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Design adopted for this study was true experimental research (2021 ) study was conducted at Haemodialysis’ Unit at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital among End stage renal disease patients receiving haemodialysis to explore the level of Haemoglobin (Hb)among End stage renal disease patients receiving haemodialysis by using purposive sampling technique ,the estimated sample size was 240 ,in that 120 from experimental group and 1o from control group were selected for the study based on inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Selected demographic and clinical variables data were collected by using interview schedule method and the Haemoglobin levels were assessed by laboratory method as routine test was taken by the hospital norms. Range of motion exercise (ROM) was performed by the Experimental group, pre and post test was done among two groups. The calculated value for haemoglobin pre test mean score for Experimental group as follows 9.44 with SD of 2.09 post test mean 10.43 with SD of 1.89 ,the calculated t value was 17.54 ,p value was 0.001 shows the significance .

Recently Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed life-threatening cancer in women, as well as the leading cause of cancer death in women. Breast cancer research has resulted in extraordinary progress in our understanding of the disease over the last two decades, resulting in more efficient and less toxic treatments. Improved screening and increased public awareness have resulted in earlier diagnosis at stages amenable to complete surgical resection and curative therapies. As a result, breast cancer survival rates have increased significantly, particularly among younger women. This article discusses the different approaches in management of breast cancer.

Hypertensionissometimescalledsilentkillerbecausepeoplewhohaveitareoftensymptomsfree. Hypertension is a foremostdangerinfluence for cardio vasculardisease. Heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, and renal problem carriesthe risk for earlyillness or death which surges as systolicanddiastolicpressuresrise. Extended blood pressure raiseharmsthe plasmain targetorgans. “The theme of "high blood pressure"was selected for World Health Day on April 7th, 2013.Hypertensionis“silentkiller”hypertension is complex public health problem.The purpose of this research work is to assess the awarenessabout self care management. The area selected for the research study was in urban Area Anagaputhur Chennai .Adult between the age of 21-45 years were selected , from that 30 adult samples were taken for the study. Conclusion: This study concludes level of knowledge regarding self caremanagementofhypertensionawareness by proving the efficiency of health education on Knowledge of hypertension among rural adult hypertensive patient

Protein-energy malnutrition or PEM is the condition of lack of energy due to the deficiency of all the macronutrients and many micronutrients. It can occur suddenly or gradually. It can be graded as mild, moderate or severe. In developing countries, it affects children who are not provided with calories and proteins.

All mammals and birds, as well as a variety of reptiles, amphibians, and fish, sleep as a natural resting condition. Humans, other mammals, and a wide range of other creatures[1] studied, including fish, birds, ants, and fruit flies, all require regular sleep to thrive.Arousal from sleep serves as a defence mechanism as well as a requirement for health and life.The anterior hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates the sleep-wake cycle, as well as other circadian rhythms like body temperature[2]. This area, which is Receives information regarding darkness and light from the retina and is positioned above the optic chiasm. Melatonin production is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is regarded to be a powerful sleep inducer. A functioning reticular activating system is necessary for arousal from sleep, wakefulness, and the ability to respond to stimuli (RAS). From the brain stem to the thalamus and cortex, the RAS is a signalling route. Because of feedback loops, the RAS' diffuse network of neurons is in a critical position to monitor ascending and descending impulses.

Diabetes claims the lives of about one million Indians each year. According to the Indian Heart Association, the number of people diagnosed with diabetes in India would rise the most by 2030. The increasing frequency is linked to a combination of genetic vulnerability and the growing middle class in India's adoption of a high-calorie, low-activity lifestyle. Pretest, patients had 7.88behaviour score and in posttest they had 12.00behaviour score, like a result, the average score difference is4.12, difference is huge and it is statistically significant behaviour gain score, The student's paired 't'test was used to determine statistical significance. The relationship between post-test behaviour and patient demographic characteristics. Above primary level educated patients and>10 years duration of illness patients are having more favorable behavior score than others. It was confirmed using chi square test and Yates corrected chi square test. This study concludes by proving the effectiveness of health education on behaviour on diabetic care among diabetic patients

Alcoholism is a serious health concern. Anxiety is a side effect of alcoholism that adds to the burden of sickness caused by alcohol. Anxiety disorders and alcoholism co-occur often and are addressed with a complicated and dynamic presentation.This study focusing on mindfulness guided meditation treatment for reducing anxiety levels among alcohol addicts. .It is an experimental study conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College Hospital in the deaddiction unit among patients of alcohol dependent. The samples been selected by purposive sampling method. The total population selected was 30, and was divided in to two groups.Control and experimental group. Study participants groupedaccording the criteria for selection. Data collected for demographic variable by questioners method. Mindfulness based Guided meditation therapy taught by recorded audio and the pre and post level of anxiety assessed by standardised tool of Hamilton anxiety scale. According to the analysis the guided meditation treatment reduced the anxiety level in experimental group, Shows mindfulness guided meditation therapy has been found to be an effective treatment.

