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Recently collated scientific data on the management of C1 clinical class of chronic venous disorders; wide prevalence of the disease and high variability amongst medical practitioners in relation to managing this category of patients and absence of any regulatory documents has prompted the development of clinical guidelines for the treatment of patients with reticular varicose veins and telangiectasias of the lower extremities and various parts of the body. These guidelines have been developed by a self-regulated organization Association “The National College of Phlebology”. The purpose of the de novo guidelines is to systematize the existing evidence and offer minimal standards of care for chronic venous disorders in C1 patients.

Labor intensity, complexity of morphology, the shortage of qualified specialists do not allow full use of the diagnostic potential of microscopic analysis of biomaterials in mass population surveys. The article discusses the technology of creating an Automatic Scan Microscope Analyzer of Oncological Pathologies (ASMAOP) that uses neural network learning during regular telemedicine consultations with expert evaluation of digital copies of biomaterials produced by a scanning microscope. The scheme of work of ASMAOP in the composition of a telemedicine network, hardware solutions including platform for deep learning are considered. The purpose of creation of ASMAOP is to perform microscopic analyses at the level of the experienced experts with a significant advantage in performance and availability.

The article describes the method of aesthetic correction of dilated non-varicose superficial veins localized on the face, décolleté and upper extremities. It is concluded that the various sclerotherapy options are highly efficient and safe in these clinical situations.

Compression serves as an important component for carrying out successful and safe phlebosclerosing treatment. At the same time, the necessity of wearing compression hosiery or bandages is associated with known limitations and objections of patients, especially in a hot season. We comparatively assessed efficacy of usual compression stockings and a short-term pneumatic bandage with cryoelements while carrying out sclerosing treatment of dilated intradermal veins. Our open prospective observational study included a total of fifty 18-to-35-year-old women. After performing standardized sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias on the symmetrical portions of the lower limbs, a pneumatic cryocompression bandage with a pressure of 50 mmHg was applied onto one of the limbs for 15 minutes, with a class 2 compression (RAL standard) medical stocking put on the other limb to be worn by the patients at daytime for 10 days. We assessed completeness of obliteration of the target veins, frequency of the development of typical undesirable events (ecchymoses, phlebitides, hyperpigmentation and neovasculogenesis), as well as the composite discomfort score according to an 11-point visual analogue scale. It was determined that using the pneumatic bandage with cryoelements as compared with the traditional compression stockings significantly decreased the frequency of the development of typical undesirable events after phlebosclerosing treatment, such as formation of ecchymoses, phlebitides, hyperpigmentation and neovasculogenesis. Significance of differences was revealed as early as 7 days after sclerotherapy, to be increasing during further dynamic follow up. By convenience for the patients, the use of the short-term pneumatic cryobandage was four times better than wearing the compression stockings. A conclusion was drawn that while carrying out sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias short-term pneumatic cryocompression by efficacy and safety was not inferior to the traditional medical stockings (RAL standard) and made it possible to significantly decrease the incidence of the known undesirable events after phlebosclerosing treatment.

