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In Brazil the total area of native and cultivated pasture used for livestock is around 180 million hectares, and selenium (Se) is absent from mineral fertilizer formulas. Nutritional supplementation of this element takes place along with provision of mineral salts in the form of sodium selenite. In the present work, the effects of adding selenate and selenite on Se biofortification, antioxidant activity and anatomy alterations in Brachiaria brizantha were evaluated. The experiments were disposed in a completely randomized design in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, by means of five levels of Se (0; 0.5; 1.0; 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg) applied along with grass plant fertilizer, and two Se forms (sodium selenate and sodium selenite), with six replications. The results of the present study suggest that, in tropical soil conditions, the application of Se as selenate at low doses is more appropriate for B. brizantha biofortification than Se as selenite, because it favors a greater shoot Se levels, better activation of the antioxidant system and reduces on lipid peroxidation. Finally, with an increase of Se rates, cellular modifications were observed in internal structures of roots in B. brizantha, with aerenchyma appearing.

Selenium is an important element associated with enhancement of antioxidant activity in plants, microorganisms, animals, and humans. In Brazil, the information on Se in agricultural crops is lacking, though there are indications that low levels of Se are consumed by the population. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with pots containing 3 l of nutritive solution in a completely randomized factorial design, with seven Se concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 µmol/l) and two forms of Se (sodium selenate - Na2SeO4 and sodium selenite - Na2SeO3), with six replicates. The application of Se as selenate at low concentrations is more appropriate for lettuce biofortification because it favors shoot biomass growth and Se levels in the shoot biomass. Selenium in both forms had two effects on lettuce plant metabolism: at low doses it acted as an antioxidant and enhanced plant growth, whereas at higher levels it reduced yield.

Avaliaram-se o efeito de doses e fontes de nitrogênio na recuperação do capim-marandu, por um período de três anos, em pastagem estabelecida há mais de 10 anos, com baixa produção de forragem. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com três repetições. Nas parcelas foi utilizado o fatorial 2 x 4, sendo duas fontes de nitrogênio (sulfato de amônio e uréia) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200 e 300kg ha-1 ano-1). Nas subparcelas, foram alocados os três anos (2004, 2005 e 2006), referentes ao tempo de recuperação da pastagem. A aplicação de nitrogênio foi determinante para a recuperação do capim-marandu. A maior produção de massa seca foi observada no segundo ano e o maior teor de proteína bruta no terceiro ano de recuperação da pastagem. As maiores doses de nitrogênio promoveram acréscimos lineares na produção de massa seca e redução nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. O sulfato de amônio promoveu maior produção de massa seca do que a ureia, em todas as doses e anos avaliados.The effects of nitrogen doses and sources were evaluated on pasture recuperation of grass marandu, in a three-year period. The pasture was established for more than ten years and it was presenting low herbage production being considered in moderate degradation phase. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with split-plots and three replications, in a 2x4 factorial, being two sources of N (ammonium sulphate and urea) and four doses of N (0, 100, 200, and 300kg ha-1 yr-1). The time of pasture evaluation was represented by the years 2004, 2005, and 2006. The highest dry matter production was observed in the second year and the highest crude protein in the third one. The highest nitrogen doses promoted linear increase on dry mass production and decrease in fiber concentration and in neutral and acid detergents. Ammonium sulphate resulted in higher dry mass production than urea in all doses applied and evaluated years.

