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The present study reports a very rare case of Trypanosoma theileri like infection in the peritoneal fluid of a 6-year-old female Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle brought to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar. The aim of the clinical study was to report an unusual case of T. theileri-like infection associated with peritonitis and its therapeutic management.For confirmatory diagnosis, peritoneal fluid and blood sample was collected from animal for haemato-biochemical examination, buffy coat examination and detection of Trypanosoma antigen by monoclonal antibody-based latex agglutination test.Animal had history of anorexia, high fever, oedematous swelling on the abdominal area and decrease in milk yield since 1 week. Clinical examination revealed high fever, congested conjunctival mucus membrane and oedematous inflammatory swelling on the abdominal region. Haematological examination on Day 1 revealed relative neutrophilia and eosinophilia, whereas other parameters measured were on the lower side of normal range. Thin blood smear examination did not reveal any parasite on first attempt. However, after confirmation of Trypanosoma species in peritoneal fluid collected by FNAC, buffy coat examination of blood sample was also found positive for Trypanosoma species. On Day 2, haematological examination revealed neutrophilic leucocytosis, eosinophilia and anaemia. Blood sample was also found serologically positive for Trypanosoma antigen by monoclonal antibody based latex agglutination test. Biochemical examination revealed increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, hyperglycemia, hyperprotienemia and decreased levels of sodium and chloride ions. Animal was primarily treated with isometamidium chloride (NyzomAnimal showed clinical recovery after 10 days of treatment. Post-recovery, blood sample of the animal was re-examined for parasite and other blood parameters and it was found negative for presence of Trypanosoma infection along with restoration of haematological values. Hence, the present study concludes the confirmatory diagnosis and therapeutic use of isometamidium hydrochloride along with anti-inflammatory drugs to Trypanosoma infection.

The exposure of farmers to agricultural hazards and risks has been increased in their work-places with the recent developments in agricultural sectors in most of the developing countries. This higher expose may be due to the enhanced need in meeting the food as well as monetary demand of farming house-holds. The agricultural-productivity has also been reduced in developing countries because of the exposure of farmers to work-related stresses affecting their well-being. Thus, an attempt was made in this study for exploring the mental-health disorders among the farmers and the farming-community in the state of Odisha in India for undertaking possible intervention strategies by the government and competent authorities.

DSePA, a pharmacologically efficient selenium compound shows strong binding with extracellular carrier protein, Human Serum Albumin.

Background Gunshot residue (GSR) is a shred of important trace evidence which helps forensic scientists solve a huge range of incidents related to firearms. The identification of the shooter to bullet identification from a gunshot wound help reconstruct a scene of the crime. Main body The review of this scientific paper is based on gunshot residue, its composition, and the growing advanced technology which allow us to study about how GSR analysis help to identify and detect residues. Various methods are acquired to identify and analyze organic and inorganic residues present when ammunition is fired. The review highlights the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis part which emphasize on all the methods developed so far. The use of conventional methods including colorimetric and instrumentation-based analysis and advanced technology including electrochemical technique for detecting residues from the last 50 years. Spot tests or chemical tests were performed but they degrade the sample and can sometimes cause hindrance with some other nearby material present at the crime scene. Instrumentation techniques including AAS, ICP-MS, SEM, SEM-EDX, GC, HPLC, etc. are discussed in detail. Mostly advanced electrochemical methods developed are for inorganic gunshot residues (IGSR), but some researchers worked on both residues. Also, the fabricated electrochemical cells are replaced by a single strip-based technique for easy detection. So, to combat these issues, various scientists are moving towards sensor-based methods for rapid and reliable detection. These methods are more user-friendly, sensitive, and cost-effective and provide rapid detection results. Conclusions This review results in the composition of GSR, its collection methods, and analysis using sophisticated methods that emphasize all the methods developed so far and it also culminates the merits and demerits of all detection methods.