The study was aimed at evaluating the degree of the systemic and local inflammatory reaction after sclerotherapy, as well as the effect of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (Detralex) thereupon. The study comprised a total of 60 female patients presenting with reticular veins and telangiectasias (clinical class C1 according to the CEAP classification). The patients were subdivided into two groups, each comprising 30 women. The Study Group patients two weeks prior to the forthcoming sclerotherapy had been taking Detralex prescribed at a daily dose of 1,000 mg whose administration was prolonged by not less than 2 months after the procedure. The Control Group patients received no drug. We determined the systemic and local levels of inflammatory markers, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors: C-reactive protein in a highly sensitive range, histamine, interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor. Patients in the Study and Control Groups on day 10 after sclerotherapy demonstrated a considerable increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers. At the same time, excess of the baseline levels of the parameters in patients taking Detralex was statistically significantly lower as compared with the Control Group patients: C-reactive protein - 6.0±0.9 mg/l vs 8.3±1.0 mg/l; histamine - 87.0±9.8 µg/l vs 156.9±33.9 µg/l; interleukin-1 - 5.9±0.4 pg/ml vs7.6±0.6 pg/ml; tumour necrosis factor alpha - 5.9±0.9 pg/ml vs 7.5±0.4 pg/ml; vascular endothelial growth factor - 252.3±26.0 pg/ml vs 325.1±47.7 pg/ml. A conclusion was made that microsclerotherapy with the use of low-concentration detergent drugs was accompanied by a local vein-specific inflammatory reaction whose degree may be diminished by means of prescribing micronized purified flavonoid fraction (Detralex) two weeks prior to and during the whole subsequent period of phlebosclerosing treatment in a standard daily dose of 1,000 mg.Цель исследования: оценка выраженности системной и местной воспалительной реакции после склеротерапии, а также влияния на нее микронизированной очищенной флавоноидной фракции (Детралекс). В исследование были включены 60 пациенток с ретикулярными венами и телангиэктазами (клинический класс С1 по СЕАР). Больные были распределены на 2 группы по 30 человек в каждой. В основной группе за 2 недели перед предстоящей склеротерапией назначали Детралекс в суточной дозе 1 000 мг, прием которого пролонгировали не менее чем на 2 месяца после процедуры. В контрольной группе препарат не назначали. Определяли системные и локальные уровни маркеров воспаления, провоспалительных цитокинов и ростовых факторов: С-реактивного белка в высокочувствительном диапазоне, гистамина, интерлейкина-1, фактора некроза опухоли-альфа и сосудистого эндотелиального фактора роста. В основной и контрольной группах на 10 сутки после склеротерапии отмечено значимое повышение уровней провоспалительных цитокинов и маркеров воспаления. Вместе с тем, превышение исходных показателей у больных, получавших Детралекс, было статистически значимо ниже, чем в группе контроля: С-реактивный белок – 6,0±0,9 мг/л vs 8,3±1,0 мг/л; гистамин – 87,0±9,8 мкг/л vs 156,9±33,9 мкг/л; интерлейкин-1 – 5,9±0,4 пг/мл vs 7,6±0,6 пг/мл; фактор некроза опухоли альфа – 5,9±0,9 пг/мл vs 7,5±0,4 пг/мл; сосудистый эндотелиальный фактор роста – 252,3±26,0 пг/мл vs 325,1±47,7 пг/мл. Сделан вывод, что микросклеротерапия с использованием препаратов-детергентов низкой концентрации сопровождается локальной вено-специфической воспалительной реакцией, выраженность которой может быть уменьшена путем назначения микронизированной очищенной флавоноидной фракции (Детралекс) за две недели до и на весь последующий период флебосклерозирующего лечения в стандартной суточной дозе 1 000 мг.