Globally, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality, according to the WHO. Coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular illness, rheumatic heart disease, and other ailments are among a category of disorders of the heart and blood arteries. Diet and lifestyle are crucial for preserving heart health. An unhealthy diet can increase the risk of heart disease and set off additional risk factors that may result in heart disease. A healthy eating habit is more beneficial than a specific diet at reducing the risk of heart disease. Although some cardiac anomalies, such as congenital heart problems, cannot be prevented, dietary adjustments and a change in lifestyle can assist.

The most life-threatening illness that is the primary cause of female morality is Breast cancer. Breast cancer research has led to extraordinary breakthroughs in our understanding of the illness over the last two decades, leading in more effective medicines. Now days, In most Of all malignant diseases, one of the most deadly occurring cancer are those cancers occurring in the breast, accounting for 23 percent of all cancer fatalities. It is now a global issue, yet it is still detected in its advanced stages due to women’s neglect in self-inspection. The greater parts of people learn from their disease is thorough practice of screening procedures. Others may come with a breast lump that was discovered by accident, a change in breast shape or size, or nipple discharge, although mastalgia is not unusual. To diagnose breast cancer, a physical examination, imaging, particularly mammography, and tissue biopsy are required. Early detection increases the chances of survival.

Alcoholism affects both adults and children, and it is a major medical issue. A high predominance of ailment, insufficiencies, and fatalities has been associated to alcoholism. It tends to be influenced by hereditary, psychological, social, and other elements. Misuse of alcohol is a main source of non-communicable diseases and mental illnesses and its all add weight to the alcohol-related disease. With regard to alcohol-related issues, medicine and public health face a conundrum. Early detection is critical for effective analysis and management of patients, hence primary prevention should be emphasized in medical care administrations.

Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.(WHO 2019). Global statistics indicate that only 50% of individuals with hypertension are aware that they actually have high BP and only 14% are controlled (about 8% in low- and middle income countries). The epidemiological evolution for hypertension is witnessed in emergingnations, will give clue to an progress in the incidence of blood pressure. Hypertension as a effect of amplified life suspense and the tension of suburbanization, which is developingspeedily in virtually all unindustrializednations. Domestic history, anxiety, fatness, liquor, a food high in saturated fats or sodium, tobacco use, deskbound lifestyle, and elderly are all threat causes for hypertension. Pre Experimental Research design was adopted in this study.Conclusion: This pilot study concludes by proving the effectiveness of health education on attitude of hypertension among rural adult hypertensive patients .

India’s reputation as a country with strong abstinence culture, particularly when it comes to alcohol, is under appreciated. In recent years, the country has experienced a tremendous development of metropolitan pubs and nightclubs, and it is quickly losing its inhibitions about drinking as a lifestyle choice. This circumstance has sparked fears of an unreported surge in alcohol misuse, not only among the poorer classes, but even among hitherto dry portions of society. Drink-related disorders have already emerged as a serious public health concern in India due to increased production, distribution, and promotion of alcohol, and there has been a rapid change in patterns of alcohol consumption in India. Counseling focuses on helping people stop drinking alcohol and is followed up with life skills and social support to assist them avoid relapsing. The chance of developing an alcohol consumption disorder was considerably lowered when people were resilient. The link between resilience and alcohol use disorder was shown to be mostly due to shared genetic and environmental variables. Counseling assists persons who are addicted in setting short-term goals that are attainable and empowering, as well as long-term goals that may include repairing damaged relationships, accepting responsibility for acts, and letting go of guilt.

Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that is both persistent and burdensome. Because they are under a lot of stress coping with caring for schizophrenia patients, family members of these patients often have a negative attitude and a wide spectrum of expressed emotion towards them. The quality of interaction patterns and the type of family ties among family caregivers and individuals with schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions are classified as an unfavorable family environment. [1] Large volumes of emotion directed directly at a person or within a family environment are referred to as “high expressed emotion.”One or more parents’ critical or emotionally over-involved attitudes and behaviors toward their schizophrenia offspring are referred to as expressed emotion. [2]. Any aberrant processes inside a family, such as conflict, communication problems, cold parenting, criticism, control, and excessive amounts of expressed emotions, are referred to as family dysfunction.. These could be risk factors for schizophrenia onset and maintenance. Schizophrenics who returned home to such a family were more prone to relapse than those who returned home to a family that expressed little or no emotion. While not on medication, returning to a high expressed emotion family resulted in a large rate of recurrence. [20] Family members of schizophrenia patients require psychosocial nursing care to assist them cope with their stress. [21]

True experimental research study was conducted at Haemodialysis’ Unit at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital among End stage Kidney disorder patients receiving haemodialysis to determine the efficiency of ROM exercise on selected Renal parameters by using purposive sampling technique 12 patients for control group and 12 from experimental were selected for the study based on inclusion criteria . Patients’ with heart disease, cancer and Hb less than 9gms were excluded from the study. The experimental group were received intradialytic ROM exercise and determined the Renal index measurements like Urea,Cr,SGOT and SGPT the findings were In pretest, there is no major difference between the experiment and control group, where as in post test the calculated student t test value as follows for Urea, creatinine,SGOT, SGPT t=2.14 p=0.05, t=3.35 p=0.01, t=2.99 p=0.01, t=2.46 p=0.05 respectively. For control group calculated values for renal parameters were t=1.22 p=0.27, t=1.12 p=0.30, t=1.04 p=0.33, t=1.20 p=0.28 respectively found to be non significant.

Effectiveness of Nursing Care on Patients with Osteoarthritis .Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that results in joint inflammation. It’s caused by the wear and tear of cartilage, the tissue protecting the ends of your bones and joints. OA is the most common form of arthritis and is degenerative, getting worse with age. Without treatment, chronic pain from OA can lead to other complications and can significantly affect your quality of life. Assess the intervention on patients with osteoarthritis (10) was evaluated using a descriptive study methodology. A simple sampling approach was adopted in this investigation. There are three sections to the checklist. Part 1 contains data on demographic characteristics such peer group, faith, employment, learning, salary, and behaviors. Portion 2 consists of a ranking scale to keep track of the patient’s fitness. There were a total of ten variables. The observational checklist to determine the efficiency of nursing intervention of clients with osteoarthritis in part three. There are a total of ten variables. The descriptive numerical study technique to determine t-test,mean, standard deviation, % of the score in this study. Conclusion: From the intervention revealed that 6(60%) is were behind fitness complaint an no one in worthy fitness complaint beginning the assessment of clients with Osteoarthritis after comprehensive nursing care as per protocol showed that majority 7(70%) patients with Osteoarthritis client in worthy health state. A p

Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia face stress and emotional hardship and are frequently forced to assume lifelong caregivers role. For many families having a relative with mental illness can be a stressor. (2) To test the feasibility and practicability of the study, a pilot study was conducted among 28 caregivers of schizophrenia. True Experimental Research design was adopted in this study. Conclusion: This pilot study concludes by proving the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on coping strategies among caregivers of schizophrenia.

True experimental research study was conducted at Haemodialysis’ Unit at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital among End stage Kidney disorder patients receiving haemodialysis to determine the efficiency of ROM exercise on muscle cramps, using purposive sampling technique 12 patients for control group and 12 from experimental were selected for the study based on inclusion criteria .The experimental group were received intradialytic ROM exercise and determined the Muscle cramps by using PENNS SPASM SCALE the findings were In pretest as well as in post test, there is no major linking of experiment and control group except severity. Pre test calculated value for severity, interference and frequency c2=0.17 p=0.67, c2=0.68p=0.41, c2=0.22 p=0.90 respectively. The calculated post test value for severity was c2=4.19 p=0.05 found to be significant. Association between the demographic variables with experimental group shows the Monthly income and supportive system was having the relationship among muscle spasm and chosen demographic variables.

Alcohol is not able to control the drinking habit due to both physical and emotional dependence on alcohol. Counseling aims to address the underlying causes of alcoholism. Alcohol is classified as a ‘brain disease’. Counseling services are therefore an important factor in recovering from addiction and promoting self-esteem. Self-esteemis a reflection of human understanding and a sense of human worth. Counseling is a method that helps to use a problem-solving process to promote self-esteem. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of counseling, promote self-esteem, and link self-esteem with demographic variability. Post-counseling study methodology after counseling, in the Study group, 8.33% of alcohol dependents had a low score, 50% alcohol dependence had a moderate level of the score and 41.67% was a high score. Among the control group, 41.67% of alcohol dependents had a low score, 58.33% received a moderate level and none of them achieved a high score. Therefore, counseling provides professional support, advice, and recommended addiction services.

