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The article is devoted to the correct use of modern statistical methods in data analysis. Considering the complexity of choosing and implementation of statistical method for data analysis and correct interpretation of the results we emphasize the importance of interaction between a medical scientist (biologist) and biostatistician. The article in a clear way emphasizes the correctpresentation of the results as a table and graphic form, recalls the differences between normal and other types of distribution of quantitative characteristics in the aggregate. Examples of using the multivariate methods are given in detail: discriminant analysis and logistic regression. The results of the original bulbar conjunctiva microcirculation study by the biomicroscopy were provided an example of the potential of these complex and infrequently used statistical methods. The conclusions emphasize the need for cooperation between a medical researcher (biologist) and biomedical statistician for the correct application of statistical methods, the maximum extraction of useful information from the primary data, as well as assistance in interpreting the results obtained. The authors provide an extensive list of statistical literature that studying can help medical scientists understand this complex science.

The purpose of the article is an interdisciplinary analysis of the concepts of «neurophilosophy» and «neurobibliology» in the system of cognitive sciences as varieties of cognitive sciences. It shows the importance of a new formulation of the problem. Neurophilosophy is an area of interdisciplinary research based both on knowledge of the neurophysiological foundations of mental phenomena and on computer methods for modeling brain activity. The brain cannot be understood without the problem of subjective experience and consciousness, but consciousness cannot be understood without studying the brain. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.V. Anokhin considers the problems of creativity in the context of the cognitome / connectome construction. The cognitome is a reflection of the system of subjective experience, and the connectome is the architecture of the body's neural network. According to K.V. Anokhin, the book is an external cognitome.The author proposes the concept of neurobibliology as an interdisciplinary scientific direction at the intersection of bibliology and the theory of cognitive processes. It is based on the «cognitome» research program. The key object of study of neurobibliology is the «book – book business – reader» system in relation to the brain mechanisms of the behavior of the cognitome.The book science of neurosciences is a study of book science concepts of library science, bibliographic studies, reader studies, which underlie a particular neuroscience, as well as the study and analysis of the goals, methods, and problems of individual neurosciences. Thus, bibliology of neurosciences can be considered as a derivative of neurobibliology, which forms and solves the problems of neurosciences. Neurobibliology and bibliology of the neurosciences can be defined more as «a complex knowledge science» than «a complex cognitive science».

The interdisciplinary approach to studying the book and library as the forms of memory transmission is discussed. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the concept of the library “as the form to memorize knowledge and preserve cultural memory”. The originality of the study lies in the defining traditional library functions: they not only preserve information and deliver it to users but also orient them in the world of books, and facilitate their creativity. The monograph in structured in four chapters. Chapter 1 “The methodological foundations of the memory phenomenon studies” examines the concepts of the book and reading in the memory structure. Chapter 2 “Conceptualization of the memory in philosophy and cultural studies” comprises the analysis of memory concepts related to the memory institutions: libraries, museums, and archives. In the Chapter 3, “The memory organizational forms”, the evolution and institutionalization of collective memory forms are discussed. Chapter 4 “The library and cultural memory” focuses on the book and library as memory transmission forms. The libraries’ humanistic mission is substantiated; they do not only preserve cultural and historic heritage but are also naturally and creatively apply new technological possibilities. The interdisciplinary approach chosen by the author enables to demonstrate the prospects for the libraries, books and academic community in upgrading cultural environment.

The article presents the results of studies of the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy Ti4.25Al-2V, fabricated by direct metal deposition on equipment developed by State Marine Technical University. A comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of the deposited metal in comparison with cast and forged metal is carried out. It is shown that the high level of its properties as regards cast metal is associated with differences in its structure, in particular, with high dispersion

The results of the work of the NRC “Kurchatov Institute” – CRISM “Prometey” on the creation of titanium alloys for deep-sea marine equipment, vehicles and submersibles are presented. The paper considers development of titanium alloys with a yield strength of more than 1000 MPa.