The purpose of the study was to assess efficacy and safety of heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g and Detragel® in decreasing the incidence and treatment of the most common local adverse reactions in patients after endured sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias.Our open prospective observational study included a total of sixty 18-to-35-year-old female patients who after undergoing standardized sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias on symmetrical portions of lower limbs were given a tube of heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g or Detragel® to be applied onto the skin of one (left) lower limb in the projection of the sclerotherapy-exposed vessels 2-3 times daily for 10 days followed by putting on a compression class 2 (RAL standard) stocking. The women were allowed to use only the paired stocking on the contralateral extremity. Efficacy and safety of heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g and Detragel® were evaluated based on the incidence of typical adverse reactions (ecchymoses, phlebitides, hyperpigmentation and neovasculogenesis), as well as on the patient's subjective perceptions.The use of heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g and Detragel® in addition to compression after sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias significantly and comparably decreased the incidence and accelerated the resolution of ecchymoses and phlebitides associated with phlebosclerosing treatment. The Detragel® group patients were found to develop hyperpigmentation or neovasculogenesis significantly less often as compared with the heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g group women. What is more, using Detragel® was not accompanied by hyperkeratosis, pruritus or formation of a sticky film, the events, however, observed while applying heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g.The use of Detragel® or heparin sodium gel 1000 IU/g for 10 days additionally to compression significantly decreased the incidence of typical undesirable reactions associated with sclerotherapy of reticular veins and telangiectasias. The Detragel® group women turned out to have lower incidence of hyperpigmentation and neovasculogenesis. Besides, Detragel® demonstrated better organoleptic properties.Цель исследования: оценить эффективность и безопасность геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г и Детрагель® для снижения частоты развития и лечения наиболее частых местных нежелательных реакций у пациентов, перенесших склеротерапию ретикулярных вен и телеангиэктазов. Материалы и методы: в открытое проспективное наблюдательное исследование было включено 60 пациенток в возрасте от 18 до 35 лет, которым после выполнения стандартизированной склеротерапии ретикулярных вен и телеангиэктазов на симметричных участках нижних конечностей, выдавали по тубе геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г или Детрагеля®, которые они должны были наносить на кожу одной (левой) нижней конечности в проекции подвергнутых склеротерапии сосудов 2-3 раза в сутки в течение 10 дней с последующим надеванием компрессионного чулка класс 2 (RAL стандарт). На контралатеральной конечности разрешено было использовать только парный компрессионный чулок. Эффективность и безопасность геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г и Детрагеля® оценивали на основании частоты обнаружения типичных нежелательных реакций (экхимозы, флебиты, гиперпигментация и неоваскулогенез), а также субъективных ощущений пациента. Результаты: использование геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г и Детрагеля® в дополнение к компрессии после склеротерапии ретикулярных вен и телеангиэктазов значимо и сопоставимо снижает частоту развития и ускоряет разрешение, связанных с флебосклерозирующим лечением, экхимозов и флебитов. При этом, в группе Детрагеля® в отличие от группы геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г значимо реже развивается гиперпигментация и неоваскулогенез. Кроме того, при использовании Детрагеля® не было зафиксировано гиперкератоза, кожного зуда и образования липкой пленки, отмеченных при использовании геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г. Заключение: применение Детрагеля® или геля натриевой соли гепарина 1000 МE/г в течение 10 дней дополнительно к компрессии значимо снижает частоту типичных нежелательных реакций, связанных со склеротерапией ретикулярных вен и телеангиэктазов. В группе Детрагеля® отмечена более низкая частота развития гиперпигментаций и неоваскулогенеза, а также Детрагель® продемонстрировал лучшие органолептические свойства.

The aim of the study was to analyze the results of the electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) usage in patients with venous ulcers developed on top of a post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS).Sixty patients (60 legs) with active venous ulcer (C6EsAsdpPr according to CEAP classification) were divided into two groups. In addition to the background therapy consisting of a standardized compression with ULCER X and intake of micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF 1000 mg daily), all the patients in the main group underwent EMS with Veinoplus® V.I. for at least 3 times a day. Follow-up examinations were performed on days 30, 60 and 90. These included pain severity assessment with 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), disease severity measurement with VCSS (Venous Clinical Severity Score) and ankle circumference above malleolus, as well as recording number of healed venous ulcers.At day 90 pain severity was reduced in both main and control groups. However, according to VAS pain reduction rates were significantly higher in patients of the main group (from 8.7 ± 0.6 to 1.9 ± 0.3 in the main group and 8.4 ± 0.6 to 3.9 ± 0.5 in the control group). At the end of the study, ankle circumference decreased from 270.9 ± 4.6 mm to 257.1 ± 4.2 mm in the main and from 269.7 ± 5.3 mm to 263.4 ± 5.2 in the control group. VCSS before treatment was 7.3 ± 0.6 in the main group and 6.8 ± 0.5 in the control group. By day 90 VCSS significantly decreased to 2.3 ± 0.4 and 4.6 ± 0.5 in the main and control groups respectively. Healing rates were significantly higher in the main group. On day 90, the number of open venous ulcers in the main group was 3 times lower than in the control group (4 vs. 12).EMS demonstrated high efficacy and good tolerability and provided significant reduction in pain severity, VCSS score and ankle edema, as well as a 3-fold increase in the number of healed venous ulcers.

