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Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is the most common histological subtype of malignant tumor affecting the anal canal. Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the first-line treatment in nearly all cases, ensuring complete clinical response in up to 80% of patients. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) is typically reserved as salvage therapy in those patients with persistent or recurrent tumor after CRT. In locally advanced tumors, an extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE), which entails excision of the anal canal and levator muscles, might be indicated to obtain negative resection margins. In this setting, the combination of highly irradiated tissue and large surgical defect increases the risk of developing postoperative perineal wound complications. One of the most dreadful complications is perineal evisceration (PE), which requires immediate surgical treatment to avoid irreversibile organ damage. Different techniques have been described to prevent perineal complications after ELAPE, although none of them have reached consensus. In this technical note, we present a case of PE after ELAPE performed for a recurrent ASCC. Perineal evisceration was approached by combining a uterine retroversion with a gluteal transposition flap to obtain wound healing and reinforcement of the pelvic floor at once, when a mesh placement is not recommended., (© 2023. Italian Society of Surgery (SIC).)

Objective: Incarcerated gravid uterus is a condition in which uterine myoma and intraperitoneal adhesion lead to persistent uterine retroversion. Accurate diagnosis before cesarean section is crucial so that the procedure can be planned with regard to the spatial relationship between the uterine incision and other organs. This study investigated the effects of well-planned management on the outcome of cesarean sections., Materials and Methods: Four patients with incarcerated gravid uterus who received well-planned management and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging were compared with three unexpected patients who were operated without preoperative diagnosis., Results: In the preoperatively diagnosed group, compared with the non-preoperatively diagnosed group, the frequency of cervical canal damage tended to be lower (0% vs. 100%), blood loss tended to be less (1171 ± 290 mL vs. 2000 ± 300 mL), and surgery duration tended to be shorter (82 ± 17 min vs. 147 ± 84 min). None of the preoperatively diagnosed cases required allogeneic blood transfusion, and no organ damage was observed., Conclusion: The early detection of a suspected incarcerated uterus, and a thorough understanding of diagnostic methods and the use of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography facilitate the safe performance of a cesarean section., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Retrodisplacement of the uterus (retroflexion and/or retroversion) may be associated with pelvic pain symptoms and posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). Previous studies in symptomatic women with retrodisplacement of the uterus showed the efficacy of hysteropexy in terms of pain symptoms improvement., Aim: To evaluate sonographic, clinical and surgical outcomes of a hysteropexy technique MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laparoscopic round ligament plication and tilting of the uterine fundus in women with uterine retrodisplacement and posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis was performed. Forty-two symptomatic women were enrolled and the sonographic data of each (angle of uterine version and uterine flexion, uterine mobility) was assessed before and after surgery with transvaginal and transperineal approaches. Women were also evaluated at 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery for pain symptoms with a numerical rating scale (dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain), intraoperative data and surgical complications., Results: The additional mean operative time of hysteropexy procedure was 8 ± 3 min. At early follow-up both the uterine angles were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced. At 12-month follow-up, seven patients (16.7%) presented a retroverted uterus, while 12 (28.6%) presented a retroflexed uterus; the sliding sign remained negative in four patients (9.5%). A significant improvement of symptoms (P < 0.001) was observed during the follow-up., Conclusion: Laparoscopic hysteropexy appears as an effective additional surgical procedure, which can temporarily correct the uterine position in order to reduce the risk of postoperative adhesions., (© 2018 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Study Objective: Cesarean section scar diverticulum (CSD) lead to many long-term complications. CSD is more prevalent in patients with a retroflexed uterus than in those with an anteflexed uterus. Therefore, we wanted to estimate the association between flexion of the uterus and the outcome of treatment for CSD treated by vaginal repair., Design: Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2)., Setting: University hospital., Patients: A total of 241 women with a CSD were enrolled at the Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital between May 2014 and Oct 2016., Interventions: Vaginal excision and suture of CSD., Measurement and Main Results: A high failure rate was reported in remodeling of the scar by other surgeries in women with retroflexed uteri. Clinical information was obtained from medical records. Because intermenstrual bleeding was a presenting symptom of CSD, duration of menstruation was compared between groups. Patients were required to be followed at 1, 3, and 6 months to record their menstruation situation and to measure the CSD. The thickness of the residual myometrium (TRM) in the retroflexion group was much thinner than that in the anteflexion group before treatment (2.5 ± 1.2 mm vs 2.9 ± 1.1 mm, p < .05). There was no statistical difference in pretreatment menstruation duration between groups (p > .05). The duration of menstruation in the anteflexion group was 8.2 ± 2.1 days and 8.5 ± 2.1 days and in the retroflexion group was 7.6 ± 2.0 days and 7.7 ± 3.1 days at 3 and 6 months after surgery, respectively (p < .05). In all 58.6% of patients (140/239) who had a retroflexed uterus, 60.0% (84/140) reached ≤7 days of menstruation at 6 months after surgery (p < .05). Although about 40% patients still had CSD after repair, menstruation duration and TRM were improved significantly (p < .05)., Conclusion: We propose that vaginal repair can relieve symptoms and improve TRM for CSD patients, especially for those who have a retroflexed uterus. However, 40% of patients still had a defect postoperatively., (Copyright © 2018 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Incarcerated gravid uterus is a rare complication of pregnancy and can become a critical condition during delivery. For extremely uncommon cases that persist to the third trimester, correct diagnosis before delivery and appropriate management of the associated complications are important., Case Report: This was the first case of a full-term pregnancy with incarcerated gravid uterus, reported at a medical center. The condition was not diagnosed during pregnancy, which led to serious complications during the cesarean delivery; however, the prognosis was favorable because of the timely management., Conclusion: Based on the previous case reports and clinical presentation of this case, early diagnosis with ultrasound and pelvic examination is the key to successful treatment. Vertical and more cephalad uterine incision reduces the risk of bladder perforation and injury to the cervix and vagina. A successful teamwork of obstetricians, gynecologists, urologists, and anesthesiologists can ensure favorable outcomes for both mother and fetus., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objective: The aim of this review was to describe the risk factors, clinical and radiographic criteria, and management of this rare complication of pregnancy., Methods: A PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL search was undertaken with no limitations on the number of years searched., Results: There were 60 articles identified, with 53 articles being the basis of this review. Multiple risk factors have been suggested in the literature including retroverted uterus in the first trimester, deep sacral concavity with an overlying sacral promontory, endometriosis, previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, pelvic or uterine adhesions, ovarian cysts, leiomyomas, multifetal gestation, uterine anomalies, uterine prolapse, and uterine incarceration in a prior pregnancy. The diagnosis is difficult to make owing to the nonspecific presenting symptoms. The diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging is superior to ultrasound to accurately diagnose and elucidate the distorted maternal anatomy. Treatment is dictated by gestational age at diagnosis based on risks and benefits. The recommended route of delivery is cesarean delivery when uterine polarity cannot be corrected., Conclusions: Incarceration of the gravid uterus is a rare but serious complication of pregnancy. The diagnosis is clinical and confirmed with imaging, with magnetic resonance imaging being superior to delineate the distorted maternal anatomy. Reduction of the incarcerated uterus should be attempted to restore polarity and avoid unnecessary cesarean delivery.