Foram realizados simultaneamente quatro experimentos em vasos com os solos Neossolo Flúvico (RU), Gleissolo Háplico (GX), Gleissolo Melânico (GM) e Organossolo Mésico (OY) artificialmente drenado, com objetivo de avaliar a influência de calcário, gesso e esterco de curral curtido - aplicados em cultivo prévio de feijoeiro, na eficiência de diferentes extratores e da fosfatase ácida, usados em amostra de solos aerados, antes da inundação; na predição da disponibilidade do P para a cultura após a inundação e na produção de arroz inundado. Após a colheita do feijoeiro, cinco repetições correspondentes a cada tratamento em cada solo foram misturadas entre si e colocadas em vasos de 5 dm³ (3,2 dm³ de solo) onde foi conduzido o experimento de arroz inundado. Nessa época, colheram-se subamostras para as determinações de P por Mehlich-1, Resina, Bray-1, P remanescente e atividade da fosfatase ácida no solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo: três tratamentos de solo (calcário, gesso e sem aplicação de calcário e gesso) e dois níveis de esterco de curral curtido (com e sem) com quatro repetições. Os solos dos vasos permaneceram em inundação com uma lâmina de água de 3 cm sobre a superfície do solo. Após 60 dias de inundação, foram transplantadas plântulas de arroz e cultivadas até à maturação dos grãos. Durante o período experimental, o arroz recebeu adubação nitrogenada e potássica em cobertura. Os extratores de P e a atividade da fosfatase ácida, nas amostras dos solos aerados, antes do cultivo, não foram eficientes para predizer P disponível para o arroz inundado. A aplicação de esterco de curral curtido proporcionou maior disponibilidade de P, maiores produções de matéria seca de grãos e parte aérea, teores foliares e acúmulo de P nas plantas de arroz. Os solos apresentaram respostas variadas à aplicação de calcário e gesso.Four experiments were conducted simultaneously in a Alluvial Soil, a Low-Humic Gley, a Humic Gley and an artificially drained bog soil with the objective of evaluating the influence of liming and manure applied in previous bean crop on residual effects of phosphorus fertilization, extractor efficiency and acid phosphatase activity in aired soils before flooding in the prediction of P availability to rice cultivated after flooding. After the bean harvest, replicates of each treatment for each soil were mixed and 3.2 kg of soil were transferred to 5 L pots, which were used to cultivate the flooded rice experiment. At this time, soil samples were collected for phosphorus determination by Mehlich-1, Resin, Bray-1, solution equilibrium phosphorus and acid phosphatase activity. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme: three soil amendment practices (liming, gypsum, and no corrective) and two organic residue levels (with and without cow manure), with four replications. The soils remained flooded with a 3 cm water layer throughout the experimental period. After 60 days of flooding, rice plants were transplanted to pots and grown until grain maturity. The manure application led to an increase of P availability, grain dry matter, and foliar P concentration and content, whereas lime and gypsum showed no clear effect on the studied variables. The phosphorus extractors and acid phosphatase activity used in aired soils before the rice crop were not effective to predict phosphorus availability in the flooded soils.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar as formas de K em solos de várzea e o aproveitamento dessas formas pela planta, avaliar a resposta do feijoeiro à aplicação desse nutriente nesses solos e determinar os seus níveis críticos nos solos e nas plantas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, com quatro repetições, sendo quatro solos de várzea [Gleissolo Melânico (GM), Gleissolo Háplico (GX), Neossolo Flúvico (RU) e Organossolo Méssico (OY)] e cinco níveis de saturação por K da CTC potencial (natural, 4, 6, 8 e 10 %). Foram cultivadas quatro plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) por vaso até a produção de grãos. Amostras dos solos foram coletadas para a determinação do K total, não-trocável, trocável, em solução, disponível pelos extratores Mehlich-1 e Resina e medidas da relação Quantidade/Intensidade de K. Os teores de K total e K não-trocável foram maiores nos solos OY e RU, enquanto os teores de K trocável e K em solução foram maiores nos solos OY e GM. As saturações críticas por K da CTC potencial foram de 5,0, 4,1, 8,7 e 5,3 %, enquanto os níveis críticos de K foliar foram de 17,9, 30,5, 16,8 e 14,6 mg kg-1, para os solos OY, GM, GX e RU, respectivamente.The present study had as objectives to characterize K forms, plant use of these forms and to evaluate the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) response to K application in four lowland soils. It was also sought to determine the critical levels for K in soils and plant. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments were a combination of four lowland soils [Mesic Organosoil (OY), Melanic Gleysoil (GM), Haplic Gleysoil (GX), and Fluvic Neosoil (RU)] and five K CEC saturation levels (native, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %). Four bean plants per pot were cultivated until grain production. Soil samples were analyzed for total K, non-exchangeable K, exchangeable K, soil solution K, available K by Mehlich-1 and K extractable by a cation exchange resin. The K quantity/intensity ratio was also determined. The concentration of total and non-exchangeable K were higher in OY and RU soils, while exchangeable K and soil solution K were higher in O and GH soils. The critical K saturation of CEC were 5.0, 4.1, 8.7, and 5.3 % and the critical foliar K levels were 17.9, 30.5, 16.8, and 14.6 mg kg-1 for OY, GM, GX, and RU soils, respectively.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de fertilizantes fosfatados na nutrição e na produção da soja em três solos distintos quanto à capacidade-tampão de fosfato: Neossolo Quartzarênico, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura média e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico textura argilosa. Experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação em esquema fatorial (2 x 4) + 8, comparando duas fontes-teste de P (FT1 e FT2) em quatro doses, além de oito tratamentos adicionais: fonte teste 3 (FT3); superfosfato triplo (ST) + calcário calcítico; ST + calcário dolomítico; mistura ST + FT1; ST + FT2; termofosfato magnesiano; fosfato de Araxá e testemunha (sem P). As doses de P foram definidas com base na análise do P remanescente, sendo diferentes para cada solo. O fornecimento de fósforo pela aplicação da FT1 e FT2 provocou aumento na produção de matéria seca e de grãos de soja. O uso das FT's, isoladamente ou em mistura com o ST, proporcionou crescimento vegetativo e produção equiparáveis aos dos tratamentos com ST e termofosfato. O aumento no fator capacidade de P do solo restringiu a absorção e contribuiu para maior eficiência de utilização do nutriente pela soja, nivelando os efeitos dos tratamentos.

