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1p36 deletion syndrome (OMIM: 607872) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 1, characterized by specific craniofacial dysmorphism, delayed speech development and epilepsy. The severity of epilepsy is related to the size of the mutation.Objective: to study the clinical and electroencephalographic picture of the disease.We have analyzed 3 cases (male patients from 2 to 6 years old), including anamnesis of life and disease, electroencephalography data in dynamics and genetic analysis data.All three patients are united by a combination of epilepsy, mental retardation and cerebral palsy-like movement disorders. The epilepsy manifestations varied from severe with absolutely pharmacoresistant epileptic spasms (cases 1 and 2) to mild course with febrile seizures only (case 3). This is probably due to the presence of a shorter mutation in patient 3. Cases 1 and 2 had epileptic encephalopathy, epilepsy with continuing epileptiform discharges on the EEG and a gross delay in speech and mental development. These patients could not speak and not understand the speech addressed, do not follow instructions. Patient 3’ self-care and play activities are developed by age, speech understanding is fully formed, but there is a complete absence of expressive speech.1p36 deletion syndrome is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

The disease caused by mutations in the CDKL5 gene (encoding cyclin-dependent kinase 5, CDK5) belongs to the group of early (infantile) epileptic encephalopathies caused by alterations in the genome. Currently, the disease is called “developmental encephalopathy and epileptic encephalopathy type 2”. This disorder is a complex combination of symptoms that develop due to deficiency or absence of the CDKL5 gene product, which is serine/threonine kinase. The CDKL5 gene is located on X chromosome; the disease has an X-linked dominant inheritance pattern. This literature review summarizes relevant studies analyzing the disease caused by CDKL5 gene mutations, including its genetic and epidemiological aspects, clinical manifestations, characteristics of epilepsy, principles of diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. We present a case series of several patients with genetic disorders involving the CDKL5 gene.

Aim. To approve of diagnostic effectiveness of SWAN (SWI) images in revealing of calcium containing epileptogenic substrates in children with resistant focal epilepsy.Materials and methods. The results of MRI in children with refractory focal epilepsy obtained in the Radiology Department of the Russian State Children Hospital in the period from 2018 to 2020 were observed retrospectively. High-resolution epileptological MR protocol used for investigation of 67 children. SWAN was applied in all cases for identification of calcium containing epileptogenic substrates, including cavernomas, DVA syndrome, cortical gangliogliomas, Sturge-Weber syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex. All images were received by using MRI 3T 750 W Discovery GE.Results. In 17 cases (25%) SWAN provided important diagnostic information about the nature of the of epileptogenic lesion, its prevalence and borders. Additional earlier invisible structural changes were revealed in 2 cases of SWS and 1 cases of FCD; and in 13 cases SWAN gave us possibility to avoid CT for approving calcium in epileptogenic focus.Conclusion. We believe that adding SWAN in to the epileptological MR protocol is the necessary step for optimizing calcium and blood degradation products identification in the structure of potential epileptogenic focuses. Moreover, it would be very effective instrument for differential diagnosis of cerebral structural changes, specifying its etiology and, hence, would have influence on the therapeutic tactic and surgical strategy in children with focal epilepsy.

Introduction. Cortical dysplasias (CDs) encompass a wide variety of disorders that in most cases lead to epilepsy, especially in infants and young children. MRI diagnosis of CDs is a major part of presurgical examination of pediatric patients with resistant focal epilepsy.Aim. To identify MR markers of CD in the immature brain and develop an MRI protocol for early diagnosis of CDs.Materials and methods. Children aged

Despite significant advances in epileptology, approximately one-third of patients suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy. Numerous approaches are currently available to treat epilepsy; however, there are still many patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy, in whom antiepileptic drugs are ineffective and surgical treatment is impossible. Thus, searching for new effective antiepileptic drugs and alternative treatments (such as vagus nerve stimulation) for these patients remains highly relevant. This literature review covers the indications for and the efficacy and tolerability of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with epilepsy. We also report a case of successful treatment of a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy using this method.

