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Examines ongoing language reform work in Uzbekistan to see what principles and attitudes Uzbek language policy is based on and what impact it may have on the language situation in the country as a whole. (Author/JL)

Uzbek, a left-branching subject-object-verb language with an extensive agglutinative morphology, must be handled computationally using special algorithms. The merits of various parsing schemes and a cascaded morphology are analyzed, and a functional Uzbek parsing system, based on the Generalized Transition Network parser, is described. (12 references) (JL)

Yeni Uygur Türkçesi ve Özbek Türkçesi, Türk diyalektleri arasında Güney-Doğu (Türkistan/Uygur) grubu içerisinde yer alır. Çağatay Türkçesinin devamı olarak kabul edilen bu diyalektler daha sonra kendi yazı dillerini oluşturur. Dilde kullanılan kelimelerin bütünü söz varlığıdır. Bir dilin söz varlığı, o toplum hakkında önemli bilgiler verir. Bir toplum, başka bir toplumla çeşitli etkileşimler kurarak oradan kendi söz varlığına kelime alabilir. 1924 yılında Türkistan’da millî sınırlar çizilir. Kazak, Kırgız, Özbek, Tatar, Başkurt vb. sözde ayrı ayrı milletler meydana getirilir. Türk kültürü üzerine bir Rus kültürü inşa edilmeye çalışılır. Bu bütünleşik ve iç içe hâl sonucunda Rusça kelimelerin Türk diyalektlerine nüfuz ettiği görülür. Bu diyalektler arasında bulunan Yeni Uygur Türkçesi ve Özbek Türkçesine de Rusça kelimeler etki eder yani söz varlığında Rusça etkisi görülür. Çalışmamızda, işgalci güçlerin etkisiyle Çinceden ve özellikle Rusçadan Yeni Uygur Türkçesinin ve Özbek Türkçesinin söz varlığına giren kelimeler incelenmiştir. Bu kelimeler tespit edilirken Kaynakça’da verilen; Uyġur Tiliniñ İzahliq Lüġiti, Özbekçe- Türkçe Sözlük ve Uzbek-English Dictionary sözlüklerden faydalanılmıştır. Alan başlıkları, gündelik hayatta en sık kullanılan kelimeler seçilerek belirlenmiştir.

Renk olgusu gözde yansıyan ışığın kırılmasıyla ortaya çıkan bir kavramdır. Işığın var olmadığı bir ortamda renklerin varlığından da bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle siyah ve beyaz renk adı olmalarına rağmen siyah ışığın yokluğunu, beyaz ise ışığın varlığını sembolize etmektedir. Işığın kırılmasıyla ortaya çıkan renklerden kırmızı, mavi ve sarı ana renkler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Işığın dalga boylarının farklı olması çeşitli renk tonlarının oluşmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu da farklı renk tonlarını anlatmak için yeni adlandırmalar yapılmasını gerektirmektedir. Dünyayı anlamlandırma ve algılama adına renklerden yoğun bir şekilde faydalanılması, herhangi bir rengin anlamayı, anlatmayı veya anlaşılmayı kolaylaştırması renklerin kullanım alanlarını yaygınlaştırmaktadır. Özellikle benzetmeler yoluyla yapılan aktarımlar renklerden türemiş yeni kelimelerin farklı kavram alanlarına taşınmasına ve başka bir varlığın adı olarak kullanılmasına zemin hazırlayabilmektedir. Bu makalede köken itibariyle renk kelimeleri olmalarına rağmen renk kavramının dışına çıkmış, hayvan, yiyecek veya bitkiler gibi başka bir alana hizmet etmeye başlamış kelimeler incelenecektir. Kelimenin bağlı bulunduğu kök, köken itibarıyla incelenecek ve kök ile kelimenin anlam bağlantısı kurulacaktır. İncelenen kelimelerin her biri türemiş olduklarından kelime üzerindeki ekin kelimeye kattığı anlam gösterilecek, kelimenin hangi kavram alanında kullanıldığı ifade edilecektir.