Para estudar o efeito do Al no crescimento inicial de duas espécies florestais, foi instalado um experimento em novembro de 1998, em solução nutritiva, em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras. Após duas semanas em solução nutritiva diluída a 1/3 e sem Al, duas plantas de Moringa (Moringa oleifera) e duas de Angico (Anandenantha peregrina) foram transplantadas para vasos de 1,5 L e crescidas em solução nutritiva. Os teores de Al utilizados foram de 0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; e 10,0 mg L-1, com pH 4,0 ± 0,2, ajustado diariamente durante 70 dias. Após este período, foi determinada a altura das plantas, as quais, posteriormente, foram divididas em parte aérea e raiz, para determinação da matéria seca e dos teores de N e P. Os teores crescentes de Al reduziram progressivamente a altura das plantas e a produção de matéria seca das raízes nas duas espécies e da parte aérea no Angico. O teor de nitrogênio na Moringa diminuiu com o incremento nos teores de Al. O teor de fósforo na parte aérea da Moringa e do Angico diminui a partir de 5 mg L-1 de Al na solução nutritiva.

Foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, com o objetivo de verificar a influência dos atributos de quatro solos de várzea sobre a distribuição de algumas frações de fósforo nas folhas de feijoeiro, determinar suas respectivas concentrações críticas e a relação dessas frações com a atividade da fosfatase ácida foliar e a relação entre a atividade da fosfatase ácida determinada "In vitro" e "in vivo". O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 x 2, com quatro repetições, sendo quatro solos [Glei Húmico (GH), Orgânico (O), Aluvial (A) e Glei Pouco Húmico (GP)], cinco doses de P (75, 150, 300, 500 e 800 mg dm-3 de P) e dois níveis de calagem (sem e com). Cada parcela foi constituída por um vaso com três dm³, onde foram cultivadas três plantas de feijoeiro. Uma das plantas foi colhida no florescimento, determinando-se, nas folhas, as concentrações de P total (Pt), P total solúvel em ácido (Pts), P orgânico (Po) e P inorgânico solúvel em ácido (Pi). Nas demais plantas, colhidas no final do ciclo, foi avaliada a produção de grãos. Os níveis críticos das frações de P no feijoeiro cultivado nos solos GH, O, A e GP, sem calagem, foram, respectivamente: Pt = 2,3, 2,2, 2,0, e 1,3 mg g-1; Pts = 110, 67, 78 e 63; Po = 32, 19, 20 e 21 e Pi = 77, 47, 58 e 43 µg g-1. Com calagem, os níveis críticos respectivos foram: Pt = 2,8, 3,0, 3,5 e 4,2 mg g-1; Pts = 105, 96, 130 e 154; Po = 47, 38, 42 e 52 e Pi = 59, 58, 88 e 103 µg g-1. A atividade da fosfatase ácida não foi uma boa característica de diagnose nutricional de fósforo em condições de severa deficiência desse elemento.