For the experiment on the measurement of the electron antineutrino magnetic moment we suggest a new approach to the tritium source design, namely, a configuration of annular cells filled with TiT{sub 2} that are stacked into a hollow cylinder. Detectors are mounted in the hole inside.We present results of the optimization of geometrical and physical parameters of the source with respect to its experimental effectiveness and safety guaranty at all stages of its lifecycle. We discuss the choice of the construction materials and specify technological issues relevant to radiation purity of the source, being of the special concern in the experiment on the electron antineutrino magnetic moment measurement.

The paper presents designs of a set of high-pressure targets developed by RFNC-VNIIEF and JINR collaboration to study muon-catalyzed fusion at high density of hydrogen isotopes in a wide temperature range. Designs, technical and operating characteristics of the targets and service results are described.In 1997-2002 these targets were used to measure basic characteristics of muon catalysis in pure deuterium, binary D/T mixture and triple H/D/T mixture as a function of density ([variant phi] = 0.2 - 1.2 LHD{sup *}), temperature (T = 20-800 K) and concentration of hydrogen isotopes in a mixture.

A cryogenic tritium target and computer-controlled equipment providing for feeding/recovering tritium into/from the target cell and radiation monitoring in technological lines and in workrooms is described. The tritium target set-up showed reliable operation in experiments done with a 58.3 MeV triton beam focused on a 5 mm spot at intensity approaching 3×107 s−1. The t+t elastic scattering cross-section was obtained in a wide angular range.

The present article is devoted to investigation of cryogenic pumping assembly developed at Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF). The main scheme of facility is given, where KH-50M pump is a principle unit. The research concerns the pumping speed for the cryopanel cooled to ∼5K, dependent on gas load. The coolant consumption for the selected model of pump is determined.

A design of the deuterium high-pressure target is presented. The target of a 76-cm3 volume is intended to study muon-catalyzed fusion reactions in ultrapure D2 (the concentration of impurities with Z > 1 is under 0.2 ppm) at temperatures of 80–800 K and up to 150-MPa pressures. The operation of the main target systems is described: the generation and purification of deuterium gas, refrigeration, heating, evacuation, control, and automated data acquisition. The target was used to determine the parameters of the muon-catalyzed fusion reactions in ultrapure D2 at temperatures of 300 to 800 K and pressures up to 150 MPa.

The design of deuterium high-pressure target of 76 cm3 volume developed to study muon catalyzed fusion in diffusion-pure deuterium over an 80–800 K temperature range at up to 150 MPa pressure is presented.

The present paper reviews the research equipment and techniques previously and currently under development in RFNC-VNIIEF to perform studies in such fundamental areas as muon catalyzed fusion, exotic quantum systems at the stability boundary, measuring magnetic moment of neutrino, etc.

The study was aimed at comparatively assessing the efficacy of treatment for venous trophic ulcers at stages II-III of the wound process using special compression knee-length socks of the ULCER X kit (Sigvaris AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland) and long-stretch bandages Lauma. Compression therapy was included into the programme of outpatient treatment of forty 31-to-74-year-old patients presenting with trophic ulcers (stage II-III of the wound process) with an average area of 5,36±1,1 cm2. The Study Group consisting of 20 patients used compression knitted fabrics in the form of knee-length socks ULCER X and the comparison group (n=20) used long-stretch bandages Lauma.The obtained findings (6 months) demonstrated that using compression therapy exerted a positive effect on the process of healing of venous trophic ulcers, also proving advantages of compression therapy with the knee-length socks ULCER X that create an adequate level of pressure on the crus and maintain it in long-term daily use, reliably accelerating the healing of venous trophic ulcers as compared with elastic long-stretch bandages. The use of long-stretch elastic bandages in treatment of venous trophic ulcers turned out to be not only ineffective but fraught with a possibility of the development of various complications. During 6 months of follow up the patients using the special knee-length socks ULCER X were found to have 80 % of ulcers healed (16 patients), mainly within the first 2 months, whereas using elastic bandages resulted in only 30 % of healing (6 patients) by the end of the study. Along with it, we documented a considerable decrease in the malleolar circumference in the study group patients (from 30,05±0,78 to 28,35±0,86 cm) and in the control group from 31,2±30,35 to 30,25±0,75 cm), accompanied and followed by more than a two-fold increase in quality of life of the patients along all the parameters in the study group and a 1.4-fold increase in the control group patients.