Studies on Muslim self-conception within Central Asia have flourished over the past twenty years in post-Soviet Central Asia as they did in the 1960s and 1970s within Afghanistan. This research provides qualitative data to compare studies on identity formation within Central Asia, particularly among Uzbeks. From 2018–2019, the author interviewed 20 Uzbek speakers and conducted participant observation in a community of Afghan Uzbeks in northern Afghanistan. The study sought to understand how Uzbek-speaking Sunni Afghans negotiate their identity, particularly with regard to the role of religion in that identity formation. This data was analysed using the grounded theory tools of coding, memo-writing and theory development. The study found that religion played a role in defining identity and ethnicity by reinforcing their membership in the collective identity of the nation of Afghanistan. It also indicated the importance of foreign association in formulating diverse expressions of Muslim identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Safavid era in the history of Iran, following the advent of Islam, holds a significant place in terms of politics and religion due to the establishment of political unity within Iran's borders and the embrace of the Shiite faith. This period was characterized by the Safavid rulers' confrontations with internal dissidents and diverse foreign adversaries. While historical sources from the Safavid era depict these confrontations and conflicts, they are not always faithful representations of reality. Instead, they often reflect the historians' interpretation of events, blending historical content with literary expression. The present study, conducted through a comprehensive review of relevant sources from the Safavid era, aims to explore the intertwined nature of history and poetry, and how these two elements have shaped historical narratives during this period. By delving into the use of poetry within historical texts, the research seeks to understand the role of poetic expression in conveying historical events and stories. The research findings reveal that the extensive incorporation of poetry in historical texts of the Safavid era can be attributed to several factors, including its heightened appeal and influence, the influence of the historiographical tradition from the Mongol era and earlier periods, and the educational backgrounds of the historians of this time, who were steeped in literary traditions before transitioning to historical authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TESAM Academy Journal is the property of Tesam Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phrases are the strongest building blocks of syntax, which is the main structure of a language. In other words, phrases form syntax. In this sense, the structures and diversity of phrases, approaches and classifications on this subject are, in a way, indicators that reveal the logic of that language. In this study, considering that they are the building blocks of the language and their role in syntax, the phrases in Uzbek Turkic will be discussed both within themselves and sometimes in comparison with Turkey Turkish. In studies aimed at determining the commonalities between branches of the Turkic language, it is very important to identify the unique structures of dialects and present them comparatively. In this context, beyond vocabulary, natural unity between words is one of the strongest evidence showing the commonality of origin of the Turkic language. It has been determined that there are high similarities between the two major branches of the Turkic language in terms of phrases. The main difference in this field is the logic of handling phrases and classification methods. As can be understood from the overall study, a significant part of the terms expressing phrases in Uzbek Turkic are terms derived from words of Turkic origin. In this sense, it seems possible to exchange terms. Likewise, mutual benefits are possible in terms of methods. It would be beneficial to increase such studies in determining the common roots of the Turkic language and evolving it towards a common language in the future.

Until the establishment of the state of Afghanistan in 1747, this region remained under the sovereignty of the states established by Turkic nobles. Cities such as Herat, Kabul, Faryab and Ghazni became important centers of Turkic culture. Many scholars, writers, poets and thinkers such as Hüseyin Baykara, Mevlânâ Lütfî, Ali Şir Nevâyî made great contributions to the Turkic language and culture in the region. After the second half of the eighteenth century, changing of political and social conditions negatively affected the languages and cultures of the Turkic nobility. Today Afghanistan is the country where Uzbek Turks live the most, after Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Although the demographic structure in Afghanistan is far from being explained by reliable data, at least 10% of the country's population consists of Uzbek Turks, one of the ancient people of this geography. Repressive official policies and obstacles implemented by the Afghan administrations for more than two centuries have largely prevented the development of the Turkic language and literature and keeping up with innovations. Uzbek Turks tried to preserve their language, literature and culture in the classical way in madrasas, mosques or houses. As a result of the partial freedoms and some achievements achieved since the 1980s, it is observed that some positive steps have been taken in media and education life. Uzbek Turkic literature has also started to produce works in the sense of modern stories and novels. In this context, the first work of Afghan Uzbek storytelling was published in Faryab newspaper in 1983. In this study, some findings and evaluations will be made on the current situation and problems of Uzbek storytelling in Afghanistan.

