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This work aimed at evaluating the influence of nitrogen rates on the persistence of ryegrass forage production during four agricultural years. The experiment was performed in the experimental area of the University of Cruz Alta, Brazil. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, with four agricultural years (2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016) × four harvesting times (first, second, third and fourth) × seven nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1), arranged in four replicates. The application of nitrogen on natural re-sowing ryegrass promotes the increase in dry biomass production across agricultural years. The use of nitrogen as topdressing showed little effect on the persistence of ryegrass plants in the four years of study. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization was inversely proportional to the increment of the nitrogen doses used. It is fundamental to understand the behavior of nitrogen fertilization in pastures with natural re-sowing and its effects on the persistence of the plants throughout agricultural years, as well as their participation in the sustainability of agricultural activity. Keywords: biomass production, Lolium multiflorum, urea, Brazil.

The objective of this work was to assess the effects and tendencies weighted by genotypes x environments interaction for soybean, as well as to employ a biometric approach through the relative contribution of the sum of squares expected values (RCSS) and to define which levels of the variation sources determine the differential effects of the interaction. The experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in a factorial scheme (four growing environments x 20 soybean genotypes). The relative contribution of expected sums of squares values to soybean genotypes x growing environments interaction defined that the environment Tenente Portela - RS significantly influence plant height, number of pods per plant, number of reproductive nodes in the main stem, number of reproductive nodes in the ramifications, number of grains per plant and grain yield. The variation factor soybean genotypes define that number of pods per plant, number of reproductive nodes in the ramifications, number of grains per plant and grain yield are potentiated by genotype TMG 7161 RR. The biometric approach is efficient to understand the treatment levels and the slicing of simple effects of a factorial experiment, being possible to apply this methodology extensively in soybean.

The objective of this work was to estimate and predict the genetic gains through the REML/BLUP methodology for the characters of agronomic interest of common black beanas at segregating generations. The experiments were conducted in 2015, 2016 and 2017 in experimental design consisted of augmented blocks in four replicates. Superior genetic variability was identified for the first pod insertion height and plant height in the F4 segregating generation. For the number of pods, seeds and seed mass per plant, genetic contribution superior to the phenotype is expressed in F3 segregating generation. The prediction of genetic value defines that the number of pods, seeds and seed mass per plant can be potentiated in F2 segregating generation by selection of population 26, selection of F3families 64 and 49, F4 families 33 and 19. Through the estimations and genetic predictions of the characters measured in the segregating generations F2, F3 and F4 it is possible to define six multivariate genetic profiles. These strategies can be used in quantitative genetic studies aimed at increasing the production of common black bean seeds.

In maize breeding, diallel crosses are commonly used to identify superior combinations. This methodology aims to estimate the genotypes combining ability. The objective of this study was to quantify the general and specific combining ability effects, as well as the reciprocal effect of 10 elite endogamic lines of maize. A total of 90 experimental hybrid combinations were obtained from diallel crosses, which were evaluated in three growing environments: Pato Branco-PR, Campos Novos-SC, and Frederico Westphalen-RS in the 2012/2013 growing season. The GCA indicates that the parents 7 and 10 are promising for the reduction of plant height, length, and number of tassel ramifications. The parent 5 promotes reduction of plant height and number of tassel ramifications. The parent 6 presents favorable estimates for reducing the length and number of tassel ramifications. The parents that are better combined with others according to GCA for grain yield are 2, 5, 6, and 7. The SCA indicates that hybridization between the parents 2 × 7, 5 × 9, 7 × 8, 2 × 9, 4 × 5, 1 × 5, 5 × 8, and 2 × 8 increases grain yield in the environments of study. Hybrids from the cross 5 × 10 were promising because they presented negative SCA values for plant height reduction. The hybrid combination 1 × 10 presents an estimate for tassel length reduction. The hybrids 5 × 10 and 4 × 6 are the most promising for reducing the number of tassel ramifications.

