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The aim of the article is to introduce the authors’ perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language’s verbal code. A concept of a “hybrid linguistic picture of the world” is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.

In the present study morphological and evaluation effect produced by visual presentation of morphologically complex words and pseudo-words was studied. In a lexical decision experiment Russian derivatives of a syncretic derivational type (combining nomination and evaluation in its motivational formula) were employed. The aim of the research was to reveal morphological effect in the derivatives of the syncretic model and to check the hypothesis about the semantic effect of evaluation being part of morphological processing. The results revealed a significant morphological effect in suffixed words and pseudo-words but questioned the hypothesis about the interaction of evaluation and morphological conditions in morphological processing.

The article reviews theoretical and practical effects of cognitive theory on foreign language teaching. Providing a general overview of some linguistic issues revised by cognitive approach the authors focus on the research done by the scholars of Tomsk State University (TSU) and their contribution to the development of cognitive approach in language teaching and learning.

This paper shows how the last algebraic matricial form can be obtained when the finite element method is used to approximate the potential distribution of a cathodic protection system that includes low conductivity irregularities in the electrolyte away from, close to and directly on the cathode. In order to study the influence of the resistivity of these irregularities on the possibilities of steel protection, five conductivities were analysed. The numerical results, validated with COMSOL® Multiphysics, show the importance of considering irregularities in the domain in order to prevent systems from becoming unprotected. The experimental data agrees with the theoretical data.

Cellulose mixed esters containing alkylphosphonate and carboxylate groups were prepared homogeneously by a new one-pot method using n-propyl phosphonic acid anhydride (T3P®) in LiCl/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). n-Propyl phosphonic acid anhydride acts as both an activating agent for carboxylic acids and phosphonation reagent. Cellulose mixed esters with DSacyl ranging from 1.4 to 1.8, and DSphos up to 0.7 could be prepared. The structure of the cellulose mixed esters was elucidated by FTIR- and NMR spectroscopy, as well as by GPC and solubility tests.

Spruce sulphite cellulose (number average degree of polymerization 620) dissolved in an aqueous solution of 8% (w/w) LiOH*H2O and 12% (w/w) urea was methylated with dimethyl sulphate (DMS). By varying the reaction temperature between 22 and 50 °C, the molar ratio between 9 and 15 mol DMS per mol anhydroglucose unit, and the reaction time from 4 to 24 h, methyl cellulose (MC) with degree of substitution (DS) values in the range of 1.07 and 1.59 was prepared. The chemical structure of MC was analysed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The turbidity (given in nephelometric turbidity units, NTU) of the aqueous solution of MC reached an optimum of 10 NTU for a product obtained with 12 mol DMS/mol AGU at 50 °C. GPC measurements revealed polymer degradation to a certain extent. The intrinsic viscosity and the Huggins constant k of the MC samples increased with increasing DS value. The MC samples possess k values higher than 0.8, indicating association of the polymer chain. The zero-shear viscosity decreased with increase of both temperature and the amount of methylation agent due to the depolymerization. During the heating/cooling cycle (20–90 °C) of the aqueous solutions of MC, it was observed that samples synthesized at 22 °C with DS values lower than 1.3 did not undergo phase separation in aqueous solution. Phase separation hysteresis with a precipitation temperature up to 80 °C was obtained for aqueous solutions of MC with DS values between 1.07 and 1.66 synthesized at higher temperatures. The functionalization pattern determined by GLC of the corresponding partially methylated glucitol acetates is close to randomness and comparable with those of commercial MC samples.

For the first time, the acylation of cellulose was realized by activation of carboxylic acid with 1H-benzotriazole. The reaction could be carried out under mild conditions. The acyl-1H-benzotriazole reacts with cellulose leading to cellulose acetate, butyrate, caproate, benzoate, myristate, and stearate with DS values between 1.07 and 1.89. The reaction proceeds completely homogeneously in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/TBAF × 3H2O (tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate) using acyl-1H-benzotriazole as acylation agent. The cellulose esters were characterized by means of 1H NMR, GPC measurements, and solubility tests.

The research is aimed at the study of morphological processing in Russian. Age of acquisition and token word frequency are discussed in terms of their correlation and contribution to word processing in Russian. We hypothesize that the word, word base and morpheme (derivational model) age of acquisition is crucial in the development of language creativity and speech comprehension and production in Russian and, along with frequency, interfere with the derivative processing. The authors study Russian suffixed words (syncretic derivatives) comprising one specific semantic derivational group in Russian derivational system using linguistic, psycholinguistic and behavioral methods for data collection and analysis. The idea that perception of Russian syncretic derivatives follows the decompositional pattern is supported by the results of the study. Linear correlation analysis of the frequency and age of acquisition parameters of the Russian syncretic derivatives reveals that the age of acquisition rather than frequency affects the word recognition speed within the material discussed (syncretic derivatives). Thus, the results seem to challenge the long-held belief that the key role of frequency in word processing is out of the question.

