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2. Double-Clad Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber and Its Comparison with Other Fibers for Multiphoton Micro-Endoscopy

Author

Marzanna Szwaj, Ian A. Davidson, Peter B. Johnson, Greg Jasion, Yongmin Jung, Seyed Reza Sandoghchi, Krzysztof P. Herdzik, Konstantinos N. Bourdakos, Natalie V. Wheeler, Hans Christian Mulvad, David J. Richardson, Francesco Poletti, and Sumeet Mahajan

Subjects
hollow-core fiber, fiber endoscopy, multiphoton micro-endoscopy, label-free imaging, bioimaging, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

Label-free and multiphoton micro-endoscopy can transform clinical histopathology by providing an in situ tool for diagnostic imaging and surgical treatment in diseases such as cancer. Key to a multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopic device is the optical fiber, for distortion-free and efficient delivery of ultra-short laser pulses to the sample and effective signal collection. In this work, we study a new hollow-core (air-filled) double-clad anti-resonant fiber (DC-ARF) as a high-performance candidate for multiphoton micro-endoscopy. We compare the fiber characteristics of the DC-ARF with a single-clad anti-resonant fiber (SC-ARF) and a solid core fiber (SCF). In this work, while the DC-ARF and the SC-ARF enable low-loss (−1), close to dispersion-free excitation pulse delivery (2000% of pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber). An ideal optical fiber endoscope needs to be several meters long and should enable both excitation and collection through the fiber. Therefore, we performed multiphoton imaging on endoscopy-compatible 1 m and 3 m lengths of fiber in the back-scattered geometry, wherein the signals were collected either directly (non-descanned detection) or through the fiber (descanned detection). Second harmonic images were collected from barium titanate crystals as well as from biological samples (mouse tail tendon). In non-descanned detection conditions, the ARFs outperformed the SCF by up to 10 times in terms of signal-to-noise ratio of images. Significantly, only the DC-ARF, due to its high numerical aperture (NA) of 0.45 and wide-collection bandwidth (>1 µm), could provide images in the de-scanned detection configuration desirable for endoscopy. Thus, our systematic characterization and comparison of different optical fibers under different image collection configurations, confirms and establishes the utility of DC-ARFs for high-performing label-free multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopy.

Published
2024
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3. Super-broadband on-chip continuous spectral translation unlocking coherent optical communications beyond conventional telecom bands

Author

Deming Kong, Yong Liu, Zhengqi Ren, Yongmin Jung, Chanju Kim, Yong Chen, Natalie V. Wheeler, Marco N. Petrovich, Minhao Pu, Kresten Yvind, Michael Galili, Leif K. Oxenløwe, David J. Richardson, and Hao Hu

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Continuous spectral translation could allow expansion of the bandwidth available for communication without having to develop transceivers for the new bands. Here, the authors demonstrate this using AlGaAsOI nanowaveguides as spectral translators between the mature telecom C band and the 2-μm wavelength band.

Published
2022
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7. Hollow core fibres and their applications.

Author

David J. Richardson, Natalie V. Wheeler, Yong Chen 0015, John R. Hayes, Seyed Reza Sandoghchi, Gregory T. Jasion, Thomas D. Bradley, E. Numkam Fokoua, Z. Liu, Radan Slavík, Peter Horák, Marco N. Petrovich, and Francesco Poletti

Published
2017

11. Internal Gas Composition and Pressure in As-drawn Hollow Core Optical Fibers

Author

Shuichiro Rikimi, Yong Chen, Thomas W. Kelly, Ian A. Davidson, Gregory T. Jasion, Matthew Partridge, Kerrianne Harrington, Thomas D. Bradley, Austin A. Taranta, Francesco Poletti, Marco N. Petrovich, David J. Richardson, and Natalie V. Wheeler

Subjects
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Published
2022

19. Photonic bandgap fibres for low-latency data transmission.

Author

David J. Richardson, Yong Chen 0015, Natalie V. Wheeler, John R. Hayes, Thomas D. Bradley, Zhixin Liu, Seyed Reza Sandoghchi, Gregory T. Jasion, E. Numkam Fokoua, David R. Gray, Radan Slavík, Yongmin Jung, Nicholas Heng-Loong Wong, Francesco Poletti, and Marco N. Petrovich

Published
2015
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21. Data transmission through up to 74.8 km of hollow-core fiber with coherent and direct-detect transceivers.

Author

Maxim Kuschnerov, Vincent A. J. M. Sleiffer, Yingkan Chen, Erik De Man, Yong Chen 0015, Zhixin Liu, Seyed Reza Sandoghchi, Gregory T. Jasion, Tom Bradley, Eric R. Numkam Fokoua, John R. Hayes, Natalie V. Wheeler, David R. Gray, Radan Slavík, Yongmin Jung, Nicholas L. Wong, Brian J. Mangan, Francesco Poletti, Marco N. Petrovich, and David J. Richardson

Published
2015
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22. 40 Gbps WDM transmission over 1.15 km HC-PBGF using the first InP-based Mach Zehnder modulator at 2 μm.