Estudaram-se os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio sobre o crescimento e produção de plantas de alho provenientes de cultura de tecidos e de multiplicação convencional. O experimento foi realizado no campo experimental do Setor de Olericultura da UFLA, em Lavras, MG. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5. Os tratamentos foram compostos por plantas provenientes de duas formas de multiplicação (cultura de tecidos e convencional) e cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 35, 70, 105 e 140 kg ha-1). A altura e a produção de matéria seca das plantas foram avaliadas aos 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130 e 150 dias do plantio e a produção total e comercial de bulbos no final do ciclo. Os resultados demonstraram grande diferença de resposta à adubação nitrogenada entre as formas de multiplicação. Foram verificadas respostas significativas à adubação nitrogenada aos 90, 110 e 130 dias, para ambas as formas de multiplicação, épocas em que o crescimento da planta e do bulbo é intenso. Em plantas provenientes de cultura de tecidos, a altura das plantas aumentou com as doses de nitrogênio, enquanto plantas obtidas pelo método convencional demonstraram pontos máximos de resposta em 92, 116 e 137 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente aos 90, 110 e 130 dias do plantio. Doses de 122 e 107 kg ha-1 de N, nas plantas de cultura de tecidos, e 119 e 102 kg ha-1, nas convencionais, proporcionaram o máximo acúmulo de matéria seca aos 90 e 110 dias, respectivamente. Aos 130 dias, a produção de matéria seca aumentou linearmente nas duas formas de multiplicação em razão do intenso processo de bulbificação neste período. As plantas de cultura de tecidos apresentaram resposta linear positiva às doses de nitrogênio para produção de bulbos e nas convencionais a produção aumentou até 117 kg ha-1. As plantas provenientes de cultura de tecidos apresentaram aproximadamente o dobro da produção de matéria seca e de bulbos nas doses de N que proporcionaram a máxima resposta nas plantas convencionais.

O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras (MG), no período de agosto de 1995 a junho de 1996. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação de calcário em algumas propriedades químicas e na nutrição e produção do feijoeiro cultivado em amostras de quatro solos de várzea e comparar as doses estabelecidas como adequadas com as indicadas pelos métodos da saturação por bases e do Al e Ca + Mg. Utilizou-se um fatorial 6 x 4 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, constando de seis níveis de saturação por bases (V%): saturação natural, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% e quatro solos: Aluvial, Glei Pouco Húmico, Glei Húmico e Orgânico. Após dois cultivos sucessivos, os resultados mostraram que, nos solos de várzea estudados em casa de vegetação, os níveis de saturação por bases e de pH em água para atingir 90% da produção máxima do feijoeiro variaram de 44 a 52% e de 5,1 a 5,3, respectivamente, valores abaixo dos indicados para a cultura em solos das partes mais elevadas. As doses de calcário necessárias para elevar o V e o pH aos valores estabelecidos aproximaram-se das indicadas pelo método da saturação por bases para V2 igual a 70%; o método do Al e Ca + Mg subestimou essas doses. A calagem foi importante para fornecer Ca e Mg e para neutralizar a toxidez de Al e Mn.