This article provides a detailed description of clinical and electroanatomical characteristics of epilepsy in patients suffering from epileptic trances – a rare type of focal motor seizures with ambulatory automatism manifesting as an unplanned travel. We reviewed the currently available data on the nature of psychical seizures in patients with epilepsy and the role of social and legal expertise for this disease. We developed the criteria for differential diagnosis between epileptic trances and other conditions with similar manifestations (for example, epileptic fugues) and identified a diagnostic minimum. We also proposed a hypothesis of ictal spatial migration. We emphasized the efficiency of surgical treatment in the case of compliance with a proper diagnostic algorithm.

Abstract: the article presents a review of world literature on significance of various clinical lateralizing signs in temporal lobe epilepsy, such as dystonic posturing, limb automatisms, ictal and postictal aphasia, ictal nystagmus, head turning, periiktal headache, etc. The results of current research are compared with previously published reports. The ictal dystonic unilateral limb posturing (possibly isolated in a hand, foot, predominantly in distal parts of limbs) is still one of the most informative lateralizing signs and it is lateralized in contralateral hemisphere in 100% of cases. It is shown that the “early” and “late” head turning, and unilateral limb automatisms are the most important and convincing lateralizing signs, which must be considered in connection with the EEG data to determine the epileptogenic focus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

Theorem of existence and uniqueness of Cauchy problem solution for fractional nonlinear equation with local-nonlocal setting is proved.

Modified method of running for counted decisions of marginal problem for between limiting differential equation is considered. Theorem about stability of computing process for finding of factors of running is proved.

Aim. This work is an attempt to concretize the concept of "life strategy" of species by identifying the mechanisms of strategies in nature and combine the organismal, population and biocenotic aspects of this phenomenon into a single structure.Discussion. The analysis and summary of the literature sources show that the search for reliable indicators of plant life strategies as well as easily measured and identified adaptive traits and reactions should be carried out at the organismal and population-ontogenetic levels. The choice of life strategy indicators should be made taking into account their role in the maintenance of heterogeneity and the lability of coenopopulations. Among the organismic mechanisms of development of life strategy, providing heterogeneity of coenopopulations, we identified biomorphological, age and dimensional differentiation of species of coenopopulations. To population-ontogenetic mechanisms providing lability coenopopulations, we can also refer adaptive variability of seed production, seed and vegetative reproduction, age, vitality, spatial and biomorphological structures, density and number, state of life of coenopopulations, rhythms of phenological development, etc.These mechanisms are closely interrelated and are the result of the implementation of a genetically fixed biological potential of the species variability, under which it is advisable to consider various forms of polyvariance of species development in ontogenesis as well as variability and flexibility of the plant features.Conclusion. Thus, the life strategy of plant species in nature should be viewed as a holistic, integrated and adaptive response to the impact of environmental factors formed due to the close relationship of its adaptive traits and responses, and determining the means of survival, status and functional role in phytocenosis.

The aim. The main objective of this work is to analyze the survival strategies of 20 species of the Allium genus in the Russian part of the Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia and Dagestan).Methods. Life strategies of wild onions have been considered within the concept of L. Ramensky and J. Grime, using the most significant feature markers at the organismal and population-ontogenetic levels.Results. Studies have shown that all studied species are characterized by the mixed types of strategy with the presence of the patient strategy component. Often, even closely related morphologically similar species have a different set of mechanisms of stability when growing in similar conditions. Accordingly, the features of the formation of life strategies can be used as diagnostic taxonomic characters in distinguishing morphologically similar species. It has also been shown that under the effectiveness of life strategy it is appropriate to consider the maintenance of stability of coenopopulations as in stable conditions or gradual changes in the ecological and phytocoenotic environment, coenopopulations are resistant thanks to a particular component of survival strategies. Accordingly, when assessing the status of species in nature it is crucial to take into account the peculiarities of its life strategy, which involves carrying out complex investigations.Main conclusions. Thus, the analysis of plant species survival strategies provides a large amount of information important in differentiating morphologically similar species, determining their state in nature, identifying the functional role of species in ecosystems and their indicator values in assessing the degree of resilience of ecosystems as a whole.

Abstract. Results of researches of biomorphic structure of 19 caucasian species of the genus Allium L. and influence of vital form lability on age structure of cenopopulations are given.