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Studies have been carried out to identify the effect of sulfitation treatment of sugar-beet processing semi-products on their color when it is carried out at one or several processing stages, as well as in its complete absence. At the first stage, the influence of the process of sulfitation treatment of the extractant and thin juice on the color of the thin juice and thick juice obtained from the thin juice by evaporation was studied. It was established that the sulfitation treatment of only the extractant provided a decrease in the color of the thick juice by 9.21%, while the sulfitation treatment of only thin juice – by 55.00%, and the sulfitation treatment of extractant and thin juice – by 58.16%. In addition, an increase in the purity of the thick juice by 0.45% due to the sulfitation treatment of the extractant and thin juice reduced the sucrose content in molasses by 0.11% and, consequently, reduced the overall loss of sugar in production. At the second stage, the effect of sulfitation treatment of a B+C remelt syrups with the use of sulfur dioxide and sodium bisulfite was studied. It was established that the amount of blocked aldehyde and ketone groups when thick juice was treated with sulfur dioxide was higher than when treated with sodium bisulfite due to the divalent anion SO3 2–, and not the monovalent HSO3–. At the third stage, under production conditions, the effect of sulfitation treatment of massecuite I on the boiling time and color of white sugar was studied. It was established that the average value of the color of white sugar in the presence of sulfitation treatment of massecuite I was 0.44 ICUMSA units, while without treatment – 0.50 ICUMSA units, i.e. under production conditions, the sulfitation treatment of massecuite A made it possible to reduce the color of the finished product – white sugar by 12.0%.

It is well known that in order to obtain crystalline sugar of a high quality category (Extra and TS1), it is necessary to ensure the production of concentrated sugar-containing intermediates with the lowest possible color, since it is these intermediates that directly determine the color of the resulting crystalline sugar. Laboratory studies have been carried out on the effect of sulfitation treatment using various reagents, namely, sulfurous anhydride and sodium bisulfite, of concentrated intermediates – thick juice and remelt syrup B+C of sugar production on the quality of beet sugar. It has been established that the sulfitation treatment of concentrated intermediates using sulfur dioxide provides a greater reduction in their color compared to sodium bisulfite – from 996,70 to 830,30 and 857,30 ICUMSA units respectively. It has been established that sulfitation treatment with using various reagents of concentrated intermediates provides a decrease in the color of sugar. So, according to the color index, sugar obtained in laboratory conditions from samples obtained using sulfitation treatment, according to the requirements of GOST 33222-2015, corresponds to category TS1, and obtained from an untreated sample, to category TS2. Thus, in a critical situation, sulfitation treatment can provide sugar with a higher quality category. It has been established that during long-term storage (up to 100 days) of concentrated sugar-containing intermediates, their color increases, however, preliminary sulfitation treatment using sulfur dioxide provides the smallest increase in color during storage, compared with treatment with sodium bisulfite. The increase in color after 100 days of storage relative to the initial values was 18,46 and 36,26%, respectively.

The article discusses and analyzes the construction of liquid-jet sulfitators used in the beet sugar industry. The importance of sulfitation treatment in the sugar beet processing and raw cane sugar technology is noted and the main advantages of its use at various technological stages are given, namely, preparation of extractant used for diffusion sucrose extraction out of beet cossettes, thin juice processing, thick juice with B- and C-remelts processing, as well as raw cane sugar remelt processing. The advantages and disadvantages of liquid-jet sulfitators in comparison with other constructions are noted and criteria for their improvement are given. It has been noted that the created ejection, which sucks in the sulphitation gas into the contacting chamber, and the fact that the absorption of sulfur dioxide occurs on a larger surface than in other types of structures the main advantages of liquid-jet sulphitators. The main disadvantages are the short length of the contacting chamber, which is insufficient for ensuring complete absorption of sulfur dioxide, as well as instability of the generated ejection when the productivity changes. This determines the criteria given in the article for the improvement of liquid-jet sulfitators. The description of the developed construction of the sulphitator centrifugal-jet nozzle of sugar production liquids is given, which provides: the stability of the sulphitation gas supply in a wide range of plant productivity; stability of the hydroaerodynamic regime of the system «treated liquid – sulphitation gas» inside the sulphitator; sufficient contact time for complete dissolution in the treated liquid of the sulfur anhydride contained in the sulphitation gas. The advantages of the developed centrifugal-jet sulfitators in comparison with typical liquid-jet sulfitators are noted: ensuring the operation range of 50-120% of the nominal capacity (plant production capacity); significant reduction in the technical sulfur consumption for the sulphur anhydride production, which is used as a reagent for the sulfitation treatment of liquids in beet sugar processing; reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere due to 100 % sulfur anhydride dissolution in the treated liquid.