Rare earth elements (REEs) have been intentionally used in Chinese agriculture since the 1980s to improve crop yields. Around the world, REEs are also involuntarily applied to soils through phosphate fertilizers. These elements are known to alleviate damage in plants under abiotic stresses, yet there is no information on how these elements act in the physiology of plants. The REE mode of action falls within the scope of the hormesis effect, with low-dose stimulation and high-dose adverse reactions. This study aimed to verify how REEs affect rice plants' physiology to test the threshold dose at which REEs could act as biostimulants in these plants. In experiment 1, 0.411 kg ha -1 (foliar application) of a mixture of REE (containing 41.38% Ce, 23.95% La, 13.58% Pr, and 4.32% Nd) was applied, as well as two products containing 41.38% Ce and 23.95% La separately. The characteristics of chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchanges, SPAD index, and biomass (pot conditions) were evaluated. For experiment 2, increasing rates of the REE mix (0, 0.1, 0.225, 0.5, and 1 kg ha -1 ) (field conditions) were used to study their effect on rice grain yield and nutrient concentration of rice leaves. Adding REEs to plants increased biomass production (23% with Ce, 31% with La, and 63% with REE Mix application) due to improved photosynthetic rate (8% with Ce, 15% with La, and 27% with REE mix), favored by the higher electronic flow (photosynthetic electron transport chain) (increase of 17%) and by the higher F v /F m (increase of 14%) and quantum yield of photosystem II (increase of 20% with Ce and La, and 29% with REE Mix), as well as by increased stomatal conductance (increase of 36%) and SPAD index (increase of 10% with Ce, 12% with La, and 15% with REE mix). Moreover, adding REEs potentiated the photosynthetic process by increasing rice leaves' N, Mg, K, and Mn concentrations (24-46%). The dose for the higher rice grain yield (an increase of 113%) was estimated for the REE mix at 0.72 kg ha -1 .

Agronomic biofortification with selenium (Se) effectively reduces hidden hunger and increases the nutritional intake of Se in people and animals. Because sorghum is a staple diet for millions of people and is used in animal feed, it becomes a crop with biofortification potential. Consequently, this study aimed to compare organoselenium compounds with selenate, which is effective in numerous crops, and to assess grain yield, the effect in the antioxidant system, and macronutrient/micronutrient contents of different sorghum genotypes treated with Se, via foliar spray. The trials used a 4 × 8 factorial design, with four Se sources (control-without Se supply, sodium selenate, potassium hydroxy-selenide, acetylselenide) and eight genotypes (BM737, BRS310, Enforcer, K200, Nugrain320, Nugrain420, Nugrain430, and SHS410). The Se rate used was 0.125 mg plant -1 . All genotypes reacted effectively to foliar fertilization with Se through sodium selenate. In this experiment, potassium hydroxy-selenide and acetylselenide showed low Se levels and lower Se uptake and absorption efficiency than selenate. Selenium fertilization increased grain yield and altered lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, catalase activity, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and macronutrients and micronutrients content of the studied genotypes. In sum, biofortification with selenium led to an overall yield increase of sorghum plants and supplementation with selenium through sodium selenate was more efficient than organoselenium compounds, yet acetylselenide had a positive effect on the antioxidant system. Sorghum can be effectively biofortified through the foliar application of sodium selenate; however, studying the interaction between organic and inorganic Se compounds in plants is necessary.

Barium (Ba) is a non-essential element that can cause toxicity in living organisms and environmental contamination. Plants absorb barium predominantly in its divalent cationic form Ba 2+ . Sulfur (S) can decrease the availability of Ba 2+ in the soil by causing its precipitation as barium sulfate, a compound known for its very low solubility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil sulfate supply in soil Ba fractions, as well as on plant growth, and Ba and S uptake by lettuce plants grown in artificially Ba-contaminated soil under greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of five Ba doses (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg kg -1 Ba, as barium chloride) combined with three S doses (0, 40, and 80 mg kg -1 S, as potassium sulfate). The treatments were applied to soil samples (2.5 kg) and placed in plastic pots for plant cultivation. The Ba fractions analyzed were extractable-Ba, organic matter-Ba, oxides associated-Ba, and residual-Ba. The results indicate that the extractable-Ba fraction was the main one responsible for Ba bioavailability and phytotoxicity, probably corresponding to the exchangeable Ba in the soil. The dose of 80 mg kg -1 of S reduced extractable-Ba by 30% at higher Ba doses while it increased the other fractions. Furthermore, S supply attenuated the growth inhibition in plants under Ba exposure. Thus, S supply protected the lettuce plants from Ba toxicity by reduction of Ba availability in soil and plant growth enhancement. The results suggest that sulfate supply is a suitable strategy for managing Ba-contaminated areas., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Selenium (Se) is an essential metalloid element for mammals. Nonetheless, both deficiency and excess of Se in the environment are associated with several diseases in animals and humans. Here, we investigated the interaction of Se, supplied as selenate (Se +6 ) and selenite (Se +4 ), with phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) in a weathered tropical soil and their effects on growth and Se accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. The P-Se interaction effects on L. leucocephala growth differed between the Se forms (selenate and selenite) supplied in the soil. Selenate was prejudicial to plants grown in the soil with low P dose, while selenite was harmful to plants grown in soil with high P dose. The decreasing soil S dose increased the toxic effect of Se in L. leucocephala plants. Se tissue concentration and total Se accumulation in L. leucocephala shoot were higher with selenate supply in the soil when compared with selenite. Therefore, selenite proved to be less phytoavailable in the weathered tropical soil and, at the same time, more toxic to L. leucocephala plants than selenate. Thus, it is expected that L. leucocephala plants are more efficient to phytoextract and accumulate Se as selenate than Se as selenite from weathered tropical soils, for either strategy of phytoremediation (decontamination of Se-polluted soils) or purposes of biofortification for animal feed (fertilization of Se-poor soils).