The tomato crop is considered of great socio-economic importance in the world, feeding millions of people daily. This crop is considered strategic because its production is diverse in the world, being produced by large agro-industries, moving a rich productive chain. This work aimed to evaluate the production of tomato seedlings as function of different substrates, and to comprehend the interrelation of characteristics through linear associations. The experimental design was randomized blocks, using one tomato cultivar, Santa Cruz Kada, in 32 repetitions for each treatment. The treatments consisted of several substrates such as carbonized rice husk, grape husk (S10), coconut fiber, and commercial substrate (Bioplant®). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using pots. The characters measured 25 days after sowing were: stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot length, root length, green mass of root, green mass of shoot, dry mass of shoot, and dry mass of root. The analysis of variance was performed and the characters that presented significance were compared by the Duncan test at 5% of probability. Subsequently, Pearson’s linear correlation was individually performed for each substrate. The results showed that commercial (Bioplant®) and grape skin substrates were the most suitable for production of tomato seedlings cv. Santa Cruz Kada. The characters of stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot length, green mass of root and green mass of shoot revealed significant correlations; however they differently behaved in the substrates.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is an economically important crop, and its cultivation has expanded recently across temperate and subtropical regions of Brazil. There is no brazilian raspberry cultivar so far. Therefore, the indirect selection can be an useful tool to help during the breeding process. We evaluated linear and canonical correlations in primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars in 2013 and 2014, in a completely randomized experimental design, with eight replications. The genotypes 'Alemazinha', 'Heritage' and 'Fallgold' were evaluated during two harvesting seasons, autumn and spring. Canonical groups were established among morphological (Group 1) and yield (Group 2) traits. In Group 1, plant yield and fruit weight were evaluated; in Group 2 the productive period, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass of pruning and plant leaf area were assessed. The linear and canonical correlations among morphological, phenological, and yield traits varied according to harvesting season. The phenological and morphological traits had greater linear correlation with yield traits in autumn than in spring. Based on our findings, to obtain more productive raspberry genotypes, plant leaf area and dry mass of pruning should be prioritized in the indirect selection.

This study aims to identify the phenotypic effects of traits associated with soybean pods and their growth habit. The experiments were carried out during the 2012 - 2013 agricultural year. It was done in randomized blocks arranged in a 2×20 factorial design (environments × soybean cultivars) with three replications. Data were subjected to individual analysis of variance for each environment and growth habit to verify the homogeneity of variances. Phenotypic path analysis among agronomic traits was performed for each environment within the soybean growth habits. The results showed considerable influences of growth habit via traits associated with soybean pods. The traits number of pods with two, three, and four grains directly influenced the grain yield of genotypes with indeterminate growth habit regardless of the environment. The soybean genotypes with determinate growth habit contributed greatly to grain yield through the traits number of pods with one, two, and three grains and thousand grain weight via pods with two or four grains. Indirect selection of superior genotypes for pods per plant and grain weight could provide satisfactory results for soybean yield in relation to the growth habit. The interrelationships obtained between growth habits and environments, can be applied to superior genotypes selection strategies in breeding soybean programs. Key words: Agriculture science, biometric models, Glycine max L., indirect selection, grain yield, soybean breeding.

Under natural conditions, the plants are, usually, surrounded by a series of potential enemies. They had created strategies of defense against pathogens and herbivores' attacks, allowing its perpetuation throughout evolution. These defense mechanisms are closely associated with the synthesis of secondary metabolites, which are also worldwide used in several areas of industry. This bibliographic review was conducted aiming to better understand how plants synthesize these substances in response to biotic or abiotic stimuli. The results discussed here revealed that synthesis of plant secondary metabolites is dependent on changes in several metabolic pathways, being often directly associated with the primary metabolism. Injury by herbivores or pathogens, temperature, CO2 levels, solar radiation and drought, are the factors related to the environment that express the most significant signs of inhibition or synthesis of plant secondary metabolites. Global climatic changes recently observed can affect the metabolic pathways network and, consequently, secondary metabolites synthesis. Nowadays, genomic tools have been useful alternatives that are leading to a new revolution of plant breeding, allowing the overexpression or inhibition of these substances. Some limitations and challenges to be achieved upon the dynamics of secondary metabolite synthesis in plants are presented. Key words: Jasmonic acid, transcription factors, inhibition, synthesis.

Adoption of accurate and simplistic biometric models that estimate variance components, predicting genotypic effects are desired in plant breeding. The aim of this study was to estimate the variance components and predict genotypic values by REML/BLUP for combinations of maize inbred lines derived from two heterotic groups with F1's evaluation in four locations. The crosses originated 25 hybrids that were evaluated in four trials. Genotype x environment interaction provided oscillations regarding the best combinations in the environments and must be individually analyzed in each environment, the superior crosses for grain yield, except 15x3’ combination, which achieved good performance in all the trials. The combination of 5x4' is promising for obtaining high grain yield in Itapiranga and Pato Branco. The 5x3’ combination have a higher overall average, being higher than the other combinations in Clevelândia and Ampere environments for plot yield, providing hybrids with fewer branches in the tassel. Key words: Best linear unbiased predictor, restricted maximum likelihood, Zea mays L.