A facility is described that allows safe handling of high tritium gas activity as dozens kilocuries in a regular laboratory environment. It is used to make and deliver into the target a mixture of specific isotopic composition with the contamination requirement of 10-7 v.f. for Z>1 elements, and recover it upon completion of operation. With this facility, efforts have been accomplished to investigate into the muon catalyzed fusion on two targets – liquid tritium and high-pressure tritium types. Also, the operation range was 0.1–120 MPa for pressure and 20–800 K for temperature and the amount of tritium used was about 100 kCi. The facility showed reliability in operation without indications of radiation beyond the safety level.

We have shown that the chemical redox properties of an ambient medium in which there is a wire bridge from a high-ohmic alloy can exert, under some conditions, a strong effect on bridge heating by the electric current at a stage close to its fracture (blowout), thus promoting or hindering the occurrence of an additional stage of heating of the already melted bridge.

The design of a tritium high pressure target with a volume of 16.5 cm3, developed at the RFNC-VNIIEF for research of muon fusion catalyzed in a H-D-T hydrogen isotopic mixture at pressures up to 120 MPa in the range of operating temperatures 300-800 K, is presented.

We present the results of development of explosive systems for investigating multiple action of solid projectiles upon an obstacle at a moderate impact velocity on the order of 1 km/s. Two types of systems are considered, namely: 1) evacuating shock tube with plane high explosive (HE), 2) ballistic gun with distributed shot of plastic HE. In the first system an acceleration of steel spheres are realized in flux of expanding explosive products. The second system provides the acceleration of a “soft” plastic block with steel spheres having certain mutual orientation. The experiments with these explosive systems testify to higher effectiveness of projectiles penetration into obstacles at multiple impact with a moderate velocity.

[1] The problem of wave propagation in a two-dimensional waveguide with vertical absolutely thin barrier and ideally conducting walls is solved in the paper. This is a model approximating the radio wave propagation in the Earth–ionosphere waveguide. The main attention in the model is drawn to the influence of irregularities of the Earth surface including the influence of singular points of an angular type. The presence of the smooth irregularity of the upper wall, i.e., ionosphere, is also taken into account. Two methods of the solution are used: the method of semi-inversion developed by the authors and the method of quasi-static Green function. Using these methods, the diffraction of the field of a dipole at the vertical barrier in a waveguide with curved upper wall and in a waveguide with plain upper wall is calculated. On the basis of the obtained solutions a conclusion is drawn on the influence of ionospheric disturbances on the field.

Ternary La-Ni-Al alloys are widely used in hydrogen energetic. Radiogenic helium, generated due to the radioactive decay of tritium, causes the significant changes of alloys tritides properties [1, 2] during their utilization. The variations of tritium equilibrium pressure for LaNi5-xAlx (x=0,8-1,0) tritides were investigated in this work, depending on 3He/alloy mole ratio. The experiments were conducted with alloy samples of about ∼0,5g, charged with tritium to the ratio of (2,2 – 2,8) T/alloy mole, and placed for investigations in autonomous systems at room temperature (∼21 °C).

The authors take into account the dynamics of temperature variation in the bridge when an electric current flows. The system of differential equations describing the dynamics of temperature variation in the bridge and in the surrounding layers of explosives is presented, and the critical ignition conditions are determined by numerical and analytical methods. Analytical dependences are obtained which allow the critical conditions for ignition of explosive from an incandescent bridge to be calculated, and the theoretical results are compared with experimental data. The theoretical curves describe the experimental results with satisfactory accuracy.

Comparative clinical and instrumental examination of 33 patients with seronegative and 67 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has revealed that patients with seropositive RA often manifest the functional and roentgenomorphological signs of lung damage. Pulmonary lesions related pathogenetically to RA were encountered equally often in patients of both groups, whereas those caused by concomitant chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases were more characteristic of patients with seropositive RA apparently because of a more powerful suppression of immunity. In addition, in spite of the fact that the latter patients did not make any complaints on the part of the heart, they did manifest abnormalities of the phase structure of the cardiac cycle and central hemodynamics.