This article discusses the results of corrosion tests and microstructural studies of forgings from various titanium alloys modified with ruthenium, of systems Ti–Al–Zr + 0.15% Ru, Ti–Al–V–Mo + 0.15% Ru, Ti–Al–V–Cr–Fe–Mo + 0.15% Ru and similar systems of basic compositions. On the basis of the performed complex of studies, the influence of the amount of the β-phase on the local content of ruthenium and, as a consequence, on the effect of cathodic protection in general was analyzed.

The structure of deformed semi-finished products (forgings) from titanium alloys of Ti–Al–Zr + 0.15% Ru, Ti–Al–V– Mo + 0.15% Ru, Ti–Al–V–Cr–Fe–Mo + 0.15% Ru systems has been investigated. The basic mechanical properties, microstructure, results of local elemental and phase analyses obtained by X-ray spectral microanalysis and backscattered electron diffraction, as well as a model of the effect of ruthenium on increasing corrosion resistance of titanium alloys of various classes are presented.

Among titanium alloys, modern α- and pseudo-α-alloys occupy a special place due to the unique combination of their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, low density and high specific strength, which determines their effectiveness in various industries. Analysis of structural materials used for heat exchange equipment of nuclear power plants showed that the increase in the efficiency and compactness of tube systems made of a-titanium alloys is constrained by their thermal conductivity characteristic, which does not exceed 89 W/(m·K) at a temperature of 20°C. An exception is the VT1-0 grade alloy, the scope of which is limited to a maximum operating temperature of no more than 250°C. The paper considers the results of studies of a new titanium alloy of the Ti-Zr-Al-O composition with increased thermal conductivity for pipe systems of power equipment.

The welding properties of argon-arc and electron-beam welding of pseudo-β-titanium alloy of VST 5553 grade are investigated. It is necessary to apply heat treatment after welding to improve the mechanical properties of welded joints.

The article is devoted to the activity of Zhores I. Alferov as a curator of the Russian Academy of Sciences Library (BAN), which is little known to a wide audience. It reports about his role in the construction of a new book depository for the funds suffered after the 1988 tragic fire, in expanding international contacts in the Academy of Sciences; participation in the publication of unique materials of the “Academicians’ case of 1929–1931”, and “Annals of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences”; initiative in attracting the attention of students of the Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the history of the Library. Zh. I. Alferov supported establishing the Council for defending PhD theses on specialty 05.25.03 "Library Science, Bibliography and Book Science” in BAN that worked during 1998–2007. For nine years, more than 20 people defended their dissertations. The author emphasizes the special role of Zh. I. Alferov in discussing library science issues in the academic community at the meetings of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His openness, responsiveness and democratic attitude toward the staff of the Russian Academy of SciencesLibrary made him a respected person of all library staff. Evidence of this is the fundamental bibliographic index of Zh. I. Alferov’s publications, which was issued in 2010 in the famous series “Materials for the biobibliography of scientists”.

The welding properties of argon-arc and electron-beam welding of titanium pseudo-β-alloy of VST 5553 grade are investigated. It is shown that to increase the level of mechanical properties of welded joints, it is necessary to apply heat treatment after welding.

Results of a study of the effect of a modifier (boron carbide) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a castable titanium pseudo-α-alloy are presented.

—The virtual structures of titanium alloy fragments are created via EBSD using microstructural research and local crystal orientations. The uniaxial strains are calculated through a finite element method taking crystallographic characteristics, anisotropic elastic moduli, and crystallographic sliding into account. The mapping of the Schmid factor is carried out for structural fragments. The influence of measured orientations on the intensity of theoretical stress and strains in the loaded elements of polycrystalline material is studied as well.

This article discusses test results of corrosion mechanical properties and fatigue properties of deformed semifinished items (forgings and pipes) made of titanium alloys PT-7M and PT-7M with addition of ruthenium. The main mechanical properties of titanium alloys, the structure, and the ruthenium distribution in the structure are determined. Results of static three-point bending tests of specimens with crack are discussed for determination of corrosion mechanical strength and cyclic fatigue strength of forgings and pipes of these alloys in a corrosive medium.