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. The objectives of this study were: (i) to evaluate the solvent retention capacity of wheat flour from three genotypes when nitrogenous fertilizer is applied at different stages of crop growth; and (ii) to evaluate the possible existence of correlations between different solvents when nitrogenous fertilizer is applied at different stages of crop growth. The experiment was conducted from June to November 2013 in Plant Breeding Laboratory and Plant Production, Federal University of Santa Maria, the experimental area is located at Frederico Westphalen, southern Brazil. The experiment consisted of 12 treatment combinations (3 genotypes and application of nitrogenous fertilizer at 4 crop growth stages) of a 3x4 factorial (genotype x nitrogenous fertilizer application) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The genotypes Fundacep 52, TBIO Mestre and TBIO Itaipu were arranged with the tested nitrogenous fertilizer applications (I = no nitrogen, II = tillering, III = tillering and flowering and IV = tillering, booting and flowering). Greater levels of solvent retention capacity were observed in TBIO Mestre, suggesting that the genotype has good baking quality. The amount of glutenin was not affected by the stage of nitrogenous fertilization application. The water retention capacity of the flour has a strong and positive correlation with the retention capacity of the sodium carbonate and sucrose, along with the associations between the solvents sodium carbonate and sucrose. Key words: Agriculture science, plant management, plant science, quality grains, Triticum aestivum L.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the induction of genetic variability and plant development of palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha L.) M2 mutants in acclimatization to subtropical climate condition. The mutagenic agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), at a dosage of 0.5%, was used to induce mutation in 4,000 seeds of the cultivar Marandu. Thirty five plants survived after the induction of MMS mutagen agent. These plants were isolated transplanted in experimental area to advance the generation. Seeds produced by plants were sown in pots allocated in Biosystems Organized Development incubator and subjected to cold stress at 0°C in seedling stage. Surviving seedlings per family were transplanted to field conditions in Southern Brazil. The plant development was evaluated in the M2 generation during the agricultural years of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Genetic variability analyzes were carried out with 21 traits, based on the average Euclidean distance and the relative contribution proposed by Singh (1981). Chemical mutation induction with MMS generates genetic variability in palisade grass, enhancing the selection of superior genotypes in subtropical climate conditions. The chemical induction of mutations with the MMS mutagen provided genetic variability in the population of U. brizantha with formation of 18 divergent groups during the research. Key words: Urochloa brizantha L., plant breeding, genetic recombination, forage, multivariate analyses.

The aim of this work was to characterize the physiological performance and some of the yield attributes of maize seeds in response to periods of temporary flooding. The study was conducted in an experimental design of randomized blocks, with four treatments composed by four replications, being evaluated the germination, the first count of germination, the germination speed index, the thousand seed weight, the number of seeds per ear, the number of rows per ear, the electrical conductivity in seeds, the length of shoot and primary root and the dry matter of shoot and primary root. Thousand seed weight, number of seeds per ear, number of rows per ear and electrical conductivity in seeds were reduced when plants were exposed to a 72 h flooding period. The flooding period of 72 h adversely affects the growth, the physical characteristics and the vigor of maize seeds. Key words: Zea mays L., number of seeds, thousand seed weight, electrical conductivity, initial growth.

In view of the need to obtain genetically superior eucalyptus clones that promote productivity coupled with quality, we used multivariate statistical techniques for the selection and evaluation of Eucalyptus spp. clones for wood production. The experiments were carried out in three environments in the districts of Eldorado do Sul, Butia and Sao Gabriel. A clone of the commercial species Eucalyptus saligna was used as a common control in all trials. A total of 84 eucalyptus clones were used belonging to the breeding program in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a randomized block design, with 20 replicates and one plant per plot, spacing 3.50 x 2.14 m. Silvicultural practices were performed according to the particularities required by each environment. The clones were evaluated at 36 months for diameter at breast height, total height, total individual volume with bark and survival of clones. The datawere submitted to a joint analysis of variance, and the significance was interpreted by the F test at 5% probability. Interaction tests were performed and then multivariate models were used. Selection of clones from their values of genetic divergence and heterogeneity in relation to the others can be used to increase variability in breeding populations. Improvement strategies such as Intrapopulation Recurrent Selection can be "fed" from selections made based on these parameters, but also focusing on increasing productivity and improving wood technology. There wasa great difference in behavior of the clones for each environment, demonstrating the influence of genotype x environment interactions, which can be evaluated later in amplified clonal tests or in the observation plantings of these clones; these will serve for the future indication of genotypes for commercial plantations.