Selenium (Se) is essential to humans and animals due to its antioxidant properties. Although it is not considered an essential nutrient for higher plants. Many studies show that Se in low concentrations (up to 0.5 mg kg -1 ) provides beneficial effects to non-hyperaccumulating plants by participating in antioxidant defense systems and enhancing tolerance to abiotic stress. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Se application rates on rice plants under different soil water conditions. The experiment was conducted on an Oxisol using four Se rates (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg kg -1 ) and two soil water conditions (irrigated and water deficit). Selenium application via soil up to 0.5 mg kg -1 increased the plant height, chlorophyll index, sulfur and copper accumulation in shoots, carbon dioxide assimilation, superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity and decreased the hydrogen peroxide concentration in rice leaves. The accumulation of Se in shoot biomass and Se concentration in seeds increased linearly with the applied rates. Water deficit strongly decreased the plant growth and yield. However, rice plants treated with Se showed higher net photosynthesis, water use efficiency and antioxidant system. This study provides useful information about the roles of Se in protecting rice plants from water deficit stress., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Selenium is essential to human and animal health, as it regulates glutathione peroxidase activity. Although not considered essential to plants, it may be beneficial to plant growth and development at low concentrations. This study evaluated the effect of selenate application on Se biofortification, macro- and micronutrient content, and the expression of genes involved in Se uptake and assimilation in 12 Brazilian wheat ( L.) cultivars. This nutrient-solution experiment was performed in a greenhouse and consisted of a complete 12 × 2 factorial randomized design, with 12 wheat cultivars in the absence or presence of Se in solution (13 μmol), with three replicates. The presence of Se in solution did not affect growth and yield of wheat cultivars. Selenium content and accumulation in the grain varied significantly among the different cultivars. The presence of Se affected macronutrient content more than micronutrient content, and selenate application increased S content in the shoots of eight cultivars and in the grains of five cultivars. Examination of gene expression did not allow identification of responses within the two groups of cultivars-with high or low Se contents-after selenate application. Our findings are relevant to the design of Se biofortification strategies for wheat in tropical and subtropical agroecosystems., (Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.)

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans and a target for biofortification in crops. Sulfur (S) is a crucial nutrient for plant growth. To gain better understanding of Se and S nutrition and interaction in plants, the effects of Se dosages and forms on plant growth as well as on S level in seven wheat lines were examined. Low dosages of both selenate and selenite supplements were found to enhance wheat shoot biomass and show no inhibitory effect on grain production. The stimulation on plant growth was correlated with increased APX antioxidant enzyme activity. Se forms were found to exert different effects on S metabolism in wheat plants. Selenate treatment promoted S accumulation, which was not observed with selenite supplement. An over threefold increase of S levels following selenate treatment at low dosages was observed in shoots of all wheat lines. Analysis of the sulfate transporter gene expression revealed an increased transcription of SULTR1;1, SULTR1;3 and SULTR4;1 in roots following 10 μM Na2 SeO4 treatment. Mass spectrometry-based targeted protein quantification confirmed the gene expression results and showed enhanced protein levels. The results suggest that Se treatment mimics S deficiency to activate specific sulfate transporter expression to stimulate S uptake, resulting in the selenate-induced S accumulation. This study supports that plant growth and nutrition benefit from low dosages of Se fertilization and provides information on the basis underlying Se-induced S accumulation in plants., (© 2016 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