The microstructure and chemical composition of phases and inclusions in Ti–5Al–4V–2Zr alloys are studied in the initial state, after irradiation by titanium ions to radiation damage dose of ~1 dpa at 260°C, and after thermal aging at 450°C for 1000 h. Microstructural studies are carried out using scanning electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Phase analysis is performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Chemical analysis of grains of the matrix phase and β-phase is presented. Spatial distribution of chemical elements in α- and β-phase lamellae is analyzed by atom probe tomography. Formation of nanosized vanadium pre-precipitates in the α-phase is observed in irradiated material.

The radiation resistance of advanced Ti–5Al–4V–2Zr, Ti–5Al–2Mo–2Zr, and Ti–4Al–Mo–20Zr titanium alloys after neutron irradiation damaging dose of 0.29 dpa at irradiation temperature of 260°C was studied. The results of mechanical and microstructural tests of specimens carried out by transmission electron microscopy are presented; the distribution profiles of the alloying elements obtained by the energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy were studied.

The investigation is focused on the study of the structure, fracture, and phase composition of standard industrial pseudo-alpha-titanium alloy and the same titanium alloy alloyed with ruthenium. Also, the possibility to increase the low-cycle fatigue and resistance to stress corrosion cracking of industrial titanium allow using cathodic alloying with ruthenium.

Chemical analysis of phases and inclusions in a specimen of Ti–5Al–4V–2Zr titanium alloy in the initial state and after irradiation with titanium ions up to the radiation damage dose of ~1 dpa at 260°C was carried out and the microstructure was studied. Microstructural analysis was performed by the methods of transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography. Results of the chemical analysis of the matrix α phase and inclusions of β phase grains are given. It is shown that the α phase is enriched in aluminum up to 10 at % and the β phase is enriched in vanadium up to 20 at % in the initial state in the Ti–5Al–4V–2Zr alloy. Heavy ion irradiation induces the formation of dislocation loops of 3 to 12 nm with the number density of ~1022 m–3. A high number density (up to ~1024 m–3) of nanoscale precipitations with the average size of ~2 nm is formed during alloy irradiation in the α phase.

Aerospace industry is currently the major consumer of titanium in Russia. Shipbuilding is its second largest consumer. Oil and gas, chemical, pulp-and-paper and other industries use less titanium. In the Russian industrial sector titanium is geting more applicable. Since the 13th World Ti-2015 Conference the titanium application trends have persisted [1]. Among the major development trends of titanium alloys one should note the development of titanium alloys for deep-water marine facilities, case designs of small-size nuclear power plants, the development of additive technologies, the technologies of isostatic pressing, the development of titanium products by new production facilities, etc. Titanium is still considered an advanced structural material used for scientific and technical progress in different industrial sectors.

The paper presents manual narrow groove welding of marine high-strength titanium alloys of large thickness using special flat devices (nozzle burners), double-sided electron beam welding, and welding technology producing combined high-strength titanium alloys of large thickness (over 200 mm). Electron beam welding technology with filler wire in the vertical and horizontal position of the seam has been developed to fill the gap. The technology for repair of welded joints of titanium alloys of large thicknesses by electron-beam melting has also been developed. The mentioned technologies have been implemented at shipbuilding sites and have passed interdepartmental tests.

This article presents the scheme for a Freon heat-recovery refrigeration unit developed on the basis of the forward and reverse Rankine cycle for cooling water. The arguments in favor of the possibility to create such small installations for cooling (5 kW at the temperature level of 5°C) are presented on the basis of turbomachinery (centripetal radial-axial turbines and centrifugal compressors). The calculated thermal coefficient for the installation is compared with the thermal coefficient of a single-stage absorption chiller running on an aqueous solution of lithium bromide.

The main results of the complex investigations of properties of high-strength weldable pseudo-α titanium alloys of the compositions 6%Al, 1.5%V, 1.0%Mo, 0.5%Zr, 0.1%C and 6%Al, 2.0%Mo, 0.5%Zr, 0.1%C, which determine their efficient use in components and units of transport steam-turbine plants, are considered. The strength margins of titanic components of the power equipment are estimated.