Breast health is extremely important for all women. However, the breast is another region of the human body that is susceptible to cancer. Breast cancer is becoming increasingly common these days, and it is now one of the leading causes of mortality globally. According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common disease among women worldwide, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of women each year and impacting nations at all stages of development. In fact, it is the most common cancer in women, with a significant incidence observed among those aged 30 to 50. The goal of the World Health Organization’s Worldwide Breast Cancer Initiative (GBCI) is to reduce global breast cancer mortality by 2.5 percent each year; As a result, 2.5 million breast cancer deaths will be avoided globally between 2020 and 2040. To achieve these goals, three pillars must be in place: health endorsement for early detection, suitable identification at the right time, and comprehensive breast cancer management. Because of advances in early detection and care, the incidence of women dying of breast cancer has decreased by 41% from 1989 to 2018. During that time, more than 403,000 breast cancer deaths were prevented.

Diabetic populations are anticipated to increase from 171 million to 366 million in 2030, with the greatest rates in India, China, and the United States. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that generates high glucose levels in the blood. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that India has over 70 million diabetics and is on its way to become the world’s diabetes capital. Patients had a 7.20 knowledge score on the pretest and an 11.78 knowledge score on the posttest, resulting in a mean difference of 4.58 knowledge score, this is a considerable and statistically significant increase in knowledge. The relationship between the patient’s demographic characteristics and their post-test knowledge score..Patients with a high education level and longer disease duration got a higher knowledge score than those with a lower level of education and a shorter duration of illness. The chi square test and Yates corrected chi square test were used to corroborate it.

Mindfulness meditation is an effective tool to create mental awareness and has been used in meditation practice for many decades. Mindfulness meditation is the practice that bringing clear awareness to the present not on the pastor future without evaluation. Many research studies have proved the benefits of mindfulness meditation in psychological and bodily health. Mindfulness meditation interventions is highly effective in reducing the level of anxiety, and depression, prevention of alcohol relapse, controlling of craving and enhancement of self efficacy. Mindfulness meditation technique helps to awareness of once self-efficacy. The connection between mindfulness meditation and self-efficacy helps to focus on set goals and performance. People with high self-efficacy approach obstacles in life as challenges. They set challenging goals for themselves and work hard to achieve them. People with low self- efficacy view life obstacle as life threats and instead to overcome they will focus on their own deficiencies. They rarely set goals and do not commit for that. Self-efficacy is defined as a person’s conviction in his or her ability to carry out the behaviours required to achieve certain performance goals. A self-efficacy is a reflection of once confidence in the ability to control own motivation, behaviour, and responses to the environment.. High level of self-efficacy often has high motivation. In alcoholism It refers to the strength to stop or minimize addiction and manage craving, temptation and maintain behavioural changes. These changes might be the strongest predictors of recovery from alcoholism.

Hyper tension is often known as high blood pressure. It is a serious medical condition that raises the risk of heart attack, stroke, renal failure, and blindness. When the systolic blood pressure readings are greater than or equal to 140 millimeters of mercury and the diastolic blood pressure readings are greater than or equal to 90 millimeters of mercury on two different days, hypertension is diagnosed. It is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Of the assessed 1130000000 people who have hypertension, fewer than 1 in 5 have it under control. The main contributors to the increase in hypertension are unhealthy diets, physical inactivity.In 2025; anpredictable 1.56 billion adults will be living with hypertension.).The aim of the study is to assess the Awareness regarding Hypertension among hypertensive patient.In this study, the pre-experimental research design was accepted. The samples of the present study were patients with pre hypertension and stage –I hypertension. Conclusion: This pilot study concludes by proving the efficiency of health education on Knowledge of hypertension among rural adult hypertensive patient.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder frequently have insomnia, and those with acute insomnia who also have mental comorbidities without therapy, they are more likely to develop persistent insomnia. We present a case of OCD with acute insomnia that was successfully treated with early non-pharmacological sleep psychiatry intervention. Sleep is necessary for brain function and the maintenance of cognitive and emotional processes. Insomnia and anxiety problems are common, and they’re linked to a lot of damage and disability. In addition to being strongly comorbid with major depressive illness, there is evidence that sleeplessness and anxiety disorders frequently co-occur. The majority of insomnia psychological therapies include sleep hygiene. In terms of clinical practice, these instructions are a solid place to start. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with sleep difficulties. Sleep difficulties are also common in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, with up to 48% reporting them. Obsessive compulsive disorder research reveals a link between specific sleep habits and clinical factors such the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, treatment resistance, and the age at which the disorder.