The article overviews modern studies of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials using enzymes. Extraction of biologically active substances using enzymes allows for controlled biotransformation of plant materials due to the precise specificity and selectivity of enzymes, which creates mild conditions that ensure the preservation of biologically active substances. It has been noted that the quality of the extractant used has a significant effect on the efficiency of the extraction process. Thus, raw materials treated with a combination of an electrolyte and an enzyme are extracted more efficiently by reducing the mass transfer barrier. The main advantage of using supercritical fluids as an extractant is a decrease in temperature or pressure that leads to the precipitation of the extractable substance. One of the main disadvantages of the process of extracting biologically active substances from plant materials using enzymes is their high cost. To eliminate this disadvantage, the following intensification methods are used: ultrasonic treatment, high pressure treatment and microwave treat- ment. The most promising methods for intensifying the process of extracting biologically active substances from plant materials using enzymes are methods of ultrasonic and microwave treatment. Ultrasonic treatment under optimal conditions allows increasing the activity of enzymes, and microwave treatment provides more efficient penetration of the extractant into the tissues of plant material, due to the destruction of cell walls.

Treatment of solutions of beet molasses with 5 strains of microorganisms belonging to 4 species in order to enrich the solutions with β-carotene, vitamin B2 and organic acids have been studied. The influence of the initial pH value, as well as the optimal dry matter content in molasses solutions, which ensure the effective vital activity of microorganisms with the synthesis of biologically active substances, has been revealed. It has been found that F-3758 and F-3759 Blakeslea trispora strains in molasses solutions are not capable of synthesizing β-carotene. It has been found that B-501 Bacillus subtilis strain exhibits high activity in molasses solutions with initial pH values of 7.0 and 8.5 and a dry matter content of not more than 20 %. As a result of life activity in molasses solutions of Bacillus subtilis, strain B-501 synthesizes vitamin B2 in the amount of 1.42-1.93 mg/g of sugars. It has been revealed that Y-2482 Debaryomyces hansenii strain in molasses solution with an initial pH of 7.0 synthesizes organic acids in an amount of 1.790 (mmol/100 ml)/g of sugars. In addition, Y-2482 Debaryomyces hansenii strain is capable of vital activity in solution with an initial pH of 8.5, but some of its vital products are neutralized. It has been established that Y-2305 Guehomyces pullulans is capable of vital activity in molasses solutions, however, its vital products are not only organic acids, but also some compounds with oxy groups, as a result of which they are neutralized. Ultimately, the amount of synthesized Y-2305 Guehomyces pullulans organic acids is 0.2 (mmol/100 ml)/g of sugar. It has been proved that B-501 Bacillus subtilis strain and Y-2482 Debaryomyces hansenii strain are promising strains for enriching beet molasses solutions with biologically active substances.

Beet pulp is a secondary resource of the sugar industry which consists mainly of high molecular weight polysaccharides. However, 1/8 of beet pulp is not demanded by domestic industry but this fact makes it promising as the main carrier of nutrients for the microbiological industry, in particular, the microbiological synthesis of alternative fuels. The article provides an overview of domestic and foreign scientific research on obtaining alternative fuel resources. The main ones are hydrogen, methane, ethanol, butanol and acetone. Currently, the highest yield of fuel resources obtained by the microbiological method reaches 0.4 g/g of sugars. When usingEscherichia coli, the end product is ethanol, and Clostridium beijerinckii is acetone and butanol.Methane production is at the level of 502.5 l/kg of volatile solids, and that of hydrogen is 197.9 ml/g of total carbon, however, the microorganisms used are not named by the authors. To achieve such indicators the method of preparing beet pulp is important, since it is necessary to hydrolyze the largest amount of polysaccharides into monosaccharides. So, pre-treatment of beet pulp with sulfuric acid can increase the degree of hydrolysis from 33% to 93%. In addition, beet pulp can be used to immobilize Saccharomyces cerevisiae when processing molasses or syrup solutions for ethanol synthesis, providing up to 7 fermentation cycles before the retention agent loses its properties. The production of ethanol in this case will be 0.446 g/g of sugars. The works aimed at a feasibility study of the feasibility of installing biogas plants at sugar factories for various regions of Russia are considered. However, since Russia is a country with significant reserves of fossil fuels, the payback period for the introduction of biogas plants is quite high.

Insoluble calcium salts are an inevitable negative consequence of the lime-carbon dioxide purification of diffusion juice. With their high content, scale formation on the surfaces of heatexchange equipment is enhanced, resulting in a decrease in heat transfer efficiency and evaporation equipment performance. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the solids content in the syrup and an increase in the time of fillmass boiling, which is inevitably accompanied by an increase in the loss of sucrose.The article presents the results of studies of the effect of the degree of processing of juice of the second saturation, as well as the return of the suspension of sediment of the second saturation II on the quality of the purified juices, taking into account the electrokinetic properties of the intermediates characterized by the magnitude of the surface charge. The need to determine the optimal alkalinity of juice II saturation has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. A return to ripening of a suspension of sediment of II saturation is theoretically justified to increase the effect of purification of diffusion juices and reduce the content of calcium salts. Comparative data on the effect of the degree of processing of juice II saturation to pH values of 9.5; 9.0; 8.5; 8.0 on the quality of purified juice have been presented. It has been established that the optimal performance of the second saturation ensures the greatest cleaning effect, increasing the purity of the juice by 1.3-1.4 %, reducing the color by 30 % and the minimum content of calcium salts. In addition, it provides an increase in the purity of the resulting syrup by 1.6-1.7 % and a decrease in its color by 15 %. It has been shown that the return to ripening of a suspension of sediment of II saturation saturated with calcium hydroxycarbonate helps to increase the purity of the juice by 0.6-0.8 %, reduce the content of calcium salts by 30%, and color by 20 %.