Rare earth elements such as lanthanum (La) have been used as agricultural inputs in some countries in order to enhance yield and improve crop quality. However, little is known about the effect of La on the growth and structure of soybean, which is an important food and feed crop worldwide. In this study, bioaccumulation of La and its effects on the growth and mitotic index of soybean was evaluated. Soybean plants were exposed to increasing concentrations of La (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 µM) in nutrient solution for 28 days. Plant response to La was evaluated in terms of plant growth, nutritional characteristics, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, mitotic index, modifications in the ultrastructure of roots and leaves, and La mapping in root and shoot tissues. The results showed that the roots of soybean plants can accumulate sixty-fold more La than shoots. La deposition occurred mainly in cell walls and in crystals dispersed in the root cortex and in the mesophyll. When La was applied, it resulted in increased contents of some essential nutrients (i.e., Ca, P, K, and Mn), while Cu and Fe levels decreased. Moreover, low La concentrations stimulated the photosynthetic rate and total chlorophyll content and lead to a higher incidence of binucleate cells, resulting in a slight increase in roots and shoot biomass. At higher La levels, soybean growth was reduced. This was caused by ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall, thylakoids and chloroplasts, and the appearance of c-metaphases., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Brassica sprouts are widely marketed as functional foods. Here we examined the effects of Se treatment on the accumulation of anticancer compound Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMSCys) and glucosinolates in Brassica sprouts. Cultivars from the six most extensively consumed Brassica vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, green cabbage, Chinese cabbage, kale, and Brussels sprouts) were used. We found that Se-biofortified Brassica sprouts all were able to synthesize significant amounts of SeMSCys. Analysis of glucosinolate profiles revealed that each Brassica crop accumulated different types and amounts of glucosinolates. Cauliflower sprouts had high total glucosinolate content. Broccoli sprouts contained high levels of glucoraphanin, a precursor for potent anticancer compound. Although studies have reported an inverse relationship between accumulation of Se and glucosinolates in mature Brassica plants, Se supply generally did not affect glucosinolate accumulation in Brassica sprouts. Thus, Brassica vegetable sprouts can be biofortified with Se for the accumulation of SeMSCys without negative effects on chemopreventive glucosinolate contents., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This study aimed at verifying the lead tolerance of water hyacinth and at looking at consequent anatomical and physiological modifications. Water hyacinth plants were grown on nutrient solutions with five different lead concentrations: 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 mg L-1 by 20 days. Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and the Ci/Ca rate were measured at the end of 15 days of experiment. At the end of the experiment, the anatomical modifications in the roots and leaves, and the activity of antioxidant system enzymes, were evaluated. Photosynthetic and Ci/Ca rates were both increased under all lead treatments. Leaf anatomy did not exhibit any evidence of toxicity effects, but showed modifications of the stomata and in the thickness of the palisade and spongy parenchyma in the presence of lead. Likewise, root anatomy did not exhibit any toxicity effects, but the xylem and phloem exhibited favorable modifications as well as increased apoplastic barriers. All antioxidant system enzymes exhibited increased activity in the leaves, and some modifications in roots, in the presence of lead. It is likely, therefore, that water hyacinth tolerance to lead is related to anatomical and physiological modifications such as increased photosynthesis and enhanced anatomical capacity for CO2 assimilation and water conductance.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) is a rich source of chemopreventive compounds. Here, we evaluated and compared the effect of selenium (Se) treatment on the accumulation of anticancer compounds Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMSCys) and glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts and florets. Total Se and SeMSCys content in sprouts increased concomitantly with increasing Se doses. Selenate was superior to selenite in inducing total Se accumulation, but selenite is equally effective as selenate in promoting SeMSCys synthesis in sprouts. Increasing sulfur doses reduced total Se and SeMSCys content in sprouts treated with selenate, but not in those with selenite. Examination of five broccoli cultivars reveals that sprouts generally have better fractional ability than florets to convert inorganic Se into SeMSCys. Distinctive glucosinolate profiles between sprouts and florets were observed, and sprouts contained approximately 6-fold more glucoraphanin than florets. In contrast to florets, glucosinolate content was not affected by Se treatment in sprouts. Thus, Se-enriched broccoli sprouts are excellent for simultaneous accumulation of chemopreventive compounds SeMSCys and glucoraphanin.