Author

M. U. Sadiq, Hongyu Zhang, Michael Gleeson, Nan Ye, Brendan Roycroft, Niamh Kavanagh, C. Robert, H. Yang, Kevin Thomas 0007, Agnieszka Gocalinska, Zhihong Li, Yong Chen 0015, Natalie V. Wheeler, John R. Hayes, Shaif-Ul Alam, Francesco Poletti, Marco N. Petrovich, David J. Richardson, Brian Kelly, John O'Carroll, Richard Phelan, Emanuele Pelucchi, Peter O'Brien, Frank H. Peters, Fatima Gunning, and Brian Corbett

Published
2015
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25. Sub-ppm gas phase Raman spectroscopy in an anti-resonant hollow core fiber

Author

Thomas W. Kelly, Ian A. Davidson, Charles Warren, William S. M. Brooks, Michael J. Foster, Francesco Poletti, David J. Richardson, Peter Horak, and Natalie V. Wheeler

Subjects
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

We demonstrate recent progress in the development of a Raman gas sensor using a single cladding ring anti-resonant hollow core micro-structured optical fiber (HC-ARF) and a low power pump source. The HC-ARF was designed specifically for low attenuation and wide bandwidth in the visible spectral region and provided low loss at both the pump wavelength (532 nm) and Stokes wavelengths up to a Raman shift of 5000 cm−1. A novel selective core pressurization scheme was also implemented to further reduce the confinement loss, improving the Raman signal enhancement by a factor of 1.9 compared to a standard fiber filling scheme. By exploiting longer lengths of fiber, direct detection of both methane and hydrogen at concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm respectively is demonstrated and a noise equivalent limit-of-detection of 0.15 ppm is calculated for methane.

Published
2022

36. Hundred-meter-scale, kilowatt peak-power, near-diffraction-limited, mid-infrared pulse delivery via the low-loss hollow-core fiber

Author

Qiang Fu, Yudi Wu, Ian A. Davidson, Lin Xu, Gregory T. Jasion, Sijing Liang, Shuichiro Rikimi, Francesco Poletti, Natalie V. Wheeler, and David J. Richardson

Subjects
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

We report a high-power single-mode mid-infrared (MIR) pulse delivery system via anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (HCF) with a record delivery distance of 108 m. Near-diffraction-limited MIR light was transmitted by HCFs at wavelengths of 3.12–3.58 µm using a tunable optical parametric oscillator (OPO) as the light source. The HCFs were purged beforehand with argon in order to remove or reduce loss due to parasitic gas absorption (HCl, CO2, etc.). The minimum fiber loss values were 0.05 and 0.24 dB/m at 3.4–3.6 µm and 4.5–4.6 µm, respectively, with the 4.5–4.6 µm loss figure representing, to the best of our knowledge, a new low loss record for a HCF in this spectral region. At a coupling efficiency of ∼70%, average powers of 592 mW and 133 mW were delivered through 5 m and 108 m of HCF, respectively. Assuming the 120-ps duration of the MIR pulses remained constant over the low-dispersion HCF (theoretical maximum: 0.4 ps/nm/km), the corresponding calculated peak powers were 4.9 kW and 1.1 kW.

Published
2022

41. WDM transmission at 2µm over low-loss Hollow Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber.

Author

Naoise Mac Suibhne, Zhihong Li, Benedikt Baeuerle, John Zhao, John P. Wooler, Shaif-Ul Alam, Francesco Poletti, Marco N. Petrovich, Alexander M. Heidt, Natalie V. Wheeler, Naveen K. Baddela, E. Numkam Fokoua, Ian P. Giles, Dean J. Giles, Richard Phelan, John O'Carroll, Brian Kelly, Dominic Murphy, Brian Corbett, Andrew D. Ellis, David J. Richardson, and Fatima C. Garcia Gunning

Published
2013

42. 30.7 Tb/s (96×320 Gb/s) DP-32QAM transmission over 19-cell Photonic Band Gap Fiber.