Humans have lived a life intertwined with animals since the first moments. While some animals have provided convenience in people's lives, a defense mechanism has been established against others. Animals are of great importance for humans to survive in or out of society. It is not possible for these beliefs, which vary from region to region, to have a single form. For example, an animal may have positive connotations in one society and negative connotations in another. Therefore, beliefs are shaped according to these points of view. The natural events that have occurred over time and the efforts to make sense of some things in daily life have led to a search among people. The beliefs that emerged as a result of this search provided convenience at the point of making sense of life. Thus diversification of beliefs can make continuaiton of human existence more convenient. Uzbek Turks, who make their living from animal husbandry, shared their lives with animals. Some rituals that should be applied in ceremonies are shaped according to the animal calendar. This calendar, popularly known as "Çorva Hisobi", is important as it provides a source of thoughts about animals. In general, an animal culture was created according to this calendar, which includes beliefs about animals such as ox, cow, sheep, lamb and ram. There are also animal spirits among the spirits that help shamans in shamanic narratives. Animal-ancestral belief has found a place for itself among the Uzbek Turks as well as in the Turkic world. The names of many of the animals mentioned in the study were also used in calendars to determine time. Looking at the origin of beliefs about animals, it is aimed to reach information about animal cult. In this study, firstly the written sources for the Uzbek folk beliefs were investigated. Then, information was given about the status of animals in various beliefs and practices in daily life. In this study, examples of animal beliefs living in Uzbek Turks will be discussed.

In recent years, machine translation has made significant advancements; however, its effectiveness can vary widely depending on the language pair. Languages with limited resources, such as Kazakh, Uzbek, Kalmyk, Tatar, and others, often encounter challenges in achieving high-quality machine translations. Kazakh is an agglutinative language with complex morphology, making it a low-resource language. This article addresses the task of post-editing machine translation for the Kazakh language. The research begins by discussing the history and evolution of machine translation and how it has developed to meet the unique needs of languages with limited resources. The research resulted in the development of a machine translation post-editing system. The system utilizes modern machine learning methods, starting with neural machine translation using the BRNN model in the initial post-editing stage. Subsequently, the transformer model is applied to further edit the text. Complex structural and grammatical forms are processed, and abbreviations are replaced. Practical experiments were conducted on various texts: news publications, legislative documents, IT sphere, etc. This article serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of machine translation, shedding light on effective post-editing strategies to enhance translation quality, particularly in scenarios involving languages with limited resources such as Kazakh and Uzbek. The obtained results were tested and evaluated using specialized metrics—BLEU, TER, and WER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first known study of the socio-cognitive development of Lyuli children, a Roma-type group living in Bukhara in Uzbekistan. The research was conducted in schools in Bukhara serving both Lyuli children and Uzbek children, both of whom are multi-lingual but whose sociolinguistic circumstances are somewhat different. There has been less cross-cultural work on later stages of Theory of Mind development, in which children have to make inferences about the mental states of characters in a complex narrative. The research here shows that the children from both groups do remarkably well on these tasks, and their multilingualism is hypothesized to be the source of their success relative to other children studied with similar narratives.