We investigated incorporation of a novel approach of phosphorous silicate glass layer thinning (PGT) process in the N-PERT process flow to minimise pinhole defects at the silicon nitride (Si3N4) surface. The thinning (PGT) process for optimum HF deposition time of 12 min resulted in excellent cell efficiency of ∼20.55% with pinhole free layer and high electrical yield (∼0% for I Rev > 1.5 A). After optimising technology, stability is also explored with and without PGT process line, which confirms advantages of this approach. This significant reverse failure reduction due to the proposed PGT process can eventually help in improving overall cell performance of the N-PERT devices. This process can be a part of strategy for reducing process cost of solar cell in any industrial mass production line with improved yield (reduction in reverse failure from 6.6 to 1.5% for one month of mass production). Thus, the PGT process with negligible electrical rejection and high yield increases the possibility of high throughput in mass production line.

Mushroom (oyster mushroom, Pleurotus sajor caju) is a rich depository of statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that also act as anti-cancer agents. In the present study, anti-inflammatory and anti-migratory effects of prior synthesized and characterized herbal nano-statins on HepG2 have been discussed for the first time. The results showed that herbal nano-statins were able to inhibit the NO production in dose dependent manner with 93.72 % inhibition at 80 μg/ml of nano-statins and it attained saturation if the dose is further increased. Bulk statins had less potency to inhibit the production of NO (30 % at 100 μg/mL) as compared to nano-statins. Nano-statins and bulk statins also inhibited the migration of cancer cells by 97.86 % and 53.43 %, respectively, at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. This study might bring in more insights to use herbal nano-statins as an alternative treatment to fight against various other types of cancers and other biomedical complications.

Since the past two decades, improving machining accuracy, precision, and quality of machining in Wire-ECMM has been a prime focus of researchers across the globe. Application of high frequency pulse voltage for machining has served the purpose to a large extent. However, with high frequency pulse voltage, machining rate is compromised. Often, the use of very high frequency also necessitates the application of high voltage amplitude which consequently, leads to increased power consumption. To solve this problem, this research proposes the use of sinusoidal voltage waveform (SVW) and triangular voltage waveform (TVW) instead of a conventionally used rectangular voltage waveform (RVW) for machining. A mathematical analysis of the machining gap in the process using a mechanistic approach suggests that accuracy in terms of kerf width improves significantly when SVW and TVW are used for machining. Experiments are conducted to investigate the impact of pulse voltage waveform on different characteristic features of a kerf profile which are kerf width, edge fillet radius, corner radius, and taper angle. These waveforms are generated using a function generator with the help of a rectification cum amplification electronic circuit. Roughness of the surface machined using these three waveforms are also measured using optical profilometer. Experimental results suggest that the percent reduction in the kerf width for the three waveforms considered by changing the frequency of voltage pulse from 100 kHz to 200 kHz is significantly lower than that obtained by switching from RVW to TVW and keeping other pulse parameters such as frequency, amplitude, and duty ratio same. Using a wire (tool) made of tungsten and a diameter of 30 μm, minimum kerf width of 60 ± 2 μm, edge fillet radius of 11 ± 1 μm, and a negligible corner radius is obtained when TVW is used for machining. For the above stated parameters, profile roughness (Ra) & area surface roughness (Sa) of machined kerf are 1.43 μm and 1.55 μm respectively for RVW, which are reduced to 0.44 μm and 0.57 μm respectively, for TVW. To understand the reason behind the reduction of kerf width, corner radius, and edge fillet radius in case of TVW, as indicated by the experimental observations, numerical simulations are performed. For a comparative study, current density distribution pattern over the workpiece surface is plotted for the three waveforms. Later, TVW is further optimized by varying its ‘rise’ and ‘fall’ time. For this, a factor termed as Pulse Rise Factor (PRF) is defined and is varied in 5 steps. Experimental results suggest that kerf width is minimum 55.4 μm when PRF is zero and is maximum 71.8 μm when PRF is one. In the end, different micro features are machined using the optimal machining conditions.

Punicalagin is the most popular ellagitannin found in pomegranate husk and is well known to reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The present work describes a novel method for the preparation of nanoparticles of Punicalagin using pomegranate (Punica granatum) since the use of Punicalagin in bulk form is associated with many problems. In this study, nanoparticles of Punicalagin were synthesized, characterized using various techniques, and further evaluated for their antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative potential using HepG2 cancer cells. DLS analysis revealed that the average size of nanoparticles of Punicalagin was 87 nm, whereas SEM analysis confirmed spherical shaped nanoparticles with size ranging from 90 to 116 nm. HPLC studies confirmed the presence of Punicalagin in synthesized nanoparticles. The results also revealed that nanoparticles of Punicalagin were nearly four times more potent antioxidants than bulk and possessed an inhibition zone of about 13 mm. The response of antiproliferative assay showed that the nanoparticles of Punicalagin caused nearly 44% reduction while bulk form showed only a 15% reduction in cell viability of cancerous cells at 100 µg/mL. The study suggests a great potential for use of the herbal drug in nano form to treat cancer as compared to its bulk counterparts.