By this study we intend to contribute to understanding the role lexical and semantic information play across languages (the native language L1 and the second language L2) during the early stages of word recognition. Our study focuses on lexical and semantic levels of language processing using cross-language semantic and lexical priming as a tool to reveal the relationship between the two languages in bilingual mind. The phenomena under study are cognate words and semantically related words effects on language processing in bilinguals. Basing on the results of two experiments, differing in language proficiency characteristics of the participants, a consistent inhibitory cognate effect was obtained in both groups, with cross language semantic priming effect being facilitating also irrespective of the language proficiency characteristics of the participants.

The aim of the study was, to assess the influence of a knee brace on the development of anterior instability after anterior cruciate ligament rupture and to test aptitude for physical strain. 46 subjects with arthroscopically proven anterior cruciate ligament rupture were divided equally in a randomised order into two groups. Both groups carried out a standardized physical therapy program, while one group (0) received additional stabilization by means of a functional knee brace (SofTec, Bauerfeind). In addition, important features of the brace (stabilization capacity, safety perception and physical performance) were tested and compared to the non-braced contralateral leg among 23 healthy physical education students by means of a standardized scaled questionnaire (observational study). 0 showed lower (p < 0.05) development of the anterior instability by 46 % and lower (p < 0.05) reduction in circumference of the femur muscles by 25 %. Increasing the time interval between accident and beginning of the brace treatment, increased the difference of the therapeutical effect of the brace. In the observational study, the brace received a better evaluation regarding all test parameters. The reduction of developing anterior instability by means of a brace should facilitate - apart from an individual operation-time-arrangement - especially a conservative approach within the framework of anterior instability and physical activity. Aside from the improvement of the mechanical stabilization, indications for suitability in strain situations could be detected for the tested brace.

Reaction of the sodium metalates Na[M(CO)2C5R5] [M = Fe, R = H (1a), Me (1b); M = Ru, R = H (1c), Me (1d)] with an equimolar amount of hexachlorodisilane yields the metallo-pentachlorodisilanes C5R5(OC)2M–SiCl2–SiCl3 (2a–d), which can be converted into the pentahydrido analogues C5R5(OC)2M–SiH2–SiH3 (3a–c) via Cl/H exchange with LiAlH4. Due to the activating effect of the transition metal fragment chlorination of 3a–c with CCl4 or HCCl3 occurs at the α-silicon to give C5R5(OC)2M–SiCl2–SiH3 (4a–c). The metallo-disilanes were characterised by 1H-, 13C-, 29Si-NMR, IR and especially Raman spectroscopy. The structures of C5H5(OC)2Fe–Si2Cl5 (2a) andC5Me5(OC)2Fe–Si2H5 (3b) have been determined by X-ray analysis; 2a,b, 3a,b were theoretically described by DFT calculations.

The design of a new type of binucleating ligand, which stabilizes end-on (μ-peroxo)dicopper(II) compounds (see picture) at ambient temperature, was achieved through molecular modeling.

Carbonyl iron silyl complexes of the type Cp(CO) 2 Fe–SiH 2 R (Cp=cyclopentadienyl) (R=H ( 1 ), Me ( 2 )) were subject to a very interesting photochemistry. They were isolated in krypton matrices and subsequently detected by FT-IR spectroscopy. To study the photochemistry of these complexes, IR spectra were taken after UV irradiation. As a result of the observed differences in the spectra, the reaction mechanism for the photochemical conversion of these compounds, which we postulated on the basis of Raman measurements earlier, is now confirmed.

The olefinic bands of the organometallic mono and dicationic complexes [M(PNP)-(R)](BF 4 ) n (M=Rh(I), n =1; M=Pd(II), n =2; R=ethene, styrene, PNP=2,6-bis(diphenylphosphino-methyl)pyridine)) have been investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Assignment has been undertaken on the tridendated ligand PNP by using the principle of local symmetry.