Author

Vincent A. J. M. Sleiffer, Yongmin Jung, Paolo Leoni, Maxim Kuschnerov, Natalie V. Wheeler, Naveen K. Baddela, R. G. H. van Uden, Chigo M. Okonkwo, John R. Hayes, John P. Wooler, E. Numkam Fokoua, Radan Slavík, Francesco Poletti, Marco N. Petrovich, V. Veljanovski, Shaif-Ul Alam, David J. Richardson, and Huug de Waardt

Published
2013

44. Hollow-core fiber delivery of broadband mid-infrared light for remote spectroscopy

Author

Kerr Johnson, Pablo Castro-Marin, Carl Farrell, Ian A. Davidson, Qiang Fu, Gregory T. Jasion, Natalie V. Wheeler, Francesco Poletti, David J. Richardson, and Derryck T. Reid

Subjects
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

High-resolution multi-species spectroscopy is achieved by delivering broadband 3–4-μm mid-infrared light through a 4.5-meter-long silica-based hollow-core optical fiber. Absorptions from H37Cl, H35Cl, H2O and CH4 present in the gas within the fiber core are observed, and the corresponding gas concentrations are obtained to 5-ppb precision using a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer and a full-spectrum multi-species fitting algorithm. We show that by fully fitting the narrow absorption features of these light molecules their contributions can be nulled, enabling further spectroscopy of C3H6O and C3H8O contained in a Herriott cell after the fiber. As a demonstration of the potential to extend fiber-delivered broadband mid-infrared spectroscopy to significant distances, we present a high-resolution characterization of the transmission of a 63-meter length of hollow-core fiber, fully fitting the input and output spectra to obtain the intra-fiber gas concentrations. We show that, despite the fiber not having been purged, useful spectroscopic windows are still preserved which have the potential to enable hydrocarbon spectroscopy at the distal end of fibers with lengths of tens or even hundreds of meters.

Published
2022

48. Activating Unconventional Wavelength Bands for Coherent Optical Communication by On-chip Continuous Spectral Translation

Author

Deming Kong, Yong Liu, Zhengqi Ren, Yongmin Jung, Chanju Kim, Yong Chen, Natalie V. Wheeler, Marco N. Petrovich, Minhao Pu, Kresten Yvind, Michael Galili, Leif Oxenløwe, David Richardson, and Hao Hu

Abstract

Despite being perceived historically to provide "unlimited" bandwidth, today’s optical communication systems are fast approaching their capacity limits in the conventional telecom bands. To satisfy the ever-increasing capacity demand, opening up new wavelength bands is becoming an appealing solution both in cabled and free-space optical communications in the transparent windows. However, this would ordinarily require the development of whole optical transceivers for any new wavelength band, which is both time-consuming and expensive. Here, we present an on-chip continuous spectral translation based coherent optical communication approach that can exploit existing commercial transceivers to unlock the vast and currently unused potential new wavelength bands rather than dictate the need to develop new coherent transceivers operating directly in those bands. The spectral translators are continuous-wave pumped aluminium gallium arsenide on insulator (AlGaAsOI) nanowaveguides that can provide a continuous conversion bandwidth over an octave. This enables unprecedented coherent transmission in the 2-μm wavelength band using well-developed conventional C-band transmitters and coherent receivers. We demonstrate 318.25-Gbit s-1 Nyquist wavelength-division multiplexed coherent transmission over a 1.15-km hollow-core fibre in the 2-μm wavelength band using this approach. Our demonstration paves the way for coherently transmitting, detecting, and processing signals at wavelength bands beyond the capability of today’s devices.

Published
2022

50. Development of a gas-phase Raman instrument using a hollow core anti-resonant tubular fibre

Author

William Brooks, Michael Wharton, George Rushton, Michael Foster, Natalie V. Wheeler, Joseph Large, Charles Warren, Ian A. Davidson, Jonathan Storey, and Matthew Partridge

Subjects
Hollow core, symbols.namesake, Materials science, symbols, General Materials Science, Composite material, Raman spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Gas phase
Abstract

Versatile and flexible gas analysis for compositional identification and quantification is a demand found in a variety of diverse sectors. As such, a compact, deployable instrument exhibiting both high specificity and sensitivity is a highly attractive proposition for a wide range of applications. In this paper, we describe a gas phase Raman spectroscopy-based device using state-of-the-art anti-resonant (tubular) hollow core micro-structured optical fibre (HC-MOF). This fibre architecture allows the use of lengths that are typically longer than have been demonstrated previously, allowing substantially enhanced interaction lengths between the pump laser and the gas sample to be achieved, addressing the sensitivity challenges typically observed in gas-phase Raman measurements and enabling application for remote sensing in hazardous environments. We describe the successful development of a compact, fibre-integrated instrument and present results obtained during a test campaign at an industrial laboratory; marking a milestone in gas-phase Raman spectroscopy. The unique properties of the MOF used allowed a 20-m length to be utilised, representing a new record length for gas phase Raman measurements. The identification and quantification of a variety of gas species, ranging from simple homonuclear diatomic gases to heteronuclear organic gas species were achieved, and, building on previous studies, the instruments stability, gas concentration linearity response, and the hollow core fibre filling and purging characteristics were investigated.

Published
2021

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