Commercially available high quality 9B pencil graphite was used for sensing of trace concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3) at sub-ppm levels in air at ambient temperature and pressure. The pencil graphite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. In comparison to other sensing materials pencil graphite is very well recognized owing to its cheaper price, simplicity of fabrication, abundant over-the-counter obtainability and easy modification. The principal of operation of the chemiresistive gas sensor is based on the variation in the electrical resistance due to the selective interaction between the pencil graphite network and the specific gaseous analyte in a two-pole format. The degree of change in electrical resistance of the pencil graphite network depends on the concentration of the gaseous analyte to which it is exposed. On the basis of this fact qualitative as well as quantitative detection of the gaseous analytes can be achieved. The sensing limits of 100 parts-per-billion (ppb) and 500 ppb with sensor response times of ∼30 s and ∼50 s for NO2 and NH3, respectively is recorded using our gas detector, and are found significantly efficient in comparison to the NO2 and NH3 detectors available commercially in market.

The present study represents a formulation of nanocurcumin based hybrid virosomes (NC-virosome) to deliver drugs at targeted sites. Curcumin is a bioactive component derived from Curcuma longa and well-known for its medicinal property, but it exhibits poor solubility and rapid metabolism, which led to low bioavailability and hence limits its applications. Nanocurcumin was prepared to increase the aqueous solubility and to overcome all the limitations associated with curcumin. Influenza virosomes were prepared by solubilization of the viral membrane with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DSPC). During membrane reconstitution, the hydrophilic nanocurcumin was added to the solvent system, followed by overnight dialysis to obtain NC-virosomes. The same was characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), MTT assay was used to evaluate it's in vitro-cytotoxicity using MDA-MB231 and Mesenchyme stem cells (MSCs). The results showed NC-virosomes has spherical morphology with size ranging between 60 and 90 nm. It showed 82.6% drug encapsulation efficiency. The viability of MDA-MB231 cells was significantly inhibited by NC-virosome in a concentration-dependent manner at a specific time. The IC50 for nanocurcumin and NC-virosome was 79.49 and 54.23 µg/ml, respectively. The site-specific drug-targeting, high efficacy and non- toxicity of NC-virosomes proves its future potential as drug delivery vehicles.

The present work discusses micro-texturing on flat and cylindrical surfaces using the electric-discharge micromachining (EDMM) process. The arrays of micro-dimples are generated on flat Ti-6Al-4V surfaces using a block–electric discharge grinding (block-EDG)–fabricated microtools of an average diameter of 148 µm and 105 µm. Large-area surface texturing on flat Ti-6Al-4V and aluminium surfaces are performed to analyse the variation in water contact angle with varying depths of dimples. Adopting the electric discharge–milling (ED-milling) strategy, micro-pillars of dimensions 242 µm × 166 µm × 50 µm are machined on flat Ti-6Al-4V surfaces. The EDMM process for non-flat surfaces, such as curved (internal and external), spherical and freeform surfaces, is receiving attention in various applications. Machining of the aforementioned surfaces using the EDMM process appears to be problematic, due to the continuous change in curvature, which results in the subsequent spark gap variation. In the present work, processing of cylindrical surfaces for micro-features generation, such as micro-dimple arrays, has been attempted. Arrays of micro-dimples are machined on copper and Ti-6Al-4V cylindrical surfaces. A precise indexing setup is fabricated to hold and index the workpiece at the desired angular positions. Unlike machining on flat surfaces, the relative dimensions of the tool and the workpiece’s curvature result in non-uniform wear at the tool’s end cross-section. Owing to this non-uniform wear of tool electrode caused by the curvature effect of the workpiece, the formation of a microscopic bump/spike is observed on the dimple’s bottom. The depth of the dimple up to which the entire bottom surface of the tool is not exposed to the sparks is defined as its critical depth. For a combination of a tool and a workpiece of diameters 500 µm and 5 mm, respectively, the critical depth of the dimple is found to be 12.53 µm. However, the critical depth increases with a decrease in workpiece diameter, provided the diameter of the tool is constant.