Genetic improvement is essential to achieve increments in maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield components. It may be obtained through crosses, which enable to exploit the effects of intervarietal heterosis, allelic complementarity, as well as gene actions and effects. This study estimated the components of variance and genetic parameters (REML/BLUP) of an intervarietal diallel to select and predict the best genotypes for maize yield components. The experimental design was randomized blocks containing 60 intervarietal maize hybrids arranged in three repetitions. They were obtained through intervarietal crosses and evaluated in a diallel scheme, where 14 open-pollinated varieties were designated as parentals. Thus, 10 crosses were performed for each hybrid combination to obtain the number of seeds necessary for the competition test. The measured traits were: grain volume relative index, the mass of one hundred grains, and grain yield. The male parents and the additive genetic fraction were determinants for grain volume relative index. Mass of one hundred grains and grain yield were defined by the specific combining ability, and female parents revealed low narrow sense heritability. The female parent Taquarão and male parent Argentino Amarelo presented the best general combining abilities for the measured traits. The specific combining abilities were expressed for crosses AL 25 x Dente de Ouro Roxo, AL 25 x BRS Pampeano, and Taquarão x Argentino Branco. Genetic estimates and predictions were consistent and applicable to breeding programs and could be applied in future quantitative genetic studies of maize.

The REML/BLUP statistics are analyses that can be used as selective criteria in the routine of maize breeding programs. The present study aims to determine the genetic potential in crosses of landrace populations applying the REML/BLUP methodology, and to identify populations for the synthesis of new populations and intrapopulation selection for family farming systems, as well as genetic constitutions for use in maize breeding programs. Nine top cross hybrids obtained in the 2012/2013 harvest were evaluated along with their testator, the landraces used as parents, and four commercial hybrids, in a randomized block design, with information taken from the average of each plot. The evaluated traits were: leaf angle, number of ramifications of the tassel, spike insertion height, plant height, spike diameter, number of grains per spike, mass of grains per spike, spike mass, spike length, prolificity, mass of one hundred grains, and grain yield per plot. The data were analyzed using the Selegen-REML/BLUP software. The top cross hybrids Cateto Branco x Planalto, Amarelão x Planalto and the population Cateto Branco are ranked among the ten best crosses, simultaneously, for the traits: leaf angle, number of ramifications of the tassel, spike insertion height, and plant height (Cateto Branco x Planalto), and leaf angle, spike insertion height, and plant height (Amarelão x Planalto and Cateto Branco). The top cross hybrids Criolão x Planalto, Branco 8 Carreiras x Planalto, Caiano Rajado x Planalto, Amarelão x Planalto, Branco Roxo Índio x Planalto stand out for their high genotypic value of the individual BLUP mean components among the ten best genotypes for grain yield, and by combining three or more traits of interest together, being, for effects of selection, the most indicated.

The aimed to characterize common beans genotypes utilizing multivariate models and artificial neural network thru the agronomic attributes and seeds dimensions. The experiment was conducted in the 2017/2018 crop season at the city of Tenente Portela - RS. The experimental design was expanded blocs, were 53 segregating F2 populations and ten cultivars considered checks, disposed in four repetitions. The accurate characterization of bean genotypes can be based in the reproductive period, cycle and seeds length. Genotypes with longer cycle increase the potential of ramifications, legume and seeds magnitude per plant and increase the seeds yield independent of the commercial group. The use of biometric approach allows revealing patterns to the genotype grouping, being the patterns magnitude dependent of the intrinsic premises to the Standardized Average Euclidian Distance, Tocher optimized grouping and Artificial Neural Network with non-supervised learning. It is defined that the Artificial Neural Network are determinant to define associative patterns, being these inferences indispensable to the common beans genotype selection that answer the agronomic attributes and seeds production.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is an economically important crop, and its cultivation has expanded recently across temperate and subtropical regions of Brazil. There is no brazilian raspberry cultivar so far. Therefore, the indirect selection can be an useful tool to help during the breeding process. We evaluated linear and canonical correlations in primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars in 2013 and 2014, in a completely randomized experimental design, with eight replications. The genotypes 'Alemãzinha', 'Heritage' and 'Fallgold' were evaluated during two harvesting seasons, autumn and spring. Canonical groups were established among morphological (Group 1) and yield (Group 2) traits. In Group 1, plant yield and fruit weight were evaluated; in Group 2 the productive period, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass of pruning and plant leaf area were assessed. The linear and canonical correlations among morphological, phenological, and yield traits varied according to harvesting season. The phenological and morphological traits had greater linear correlation with yield traits in autumn than in spring. Based on our findings, to obtain more productive raspberry genotypes, plant leaf area and dry mass of pruning should be prioritized in the indirect selection. Made available in DSpace on 2020-07-03T11:10:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caninical-correlations-among-morphological-and-yield-traits-in.pdf: 153371 bytes, checksum: 844938627ae39cde9c344498252041ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020