Sugar beet pulp is a promising source for obtaining pectin, protopectin, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The article gives a brief description of the most common technology for producing pectin from sugar beet pulp, as well as the results of domestic and foreign studies aimed at improving the finished product yield and quality. It has been established that pulp drying regimes have a decisive influence on the quality of the obtained pectin, predetermining its structural properties. With a decrease in pulp particle size for extraction, pectin yield increases by 20 % with a concomitant increase in galacturonic acid content by 60%, however, its rheological properties deteriorate. Electrochemical treatment of extractant for pectin obtaining increases pectin yield by 18-20 %, while electric treatment of the beet pulp by 50 %. The scientific works aimed at obtaining RG-1 «hairy» pectin, as well as the pectin fermentation in order to produce oligosaccharides with the best prebiotic properties have been considered. The results of the studies aimed at chemical obtaining of 10-70 nm cellulose nanotubes in pure form from depectinated pulp, as well as cellulose nanotubes in the composition of gels from fermented beet pulp, have been presented. The work aimed at the use of dried beet pulp as lignin-containing raw materials in chipboards production has been described.

Rheological properties of beet chips are one of the main factors determining the effectiveness of its diffusion desugarization and subsequent pressing. The article presents the results of studies aimed at comparing the three most widely used industrial methods of extragent processing in terms of their influence on rheological properties of beet chips. It has been shown that distortion of sugared chips after ten-minute compression with a pressure of 0.16 kp/cm2 and a subsequent ten-minute relaxation after treatment with an extractant using sulfuric acid makes up 32.11% and 19.68% respectively, distortion of chips after processing with an extractant using sulfuric acid in mixtures with freshly prepared gypsum makes up 34.08% and 23.05%, and distortion of chips after treatment with an extractant using sulfuric anhydride - 36.81% and 25.25%. On the basis of the obtained data, the elastic moduli were calculated, which made up 79,72 kPa, 68.07 kPa and 62.15 kPa, respectively. Under production conditions, an increase in the content of dry substances in the pressed pulp can be about 3.30% when processed with an extractant using sulfuric anhydride, and about 2.87% when treated with an extractant with sulfuric acid in a mixture with freshly prepared gypsum through the achievement of optimal rheological properties of spent beet chips.

The chemical composition of molasses, namely, the complex of macro- and microelements, along with the 45-50 % sucrose content in it, makes it promising to obtain new types of products from it. The article presents the results of research of domestic and foreign scientists aimed at microbiological, physical, chemical and enzymatic effects on molasses in order to synthesize and isolate biologically active substances. By identifying the optimal conditions for microbiological exposure to molasses, the researchers synthesized 4.6 g of bacterial cellulose in 1 liter of molasses , 10.5 g of lipids, 176 mg of nisin, 14 g of succinoglycan, 7 g of lactic acid, 37 g of D-psicose as well as enzymes: 2237 units of β-amylase and 36.1 units of invertase. Moreover, a bacterial suspension was created, which had a stimulating effect on the development of wheat seeds, which can later be used as fertilizers. The results of studies on the processing of molasses by a complex of enzymes and / or chemical reagents made it possible to synthesize hydroxymethylfurfurol, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, including anthocyanins, as well as to obtain various oligosaccharides, anti-icers and long-acting fertilizers.

Theoretical basis of effective removal of moisture from beet pulp by pressing before drying is given in the article. A scheme of a sulfide installation introduced in a number of enterprises of the industry is presented, and energy-economic calculation of its application is performed. The expected economic efficiency due to an increase in the yield of sugar, an increase in the degree of pulp compaction and a decrease in the consumption of conventional fuel will amount to about 2800 thousand rubles for every 100 thousand tons of processed sugar beet.

The article presents the results of a long-term research performed by national and international scientists in field of intensification of the process of sucrose extraction from sugar beet cossettes. The data characterizing the efficiency of electrical treatment on the structure of sugar beet tissue and changes in its physical properties are presented. The quality indicators of diffusion and purified juices obtained by classical and experimental technologies are given. The prospects of introduction of technologies for the processing of sugar beet cossettes by electric and electromagnetic fields in the sugar beet industry are estimated.

The article presents the results of two-year research on U.M.N.I.K. competition aimed at developing an organomineral microbiological preparation based on the filtration sediment, acid pulp and transporter-washing sludge and fungi of Trichoderma genus in order to increase yield and microbiological sanitation of soils. The yields of crops in grain-crop rotations, as well as the results of microbiological study of soils are given.