Background: The most effective diagnostic test to detect IgE mediated type I allergic reactions like allergic rhinitis, atopic asthma, acute urticaria, food allergy, etc. is skin prick test (SPTs). SPTs are performed to check allergic sensitivity and functional for devising immunotherapy as the therapeutic modality. Methodology: Present study was performed in the Department of TB and Respiratory Diseases, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner (Rajasthan). A total of 118 patients suffering from allergic rhinitis with and without bronchial asthma were included in this study. SPT was performed to check reactivity against fungal and insect allergens in the desert areas. Results: Suggested that maximum cases (3/4th) were having both rhinitis and asthma. Around (3/4th) were belonging to rural area. Maximum cases (95%) were belonging to 15-45 years of age group. In fungal group max positivity was seen with Alternaria, Curvularia and Aspergillus fumigatus. In insects group cockroach reactivity was most common. Conclusions: Comparative analysis showed that maximum reactivity was seen with insect allergens than fungal allergens. Among which maximum reactivity was seen against cockroach male. There was significant relief in the severity of symptoms, medication intake with the help of allergen immunotherapy. Keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Asthma; Fungal allergy; Insect allergy; Immunotherapy.

Notoedric mange, caused by sarcoptiform Notoedres mites, an obligately parasite, causes potentially fatal dermatitis along with secondary systemic infections in small mammals, felids as well as humans. In the present case study, we describe clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management of notoedric mange with ivermectin in rabbits. Two New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) naturally infested with notoedric mange reported with history of varied clinical signs like anorexia, patchy alopecia, intense pruritus, erythema and dry scabs. Several whitish crust-like lesions were observed on ears, nose, face, forelimbs and hindlimbs. Confirmatory diagnosis of Notoedres cati var cuniculi was done by skin scraping from supported by clinical signs and hematological alterations. Both the animals were successfully treated with Ivermectin, a broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent. Both rabbits showed recovery by the end of third week of treatment and it was subsequently confirmed by absence of mites in two consecutive skin scrapings examination at weekly interval. The mite, Notoedres cati is considered as a serious pest of rabbits with ivermectin as still effective drug in treating the clinical cases. Stringent diagnostic strategies need to be prepared for regular screening and control of notoedric infestations in laboratory and pet rabbits.

Process of obtaining a high surface finish value, say Ra value, with the lowest standard deviation on the freeform surfaces especially on knee joint using the conventional finishing processes is an...

By reducing the aqueous mixture of electrostatically modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT) and palladium (Pd) using NaBH4, a nanocomposite was synthesized. The syllable structure of the f-MWCNT and f-MWCNT/ Pd nanocomposite was investigated by analytical tools FESEM and TEM respectively. f-MWCNTs matrix reinforced with Pd nanoparticles are utilized for sensing methane with its dilution varying from 0.5-100 ppm in air at room temperature (RT=27°C). The f-MWNT/Pd nanocomposite-based sensor for methane gas show several merits over conventional catalytic beads and MOS based sensors in context of reduced size, reduced power consumption and ease of fabrication. At room temperature, the nanocomposite's temporal electrical responses to methane were measured. It exhibited a response magnitude of ∼20-45.71% with a small variation of ±2% towards 0.5-100 ppm methane. Furthermore, the responses were extremely reversible and repeatable, implying that it may be used to detect methane at ambient temperature. It has also been demonstrated experimentally that an excellent response time (≈ 20 s) and the recovery time (≈ 25 s) for these devices were recorded for methane. The influence of external temperature and humidity on the methane sensor was also investigated in order to assess its long-term stability and self-life. The results showed that very small change is observed over a wide of temperature from 25-70oC and that for %Rh from 20-90%. Therefore, the reported methane sensor absolutely demonstrated long-term stability at ambient conditions and hence, these devices can prove to be ideal for methane leakage detection for practical real time applications. A sensing mechanism by which methane is detected by f-MWCNT/Pd nanocomposite is also elaborately discussed.