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As we know additive manufacturing helps in reducing the manufacturing time as well as helps in advancing the complexity of the structure. Along with several benefits the method proposes it is very important to keep a track on what how many properties are adversely affected or benefited which helps in optimized planning and projects a significant improvement when kept parallel to the cost efficiency of the product. In order to have such kind of observation it is necessary to map the granular trajectory of the material while going through the process. While additive manufacturing is largely implied upon polymers and metals to a certain extent, ceramics have also seen their part of technological advancement. Both metal and ceramics are equally important and opposite to one another. If somehow, we are able to exploit the benefits of both the materials while on additive manufacturing arena the compound would be highly cost efficient and customization friendly. This paper discusses the micro structural properties and evolution of both metals and ceramics and also on metal matrix composites which are highly in demand in recent times.

For a successful ignition, the ignition should happen at the right time and place. If the ignition is not performed correctly, then substantial damage can occur both within and outside the engine surface. During ignition, the propellants should mix in a proper proportion. During the injection of propellant, the pressure and temperature are generally in subcritical condition. When they are injected inside the combustion chamber, they rapidly grow and transform into supercritical. The combustor shape is utilized to reduce the intention mixture rate and the computational domain encompasses the portion of this design. This is studied in this work by varying the inlet angles of the fuel. By changing the inlet angles (2.5, 5 and 7.5), the initial ignition time can be reduced. The simulations are done using ANSYS Fluent. The initial turbulence is reduced up to a certain angle and then, it starts decreasing. In the same way, the difference is observed in chamber pressure which rapidly increases, followed by a decrease. It can be concluded that 5 angle shows better performance in terms of pressure and velocity turbulence.

The diesel engines are mostly used engines because of high efficiency, durability and low operating cost. The diesel oxidation catalyst was designed by using UGNX software. The beads were first undergone the wash coat and then catalyst coating. For wash coat a mixture of Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3), Cerium Oxide (CeO2) and Barium Nitrate (Ba (NO3)2) is mixed with Ortho Phosphoric Acid (H3Po4) and coated on the beads. After wash coat the catalyst i.e. Mn (NO3)2 materials are coated on the wash coated beads. Then the coated diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is equipped on test bench and the concentration of pollutants are taken out as using diesel based up on the experimental results CO and HC were reduced.

The present investigation aims at optimizing the biodiesel production of Grape seed bio-oil. Modelling proficiencies like Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interference System, Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches are used to assess the optimal biodiesel yield by considering the input variable parameters like molar ratio, reaction time and catalyst concentration. Two-stage transesterification process is deployed using sodium hydroxide and methanol. The RSM predicted optimized grape seed biodiesel yield was noticed as 97.62% at 1.045 g/g catalyst concentration, 1.11 hr. reaction duration and 0.2758 v/v molar ratios which were in correlation with the actual yield. Further, the obtained grape seed biodiesel is amalgamated with n-butanol (20%) and Di-ethyl carbonate (10%) to understand its efficacy on the combustion characteristics of the compression ignition engine at variable compression ratios of 17, 17.5 and 18. The outcomes including the in-cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, rate of pressure rise, cumulative heat release, mean gas temperature and mass fraction burnt of the oxygenated fuel blends were compared with straight diesel and diesel – grape seed biodiesel blends.

Diesel Powered engines are predominately used in transport and power generators. Due to rapid depletion of fossils fuels like diesel, there is need to find alternate resources for as a fuel for transport and power sector. The use of third generation fuels like algae seems to be a promising solution to satisfy our energy demands in future. In these work algae is used as an alternative fuel with different blend combination with diesel and the results obtained are summarized. Algae fuel is blended with diesel on a volume basis, namely A10, A20, A30, A40 and A100 and made to run in diesel engines. The properties of the fuels were found according to American Society for Testing and Materials standards. Experimental testing was carried out in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Among the various blends tested A20 shows closer estimation with diesel results in higher thermal efficiency lower HC, CO, Smoke and particulate matter emissions. However, the other emissions like Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were shown marginally higher. Regarding cylinder pressure and heat release rate curves, the peak value obtained is considerably lower at higher load condition while compared with diesel.

In this study, the effects of tert-butanol on the engine performance of Karanja biodiesel/tert-butanol blends were examined. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, wa...

The work analyzes the performance of a solar tunnel dryer for drying four different products (mango slice, citrus, beef, fish) under forced convection by using a DC blower run by a photovoltaic panel (200 w). An experimental setup of solar tunnel dryer has been designed and fabricated. Experiments have been performed during summer season. The system is operated between 30 and 69 °C. The dryer is simple in construction, at a low cost, with locally available materials. The performance of the designed drier is evaluated by carrying drying experiments at Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India (8.1700 °N, 77.4300 °E). RSM software was used to investigate estimation of capacity optimization and acceptability using desirability for four different products. The independent variables or responses were time, air temperature, and solar radiation. These researches are applicable to various process industries to analyze the probable utilization in various forms.

The decline in the availability of fossil fuel, increase in cost and the stringent emission norms are the main concerns identified in the automotive sector during the recent years. Biodiesel is one of the hopeful alternate resources for the mineral diesel to address the above-listed problems. In the present investigation, waste chicken fat biodiesel has been prepared and used to investigate the performance features of single cylinder naturally aspired direct injection diesel engine. The waste chicken fat biodiesel is prepared using transesterification process, and the yield is found to be 94.8%. The physicochemical characteristics of the waste chicken fat methyl ester have been tested and found in line with ASTM standards. The blends of waste chicken fat biodiesel with mineral diesel have been prepared and experimented in a single cylinder standard compression ignition diesel engine without any modifications. The combustion, performance and emission characteristics have been studied, and it is found that the blend B20 resulted in higher performance and lesser emissions among the other test fuels.

In this present work, a novel blend of biodiesel is used to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of an unmodified diesel engine. Pongamia Pinnata is used to extract oil and transesterification process is done to reduce its viscosity. Different fuel blends were prepared using biodiesel which includes D20 blend with diesel, K20 blend with Kerosene and M20 blend with Methanol, the fuel prepared were used in the engine to analyse the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The results were compared with the standard fuel mineral diesel. A considerable increase in brake thermal efficiency is observed for D20 blend. The blend K20 shows considerable improvement in the performance as well as reduction in the emission when compared to all other fuels.

Diesel engines are the major contributors of various types of air polluting gases like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, smoke, etc. Improvement of fuel properties is essential for suppression of Diesel pollutant emissions along with the optimization of design factors and after treatment equipment. Studies conducted in the past have shown that a significant reduction were obtained in the emissions using oxygenates. This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection Diesel engine fueled with 2 Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate (EEA) blends. Different fuel blends which contain 5%, 10% and 15% of EEA were prepared and the effect of these blends on performance and emissions were studied on a single cylinder direct injection Diesel engine. The blends were tested under different load conditions and the result showed that EEA blended fuels improves the performance of the engine and reduce the emission level significantly.