Raman spectroscopic investigations of the complexes Tp*MO2Me, Cp*MO2Me (Ma Mo, W) and Cp*WO2(n-Bu) (Tp*a hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, Cp* a pentamethyl-cyclopentadienyl, Me a methyl, n-Bu a n-butyl) are presented. A characteristic shift of the metal oxygen stretching vibrations is observed, which can be used as indicator for the donor ability of the ligands Tp* and Cp*. Force field calculations confirm these observations.q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The reactivity of dimethyldioxirane and methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane towards the amine N-oxides 1a–13a and ammonium derivatives 13b–d has been investigated. In the dioxirane oxidation of the tertiary amines and nitrogen heteroarenes, the expected N-oxides are not always formed. Instead, the in situ generated N-oxides are deoxygenated by the dioxirane with the release of singlet oxygen (1O2) at comparable or even higher rates than the amine oxidation. The amount of 1O2 has been quantified by IR chemiluminescence and by chemical trapping with 9,10-dimethylanthracene. The nucleophilicity of the N-oxide determines the efficacy of the 1O2 release in the deoxygenation. Thus, for the less nucleophilic heteroaromatic N-oxides, the deoxygenation of the amine oxide competes ineffectively with the oxidation of the amine. The ammonium derivatives 13b–d do not promote the decomposition of the dioxiranes; as expected, they are epoxidized.

The compounds (η5-C5H5)(OC)2Fe–SiH2R with RH (1) and CH3 (2) have been isolated in krypton or nitrogen matrices and subsequently detected by Raman spectroscopy, followed by a detailed vibrational analysis. To study the photochemistry of the iron silyl complexes 1 and 2, Raman spectra were also taken after UV irradiation. Resonance Raman spectroscopy enabled the detection of newly generated species in low concentrations. Due to the observed differences in the spectra, a reaction mechanism for the photochemical conversion of 1 and 2 in matrices is suggested. The experimental spectra of 1 are compared with the vibrational data of density functional calculations. These calculations propose a CO-loss product with a (Fe, H, Si) three-centre bond as a stable intermediate for the photochemical conversion of 1. Infrared measurements confirm the photochemical CO elimination.

Long chain starch esters were prepared by a new method using molten imidazole as solvent for the biopolymer. The advantage is the simplicity of the reaction mixture. Imidazole is acting not only as solvent, but also as reagent and base. The reaction succeeds via the imidazolide, which is formed in situ with an acid chloride. It yields highly pure derivatives, as could be shown by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. No hints for desoxychloro substituents or other impurities could be found. The high quality of the products prepared is responsible for the occurrence of colorless melts. Although DSC measurements show a variety of thermal transitions, the formation of melts in the range of 40 to 255 °C could be observed with a hot stage microscope. The melting behavior can be adjusted by the type of ester moiety and the amount of ester functions introduced. In case of starch palmitates completely transparent melts are obtained within two distinct DS regions namely around 1.5 and 2.2 to 3.0. Upon cooling the melts form homogeneous films on different supports including glass. They show good adhesion and should therefore be a suitable basic material for the preparation of composites like laminated glass.

Holzforschung, 64 (1), ISSN:0018-3830, ISSN:1437-434X

The influence of TiO 2 content on the structure of 3B 2 O 3 ·K 2 O glass was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. First, the addition of titanium oxide does not determine any structural changes in studied glasses. For x ≤0.1 Raman spectra indicate that studied glasses contain mainly pentaborate groups and boroxol rings. At a high concentration of titanium oxide the number of nonbridging oxygens increases and the glass structure becomes more randomised. For x > 0.1 TiO 2 ring type metaborate groups and “loose” BO 4 − tetrahedra appear. A small number of chain-type metaborate and pyroborate groups are also present in this kind of glass. Therefore, we conclude that titanium ions act as network modifiers in these glasses only at high concentration.