Study Objective: To show a new laparoscopic technique of hysteropexy for uterine retrodisplacement (retroversion and/or retroflexion)., Design: Narrated step-by-step explanation of the Bologna hysteropexy technique using descriptive text and an educational video., Setting: Tertiary referred center of minimally invasive gynecology, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Bologna University., Interventions: The Bologna hysteropexy is proposed as an additional procedure after surgical laparoscopic interventions for benign gynecologic disease. The technique consists of 2 semicontinuous absorbable sutures (Biosyn monofilament no. 1 [Covidien, Mansfield, MA] with 2/3 inch diameter needle, 36 mm) suspending the uterus to the anterior abdominal wall, through the plication and shortening of round ligaments. A knot is tied intracorporeally between the 2 free ends of the semicontinuous sutures, drawing a V shape figure and resulting in uterine ventrosuspension., Conclusion: The Bologna technique hysteropexy is simple and quick to perform. It is effective in suspending the uterus in anteverted and anteflexed positions at 6-month ultrasound follow-up. No perioperative complications were recorded. It can be done with a standard surgical suture-passer and does not add additional cost to surgery. Furthermore, an absorbable suture is desirable for fertile women., (Copyright © 2016 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Incarceration of the gravid uterus is a rare obstetric disorder that is often not recognized despite the ready availability of ultrasound. However, detailed imaging of the disturbed uterine and pelvic anatomy - from an obstetric point of view- is the key in reducing the potentially severe complications of this condition and planning its treatment. In this paper, we will describe the specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of an incarceration of the gravid uterus and we will discuss the role of magnetic resonance imaging in defining anatomy and in the medical decision whether to operate or not., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus in the third trimester is a rare but distinctive diagnosis. Initial symptoms are more frequently urinary and digestive symptoms which became more acute at the third trimester. Severe abdominal pain associated with bleeding in early labor leads to make the diagnosis during an emergency cesarean section. However, the typical features of the clinical transvaginal exam and the abdominal ultrasound exam can confirm easily this diagnosis. We report two additional cases where Joël-Cohen incision for cesarean section was possible after manual reposition of the uterus. We discuss the diagnostic approach and the management regarding a literature review., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

A 36-year-old woman presented with a urinary retention at gestational age 15 weeks + 5 days. After two days with intermittent catheterisation a magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis. Under spinal anaesthesia with ultrasonographic guidance, manual reposition of the incarcerated uterus was first tried, but unsuccessfully. The patient was rolled to her left side, and a diagnostic colonoscopy was performed. A post-procedure ultrasonography and a vaginal examination revealed that the uterus was repositioned. The patient was released with no following symptoms. Follow-up at the gestational age 19 weeks + 5 days showed normal conditions.

Background: Incarceration of the gravid uterus is a rare but serious complication of pregnancy. The often required cesarean section is technically complicated, and preoperative planning is critical. An important initial surgical step is to lift the fundus out of the pelvis prior to creating the hysterotomy in order to facilitate adequate visualization of the pelvic anatomy., Case: A 38-year-old primigravida with uterine incarceration from a large anterior leiomyoma underwent cesarean delivery at 29 weeks' gestation. In this case, a failure of the fundal height to increase was not appreciated as the anterior leiomyoma was palpated to represent the fundus. Intraoperatively the uterus was unable to be repositioned because of the leiomyoma. However, the surgery did proceed smoothly primarily due to the highly detailed images obtained on pelvic magnetic resonance imaging., Conclusion: Although uterine incarceration is rare, knowledge of this condition is important. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful tool in that it enables the detailed evaluation of the pelvic anatomy in cases with suspected uterine incarceration.