This study evaluated Cd and Pb accumulation by castor bean (Ricinus communis cv. Guarany) plants grown in nutrient solution, aiming to assess the plant's ability and tolerance to grow in Cd- and Pb-contaminated solutions for phytoremediation purposes. The plants were grown in individual pots containing Hoagland and Arnon's nutrient solution with increasing concentrations of Cd and Pb. The production of root and shoot dry matter and their contents of Cd, Pb, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were evaluated in order to calculate the translocation and bioaccumulation factors, as well as toxicity of Cd and Pb. Cadmium caused severe symptoms of phytotoxicity in the plant's root and shoot, but no adverse effect was observed for Pb. Castor bean is an appropriate plant to be used as indicator plant for Cd and tolerante for Pb in contaminated solution and it can be potentially used for phytoremediation of contaminated areas.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italic) fortified with selenium (Se) has been promoted as a functional food. Here, we evaluated 38 broccoli accessions for their capacity to accumulate Se and for their responses to selenate treatment in terms of nutritional qualities and sulfur gene expresion. We found that the total Se content varied with over 2-fold difference among the leaf tissues of broccoli accessions when the plants were treated with 20 μM Na(2)SeO(4). Approximately half of total Se accumulated in leaves was Se-methylselenocysteine and selenomethionine. Transcriptional regulation of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfurylase and selenocysteine Se-methyltransferase gene expression might contribute to the different levels of Se accumulation in broccoli. Total glucosinolate contents were not affected by the concentration of selenate application for the majority of broccoli accessions. Essential micronutrients (i.e., Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) remained unchanged among half of the germplasm. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity was greatly stimulated by selenate in over half of the accessions. The diverse genotypic variation in Se, glucosinolate, and antioxidant contents among accessions provides the opportunity to breed broccoli cultivars that simultaneously accumulate Se and other health benefit compounds.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans. Increasing Se content in food crops offers an effective approach to reduce the widespread selenium deficiency problem in many parts of the world. In this study, we evaluated 30 diverse accessions of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for their capacity to accumulate Se and their responses to different forms of Se in terms of plant growth, nutritional characteristics, and gene expression. Lettuce accessions responded differently to selenate and selenite treatment, and selenate is superior to selenite in inducing total Se accumulation. At least over twofold change in total Se levels between cultivars with high and low Se content was found. Synergistic relationship between Se and sulfur accumulation was observed in nearly all accessions at the selenate dosage applied. The change in shoot biomass varied between lettuce accessions and the forms of Se used. The growth-stimulated effect by selenate and the growth-inhibited effect by selenite were found to be correlated with the alteration of antioxidant enzyme activities. The different ability of lettuce accessions to accumulate Se following selenate treatment appeared to be associated with an altered expression of genes involved in Se/S uptake and assimilation. Our results provide important information for the effects of different forms of Se on plant growth and metabolism. They will also be of help in selecting and developing better cultivars for Se biofortification in lettuce.

Phytoextraction is a remediation technique that consists in using plants to remove contaminants from soils and water. This study evaluated arsenic (As) accumulation in Castor bean (Ricinus communis cv. Guarany) grown in nutrient solution in order to assess its phytoextraction ability. Castor bean plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots containing a nutrient solution amended with increasing doses of As (0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 5000 microg L(-1)) in a completely randomized design with four replications. Shoot and roots dry matter production as well as arsenic and nutrient tissue concentrations were measured at the end of the experiment. The results showed that increasing As concentration in nutrient solution caused a decrease in shoot and root biomass but did not result in severe toxicity symptoms in castor bean growing under a range of As concentration from 0 to 5000 microg L(-1). The As doses tested did not affect the accumulation of nutrients by castor bean. Although castor bean did not pose characteristics of a plant suitable for commercial phytoextraction, it could be useful for revegetation of As-contaminated areas while providing an additional income by oil production.