This study aims to specify the definitions of two terms, bigraphia and digraphia, and examine how these phenomena appear in post-socialist countries. It is currently a global phenomenon to use two or more writing systems in one country, due to the spread of English and the Internet. Bigraphia means when the function and prestige of two writing systems (or two varieties of one system) are equal. On the other hand, when there is a difference in the function and/or prestige between two writing systems, it is defined as digraphia. The paper examines the combination of writing systems in post-socialist countries such as Russia, Belarus, Serbia, and Uzbekistan. In-digraphia refers to a situation in which variations of one writing system coexist, and out-digraphia refers to a situation in which two different writing systems coexist. A narrower sense of digraphia is observed in Belarus today: Belarusian Cyrillic-Т(BC-T) is used to write Tarashkievitsa and Belarusian Cyrillic-N (BC-N) is used to write Narkamaŭka. Out-digraphia is observed in Serbia and Uzbekistan. In these countries, Cyrillic and Latin scripts are used to write Serbian and Uzbek. Out-digraphia is also confirmed in Russian texts: It is commonly thought that only Cyrillic letters are used to write Russian, but recently the use of the so-called "macaronic alphabet," which is a mix of Cyrillic and Latin letters, has become common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between affectedness and Differential Object Marking (DOM) of indefinite direct objects in Turkish and Uzbek. We argue that the distribution of DOM in the two Turkic languages is determined by the direct objects’ specificity and animacy as nominal semantic properties, and affectedness as a verbal semantic property associated with the direct object. We provide original empirical evidence from two forced-choice studies that investigate DOM along the parameters of animacy, affectedness, and telicity, and their interaction with each other. Our findings indicate that affectedness shapes the distribution of DOM in both Turkish and Uzbek, with an interesting variation in how it is instantiated and interacts with animacy. The findings do not confirm an impact of telicity as an independent factor driving overt case marking in the languages investigated. Rather, its influence on DOM stems from interaction with affectedness.

History shows that each nation stood up not only for the land, but also for its culture and art, literature and language, which are the expression of its spirituality in the struggle to preserve their freedom. These national treasures are important elements that protect the nation's nationality and existence. In ancient times, usurper states either destroyed the riches or appropriated the national culture of the peoples they enslaved, as well as beautiful relics of art and science. Not satisfied with this, insulting their customs and traditions, beliefs, they tried to destroy their native language, arguing that their language was "rude" and that it could not express "deep thoughts and sensitive feelings." Even from the official state offices, they "expelled" the mother tongue, all work was done in the language of the ruling government. They tried to suppress such language in the family. However, history proves the second aspect, that every enslaved people, as mentioned above, opposed the destruction of their national identity and language, and made efforts to develop their native language. Thus, language was an unparalleled weapon in the struggle of nations for life and independence. It is also a fact that the Turkic-speaking peoples living in the former Soviet Union, after declaring their independence, occupy one of the most important places among the world's states. At this historical stage, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan conduct official negotiations in their national languages. This confirms that the sphere of influence of Turkish languages is gradually expanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the marking and management of interpersonal common ground in Dungan, Uyghur, and Uzbek. The study shows that the three languages possess a shared enclitic =Ku with the primary function of negotiating interpersonal distribution and accessibility of information. In the three investigated languages, the multifunctional enclitic appears in various contexts that at the surface level appear incongruous. The study proposes that the wide semantic functional range of the enclitic can be explained from the viewpoint of epistemic common ground: The use of =Ku not only asserts common epistemic ground, but also reactivates such common ground that has either deteriorated or failed to form against the expectations of the speaker. In addition, =Ku may additionally be used to actively build common ground between the speech act participants. The study includes an analysis of the enclitic's origin in Dungan as a result of a Turkic borrowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Turkic languages are critical in studies on evidentiality, since it is one of the language groups that have grammatical markers to indicate the source of information as the basis of a proposition. In this conceptual framework, -mIš, seen since Old Turkic, is considered as an aspect-tense marker or evidential, and er-miš as an evidential. The particle e(r)mish, which has been grammaticalized in most Turkic languages, is used for hearsay in Uzbek and then it was lexicalized as mish-mish(lar) by reduplication in the semantic domain of hearsay under evidentiality. The lexicalized morpheme is defined with the synonyms of 'rumor' as a lexical entry. Similar uses are found in other Turkic languages such as Kyrgyz, Kazakh and the Cypriot dialect of Turkish. The evolution of these items in four languages shows that grammatical markers of hearsay tend to lead to lexicalization. In this study, the lexicalization of the grammatical evidential is discussed in terms of the hearsay under evidentiality in Uzbek. The study aims to present data about lexicalized structures in Turkic languages, to explain the importance of evidentiality in communication and the role of the semantic domain in this process. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the analysis. The findings indicate that mish-mish(lar) evolved from a bound-morpheme to a free-morpheme by reduplication over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how three generations of women in an Afghan–Turkmen family residing in Istanbul, Turkey, have experienced historical migration and legal integration. We deploy the concept of potentiality to convey these women's experiences of legal integration as a particular form of existence that is, at times, expressed by them and other families of Afghan background with the Dari metaphor of being 'birds without legs'. The metaphor conveys their constant mobility. Combining original ethnographic data with the analysis of historical works, we argue that families of Turkic ethnolinguistic backgrounds from Afghanistan residing in Turkey have been unable, and at times unwilling, to realize refuge, citizenship and settlement as the endpoint of their mobile trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evidential system of Uzbek, the speaker has different grammatical options in marking the source of information, such as -ibdi, ekan, emish, etc., although it is not compulsory to mark this category in the utterance. In addition to these established markers, new markers have developed into evidentials, and they encode specific sub-categories of evidentiality. In this study, after a brief overview of grammatical markers of evidentiality in Uzbek, the marker chog'i is examined with a syntactic and semantic approach based on a corpus of selected texts. Its development into an inferential marker is evaluated with special attention to sources of evidentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written sources related to the Golden Horde city of Ukek have long been introduced into scientific discourse, but there have been deviations in their translations and interpretation. The city is mentioned on three maps ascending from the common protograph (an extended version of the representation of the Volga in the Catalan style). The earliest example is a map by the Pitzigani brothers (1367), where the city is located on the opposite side of the island of Çiçera (Samara Luka), which was a result of compiling maps of different scales. The displacement of the city’s sign on the maps by Fra Mauro (1459) and Giovanni Francesco Camocio (1570) to the left bank of the Volga is a normal phenomenon from the viewpoint of the map language. In the Sketch of the Countries by Abu'l-Fida, Ukek is mentioned twice. Here, the localization of the site is rather reliable for its time period, and the city is characterized as the border of the Khan's domain. A brief description of Ukek in Ibn Battuta's book is the most difficult one to interpret. Most likely, information about two points with the same name is mixed in this work: one was situated on the Volga and the other - on the Azov seashore. Possibly, new mentions of Ukek can be found on Catalan-style maps and in Italian notarial acts.

