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Objective: To compare the awareness regarding the mode of transmission in educated and uneducated patients presenting to OPDs of five hospitals in Sindh province. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Five Combined Military Hospitals, of Sindh province; Badin, Chhor, Hyderabad, Malir and Pano Aqil, Pakistan, from April to July 2022. Methodology: Patients presenting to the five Combined Military Hospitals were included through non probability consecutive sampling technique. The questionnaire was reviewed by two medical education experts for content validity and piloted among ten patients before being tested. Results: A total of 121 participants were included in the study. Participants had better knowledge regarding sharing of shaving equipment (p=0.008), unsafe blood transfusions (p

Numerical inspection of natural thermally induced flow in horizontal annulus has been carried out. The annulus taken under consideration is the circular annulus. By applying heat flux to the inner tube, the inner wall of the annulus is kept at high temperature and the outer wall of the annulus is maintained at constant low temperature. The numerical simulations were accomplished by varying concentrations of the hybrid nanofluid of a hybrid alumina-copper various for each Rayleigh number (4 x 104 < Ra < 4 x l05). Heat transmission through natural convection using air as convective fluid, in the body of horizontally placed annulus resided between two same hollow cylinders, is calculated. The influence of the Rayleigh number along with particle concentration on heat transmission characteristics, change in fluid flow and effective thermal conductivity of an annulus has been studied. The results showed a proportional rise in the heat transfer performance and effective thermal conductivity with the increasing particle concentration and Rayleigh numbers.

A series of repeating monomers that may be either non-biodegradable or biodegradable with technical properties for a good range of applications are called polymers. Non-biodegradable materials are replaced by new and Eco-friendly materials developed by the industries driven by the present scenario to achieve a clean and green environment. For composites’ development based on non-biodegradable polymers and natural filler, remarkable research work has been done. Two or more combined constituents are present at the macroscopic level and are not soluble with one another. The shell in which walnut is covered is called a walnut shell and is treated as waste material, but it helps in improving the property, and it is going to be used as reinforcement for the synthesis of composites with enhanced mechanical properties due to its good abrasive nature, mechanical strength, and chemical properties. In the present work, we have fabricated the composite specimens by varying the weight of walnut shell powder (0, 10, 15, and 20%) used in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) through the injection molding machining process. Different tests were performed to study synthesized composites’ properties such as tensile tests, wear tests, water absorption test, and burning test. Characteristic changes in properties were observed in HDPE/walnut shell powder composite. The wear test, flame propagation rate, and water test showed gradual increment with a rise in the filler loading while there is no remarkable improvement in tensile properties. Preparation and characterization of composites emphasize using various degradable natural fillers for several applications such as aerospace, packaging, and agriculture.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC) share some risk factors, including lifestyle and metabolic disturbances. We aimed to provide in-depth information on the association of CRC risk, especially early-onset CRC, with DM, family history of CRC, and age at DM diagnosis. Methods A nationwide cohort study was conducted using Swedish family cancer data sets, inpatient, and outpatient registers (follow-up: 1964-2015), including all individuals born after 1931 and their parents (12,614,256 individuals; 559,375 diabetic patients; 162,226 CRC patients). Results DM diagnosis before the age of 50 years was associated with a 1.9-fold increased risk of CRC before the age of 50 years (95% CI for standardized incidence ratio: 1.6-2.3) vs 1.3-fold risk of CRC at/after the age of 50 years (1.2-1.4). DM diagnosis before the age of 50 years in those with a family history of CRC was associated with 6.9-fold risk of CRC before the age of 50 years (4.1-12) and 1.9-fold risk of CRC at/after the age of 50 years (1.4-2.5). Diabetic patients had a similar lifetime risk of CRC before the age of 50 years (0.4%, 95% CI: 0.3%-0.4%) to those with only a family history of CRC (0.5%, 0.5%-0.5%), double that of the population (0.2%, 0.2%-0.2%). Discussion Our large cohort with valid information on DM and family history of cancer showed that DM is associated with increased risk of CRC in a magnitude close to having family history of CRC. Associations of DM and CRC family history with increased CRC risk were most prominent in young adults. These findings warrant further studies on harms, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of CRC screening in patients with diabetes, especially type 2, at earlier ages than in the general population.

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is increasing among young adults below screening age, despite the effectiveness of screening in older populations. Individuals with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of early-onset CRC. We aimed to determine how many years earlier than the general population patients with diabetes with/without family history of CRC reach the threshold risk at which CRC screening is recommended to the general population. Methods and findings A nationwide cohort study (follow-up:1964–2015) involving all Swedish residents born after 1931 and their parents was carried out using record linkage of Swedish Population Register, Cancer Registry, National Patient Register, and Multi-Generation Register. Of 12,614,256 individuals who were followed between 1964 and 2015 (51% men; age range at baseline 0–107 years), 162,226 developed CRC, and 559,375 developed diabetes. Age-specific 10-year cumulative risk curves were used to draw conclusions about how many years earlier patients with diabetes reach the 10-year cumulative risks of CRC in 50-year-old men and women (most common age of first screening), which were 0.44% and 0.41%, respectively. Diabetic patients attained the screening level of CRC risk earlier than the general Swedish population. Men with diabetes reached 0.44% risk at age 45 (5 years earlier than the recommended age of screening). In women with diabetes, the risk advancement was 4 years. Risk was more pronounced for those with additional family history of CRC (12–21 years earlier depending on sex and benchmark starting age of screening). The study limitations include lack of detailed information on diabetes type, lifestyle factors, and colonoscopy data. Conclusions Using high-quality registers, this study is, to our knowledge, the first one that provides novel evidence-based information for risk-adapted starting ages of CRC screening for patients with diabetes, who are at higher risk of early-onset CRC than the general population., Uzair Ali Khan and colleagues describe the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with diabetes., Author summary Why was this study done? Diabetes is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), especially in young adults before age 50. CRC incidence is increasing among young adults who are not targeted for screening. Diabetes has not been considered as a risk factor in any CRC screening guideline. What did the researchers do and find? For each single age, we calculated the risk of developing CRC in the next 10 years; for example, at age 50, which is the most common age for starting CRC screening, the risk of developing CRC during next 10 years (age 50 to 59) in the Swedish population was 0.44% in men and 0.41% in women. Men and women with diabetes reached the risk levels for 50-year-old individuals (0.44% and 0.41%, respectively) at about age 45 instead of age 50, i.e., nearly 5 years earlier than the general population, whereas patients with an additional family history of CRC reach these screening risk thresholds, 12 to 21 years earlier than the general population. What do these findings mean? These findings for the first time provide evidence-based information about the best starting age of screening for CRC in patients with diabetes. A major strength of this study would relate to the extremely large and comprehensive national (Swedish) datasets available and the duration involved (all Swedish residents born after 1931 and their parents, followed up to 2015). Clinicians could inform patients with diabetes (with or without family history of CRC) about this possibility and encourage individualized counseling for CRC screening.