Pain is a feeling that is triggered by harmful stimuli. Osteoarthritis is a highly common ailment that is sometimes referred to as “wear and tear” of the body’s joints when pain is present. The knees, hips, hands, and spine are mostly affected joints as per the data. The cause is employment impairment now males over 50 in the United States, after ischemic heart disease, and it lead to more hospitalizations each year than rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The goal of this study was to see how much knee discomfort patients with osteoarthritis had before they did isometric exercise. The goal of this study was to see how much pain patients with osteoarthritis experienced after doing isometric exercises. To see how isometric exercise affected the level of knee soreness before the exam. to see if there’s a link between knee pain severity and various demographic characteristics A pre-experimental one-group pretest and post-test research design was adopted in this investigation. The qualitative research took place in the orthopaedic ward of Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in Chennai. A non-probability purposive sampling strategy was Chosen to select 60 osteoarthritis patients. The majority of the 3o samples have severe joint ache, according to preliminary findings. 15 (50) and 10 (33) percent of experienced severe ligament ache, respectively, while 5 (17) percent had slight discomfort as well as nobody had not at all ache. Previous testing revealed that the majority of the 30 samples were pain-free, with 8 (27%) and 18 (60%) having minor knee discomfort, 4 (13) percent having adequate ache, and nobody having excessive discomfort. paired ‘t’ value calculated was 20.3, suggesting that the difference between the pre- and post-test was statistically significant at P0.001. Conclusion: In the orthopaedic ward of the Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in Chennai, isometric exercise improves knee ache in osteoarthritis patients.

Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia experience a lot of stress and emotional strain, and they are frequently required to take care of them for the rest of their lives. Having a relative with mental illness can be stressful for many families.In India, the family is an important source of support for the mentally sick. Despite their incredible fortitude in caring for their relatives, Indian families face a great deal of physical and emotional suffering. The bad feelings and subsequent strain experienced as a result of caring for a chronically ill individual are referred to as caregiver’s burden. The overall response of an organism to external demands or pressure is known as stress. Any incident or occurrence that a person perceives a danger to his or her coping skills or resources can be the source of stress, and coping is a complex process. Ignorance and misconceptions among patient caregivers, deinstitutionalization policies, and a lack of resources all contribute to a high illness burden among caregivers. Many families believe they lack the required coping techniques to assist in the management of their relatives’ mental illness. Serious mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, have catastrophic consequences for both sufferers and their families. A pilot study was done among 28 careers of schizophrenia to examine the study’s viability and feasibility. This study advocated for a true experimental research design .Conclusion: This pilot study concludes by demonstrating the efficacy of psychosocial therapies on stress in schizophrenia careers.

Food waste have become a growing concern worldwide with raising population and economic growth. Wastewater discharged from food industries contains many valuable and toxic components that have a negative impact on the ecological system. Large amounts of wastewater are discharged from the food industry, which necessitates the creation of effective technologies. Wastewater from the food industry can be seen as a rich source of energy and a primary source for generating valuable products. Waste disposal and resource recovery are sustainably valued by anaerobic digestion of wastewater from the food sector. The characteristics, composition, and nature of wastewater produced from various food sectors are elaborated upon in this review. An overview of the anaerobic digestion process for wastewater treatment in the food industry is included. Enhancement strategies for the anaerobic digestion process have been discussed in detail. In addition, various types of reactors utilized for performing anaerobic digestion is illustrated. Though anaerobic digestion process possesses advantages, the challenges and future scope are examined for improving the outcome.

Landfill is one of the common processes for removing and disposing waste materials that comprises the final method of disposing municipal solid waste. Disposal of municipal solid waste through land filling has become an important environmental problem all over the world which results in environmental contamination and pollution. Microbes present in the land act on the dumped materials and decompose the organic content present. The leachate from landfill is rich in organic, inorganic and suspended particles which may cause threat to ecosystem. The pollutants from leachate may be heavy metals, organic and inorganic content and organic compounds. The geological properties of soil get altered when leachate migrates. The physical, chemical and biological properties of the dumped material are determined by the decomposition of substances and microbes acting onto it. Trace gas emission may occur due to volatilization of chemical substances, degradation of waste materials and conversion reactions. The concentration of gas released varies from region to region of dumping, covered and uncovered dumped materials. The current review recommends an engineered landfill design helpful for landfill gas generation which replaces the fossil fuel as a compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. The landfill area is separated into organic and inorganic cells to scope at the objective of energy generation and resource recovery. However, the impact of these released gaseous emissions has been analyzed completely.