Copyright of Türkologiya is the property of Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Religious Studies / Dini Araştırmalar is the property of Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi Yayinlari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the increase in linguistic and cultural diversity in South Korea, the landscape of English education in Korean classrooms has been changing. This has led to an increased need to explore the language and literacy practices of the emergent multilingual youth in Korea where one (official) language (Korean) has been predominantly used as the medium of instruction for English teaching and learning. Addressing this need for more research on how emerging multilingual children learn English in the diverse Korean classrooms of today, this four-year longitudinal case study explored out-of-classroom English language learning experiences of three Uzbek students in South Korea. Drawing upon the conceptual framework of translanguaging and agency, data were collected from various sources. I found that the actions taken by these students to learn English depended on their interlocutors, practical and academic purposes, and language ideologies embedded in contexts, which in turn influenced learners’ agency and translanguaging practices. More specifically, the findings show the students exercised agency over their choice of linguistic and non-linguistic resources in order to expand their linguistic repertoires on their own accord. These findings provide implications for EFL research and pedagogy, particularly within the context of the transition from monolingual to multilingual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Transoxiana political and social history in the Islamic period, there are moments of collision between the primitive and present biospheres, one of the most recent of which is the rise of the Uzbek nomadic rule and their extensive migration to the Iranian world and finally the formation of political structure and dual office (tribal-urban). In the present paper, using Weber's sociological approach (traditional authority theory), which depicts the evolution of power and domination in traditional societies, we traced the periods of Uzbek political rule, up to the 13th / 19th century with the ambiguity of "What are the Uzbek nomads like?" "Have they experienced traditional authority and sovereignty in the evolution of their political life?" We claim that “the traditional Uzbek authority, due to the hybrid social system (urban and primitive) and the predominance of the tribal structure, is in constant challenge and tension between different species, simultaneously experiences a multi-layered structure (from gerontocratic, patriarchal and patrimonial authority), and finally, with the rise of the last dynasty of this race (Menghites), for some reason, its patrimonial layer is established." The result of the research completes the above claim in such a way that the extended patrimonial authority of Menghiti approaches sultanism (which is a kind of patrimonial domination) due to the dictatorship of the emirs of this dynasty in the process of establishing their political authority.