The role of spontaneous and induced abortion on breast cancer risk is examined among 267,361 women recruited into the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition between 1992 and 2000. The data were collected from 20 centers, across 9 countries, and included information on a total of 4,805 women with breast cancer, of whom 1,657 reported having ever had any type of abortion. Overall, the relative risk of breast cancer in women who reported ever having had a spontaneous abortion was not significantly elevated when compared with women who reported never having had such an abortion (RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.99-1.14). However, there was some evidence of a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer among women who reported having had 2 or more spontaneous abortions (1.20, 1.07-1.35). The relative risk of breast cancer among women who reported ever having had an induced abortion when compared to women who reported never having had an induced abortion was 0.95 (0.87-1.03). Overall, the findings provide further unbiased evidence of the lack of an adverse effect of induced abortion on breast cancer risk. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The aim of the study was, to assess the influence of a knee brace on the development of anterior instability after anterior cruciate ligament rupture and to test aptitude for physical strain. 46 subjects with arthroscopically proven anterior cruciate ligament rupture were divided equally in a randomised order into two groups. Both groups carried out a standardized physical therapy program, while one group (0) received additional stabilization by means of a functional knee brace (SofTec, Bauerfeind). In addition, important features of the brace (stabilization capacity, safety perception and physical performance) were tested and compared to the non-braced contralateral leg among 23 healthy physical education students by means of a standardized scaled questionnaire (observational study). 0 showed lower (p0.05) development of the anterior instability by 46 % and lower (p0.05) reduction in circumference of the femur muscles by 25 %. Increasing the time interval between accident and beginning of the brace treatment, increased the difference of the therapeutical effect of the brace. In the observational study, the brace received a better evaluation regarding all test parameters. The reduction of developing anterior instability by means of a brace should facilitate - apart from an individual operation-time-arrangement - especially a conservative approach within the framework of anterior instability and physical activity. Aside from the improvement of the mechanical stabilization, indications for suitability in strain situations could be detected for the tested brace.

The acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides 3 and 7 were synthesized as photochemical hydroxyl radical sources for oxidative DNA damage studies. The generation of hydroxyl radicals upon UVA irradiation (lambda = 350 nm) was verified by trapping experiments with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide and benzene. The enzymatic assays of the damage in cell-free DNA from bacteriophage PM2 caused by the acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides 3 and 7 under near-UVA irradiation revealed a wide range of DNA modifications. Particularly, extensive single-strand break formation and DNA base modifications sensitive to formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg protein) were observed. In the photooxidation of calf thymus DNA, up to 0.69 +/- 0.03% 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine was formed by the hydroperoxides 3 and 7 on irradiation, whose yield was reduced up to 40% in the presence of the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol and tert-butanol. The acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides 3 and 7 also induce DNA damage through the type I photooxidation process, for which photoinduced electron transfer from 2'-deoxyguanosine to the singlet states of 3 and 7 was estimated by the Rehm-Weller equation to possess a negative Gibb's free energy of ca -5 kcal/ mol. Control experiments with the sensitizers acridine 1 and the acridine alcohol 4 in calf thymus and PM2 DNA confirmed the photosensitizing propensity of the UVA-absorbing chromophores. The present study emphasizes that for the development of selective and efficient photochemical hydroxyl radical sources, chromophores with low photosensitizing ability must be chosen to avoid type I and type II photooxidation processes.

SUMMARYThe suitability and reliability of the Rh-Antigens is being discussed in details in the light of a great number of forensic serologic tests carried out in our Institute in cases of discussed parentage (859 contracting parties, 1251 males involved).The frequency of paternity exclusions observed does greatly conform with the frequency expected. Differences noted are either very small or are in the range of standard deviation.Authors emphasize that it is necessary to repeat the test especially if a criminal case is concerned or if an accused father can be excluded.

SUMMARYI. The results are reported of Rh—Antigens examinations on 61 families with together 154 children and on 423 mother—child relations. No deviations from the theory of inheritance concerning the Rh-Caracteristics could be noticed.II. The results obtained by examination of 2472 persons concerning the distribution of the Rh-types C, c, D and E in the German population makes it possible to obtain safe conclusions concerning the Rh-type representative for us and its use to the forensic paternity exclusion by calculating the application of the type (acc. to Hirszfeld). There is a far-reaching correspondence between our observations and Anglo-American (Wiener and Race), and Norvegian reports (Hartmann and his staff), about the distribution of the types.III. A survey of paternity exclusions as observed from our material substantiates the theoretic conclusions and shows also in practice the importance of the RH-Antigens of certain characters (C, c, D and E) for the forensic medicine.

The present study proposes application of Russian Parallel Corpus in investigation of Russian derivational suffix – yaka . Analyzing the work of professional translators the author makes inferences about the way they process and use derivatives with suffix – yaka . The obtained results support compositional nature of the researched derivatives’ processing coming in line with the results obtained within propositional approach to the description of derivational processes.

The research reviews the problem of enhancing oral fluency during a course of General English for technical learners. The range of issues discussed includes the concept of fluency, criteria for its assessment, and the factors hindering it. The methodology suggested is designed in the framework of the cognitive-communicative approach and incorporates regular free-talking sessions, talks focused on language problems and discussions centered on pop-music. The methodology stimulates the learners’ motivation for developing prosodic and grammatical skills, contributes to the growth of pragmatic competence and linguistic competence, which are indispensable conditions of oral fluency as a characteristic feature of L2 proficiency.