GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61 to increase permeation of SOD_Cl through intestine. In this work, the permeation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran 10 kDa, FD10 and 40 kDa, FD40 as paracellular transport markers across excised rat intestinal wall was investigated with the presence of GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61. A permeability study was performed using non-everted rat intestine by incubating FD10 or FD40 with SOD_Cl, and GliSOD_P61. The presence of SOD_Cl, GliSOD_P51 or GliSOD_P61 inside intestine (apical) and outside intestine (basolateral) was analyzed by protein electrophoresis. The concentration of FD that penetrated to the basolateral solution was analyzed by spectrofluorometry. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed the presence of GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61 but not SOD_Cl in basolateral compartment. The percentage of FD10 but not FD40 and SOD_Cl that penetrated to the basolateral solution significantly increased with the presence of gliadin in GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61. GliSOD_P51 and GliSOD_P61 are able to penetrate the rat intestinal epithelial membrane and the gliadin peptides facilitate FD10 to penetrate the epithelial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The essential oil derived from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) has been reported to possess diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. However, the specific physicochemical properties of clove essential oil (CO), including high volatility, oxidation susceptibility, and potential irritation effects, limit the practical application of CO as a therapeutic agent. To overcome these challenges, the present research aimed to develop a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to optimize the delivery of CO for enhanced health benefits. Methods: CO was incorporated into the NLC system using the emulsification-sonication method. Several formulation factors, including the selection of liquid lipid component, determination of surfactant concentration, and the selection of co-surfactant, were optimized. The optimized CO-NLC formulation underwent comprehensive characterization, including assessment of particle size and distribution, measurement of zeta potential, visualization of particle morphology, and computation of encapsulation efficiency. The stability of CO-NLC was rigorously assessed during the storage at 4 °C to ensure its reliability over time. Results: The optimized CO-NLC formulation displayed a spherical shape, homogenous particle distribution, and a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 125 nm. These nanoparticles exhibited a negatively charged properties with an encapsulation efficiency of 97%. During the 14-day storage period, no significant change in the particle size of CO-NLC was observed. Conclusion: We succeeded in developing CO-NLC with both high encapsulation efficiency and stability, warranting further exploration and development in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum ) essential oil (CO) has been studied extensively for its antioxidant properties but faces several limitations, including high volatility, low aqueous solubility, and irritation., Objective: We aimed to develop a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) to enhance the benefits of CO., Methods: Using the emulsification sonication method, a liquid lipid component, surfactant concentration, and a co-surfactant were optimized to create CO-loaded NLC (CO-NLC). The developed CO-NLC was rigorously assessed for its stability during storage. Free radical scavenging activity and fibroblast oxidative stress protection were also measured to assess the antioxidant activity., Results: The CO-NLC displayed a spherical shape with a hydrodynamic diameter of 125.77 ± 29.68 nm, homogenous particle distribution with polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.09, and a surface charge of -27.30 ± 4.56 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 97% and a good stability profile. Furthermore, free CO and CO-NLC displayed very strong free radical scavenging activity with the IC50 value of 22.74 ± 0.57 μg/mL and 18.28 ± 2.63 μg/mL, respectively. However, only CO-NLC managed to protect fibroblast cells from the harmful effects of oxidative stress., Conclusion: The NLC formulations improved free radical scavenging activity and effectively protected fibroblasts from oxidative stress compared to free CO., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)