CRISM Prometey has pioneered the use of titanium alloys as structural materials for marine facilities. Specialized titanium alloys for ship hulls, marine power systems, and ship engineering are widely used in shipbuilding and other industries. Prometey has created titanium alloys with the yield strength of 785 MPa and technologies of manufacturing large semifinished products: boards with thickness up to 160 mm, sheet billets for stamping, and billet forgings. The 50-year experience of operation with titanium hull structures has demonstrated that pseudo-α alloys are the optimum variant of welded titanium alloys for marine equipment. These alloys as parts of welded structures are characterized by good weldability and adaptability and high corrosion and mechanical resistance in metallurgical works and shipbuilding. Currently, the company is working to improve the yield strength of pseudo-α-class alloys to 950 MPa, as well as developing the ultrastrong titanium alloy for autonomous manned submersibles, allowing the hydrogeological studies and works at depths up to 11 km. Work is in progress on titanium alloys designed for marine equipment operating in extreme conditions of the Arctic offshore.

An experimental bench is presented for testing of a scroll expander at various rotational speeds and expansion ratios. Test data obtained are presented in the form of plots showing the dependence of isoentropic efficiency on expansion ratio and rotational speed. Prospects for improvement of the bench and new tests are noted on the basis of analysis of test results obtained.

One of the forms of cognoscibility of book is the study of its properties, such as gravity, which is understood as attraction. This property is universal; it is inherent in both: print and e-book. To study the manifestation of gravity is offered through the processes of reading. Reading determines the level of attraction of the text to the reader. The article discusses the types of reading and the reaction of the reader's perception and understanding of the book.

The engineering simulation software Deform 3D is applied for development and adoption of 3D simulation of manufacturing of pressed semifinished 1600 mm blades. Three stages of pressing are considered, including heating, intermediate cooling in transporting, and cooling of billet as a consequence of heat exchange with the die. On the basis of simulation, the distribution of temperature fields and strain fields is obtained at various stages of pressing. The calculation reveals that, at all pressing stages, the temperature of billet does not exceed the temperature of polymorphic transformation. The simulation demonstrates that such billet can be pressed in accordance with standard specifications.

The possibility of increasing the corrosion resistance of 5V titanium industrial alloy by cathodic doping with ruthenium is studied. A high efficiency of this doping as a prevention measure against crevice and general corrosion in chloride-containing media at high temperatures is shown.

The influence of alloying, hot deformation, and heat treatment on the structure, mechanical properties, and characteristics of the working capacity of titanium alloys and their welded joints is shown. The basic applications of titanium alloys for marine constructions and nuclear power engineering are determined.

Rolling with thermomechanical treatment is the method most commonly used today for the production of strong, weldable, ductile steel that is suitable for major pipelines. By this method, with economical alloying, we may produce steel with excellent strength and plasticity and adequate cold strength. Since strip for large-diameter pipe is a critical component, its mechanical properties have been extensively investigated. Note that, in mechanical tests, stratification is often observed in sample fractures; such stratification impairs test results. It may evidently be associated with regions of liquational and structural nonuniformity over the sheet thickness. In hot rolling, structural inhomogeneity in the final sheet may be attributed primarily to the inheritance of axial liquation from the continuous-cast slab and to the different cooling rates over the strip thickness in the final stage of thermomechanical treatment.

Reliability control of constructions for development of the Arctic shelf requires both a well-grounded determination of criteria of crack resistance of applied materials from the viewpoint of fracture mechanics and development of methods for calculating the cyclic resource of welded blocks of constructions. Realization of practical decisions in each of these directions is hampered by the insufficient development of a number of theoretical aspects of fracture mechanics. We consider ways of overcoming these difficulties.

The article considers the possibility of using in practice the Socie-Morrow-Chen model for calculating the life of structural elements with stress raisers. It shows that there is good agreement of the theoretical estimates with the results of the experimental determination of the number of cycles corresponding to the initial stage of development of damage, NL. To develop the model the article suggests a procedure of taking into account the influence of the local mean stress of the strain cycle on NL, based on the use of a single dependence of the strain amplitude on the number of cycles up to the appearance of a crack with any coefficients of load cycle asymmetry R that takes into account the influence of R solely on the crack growth rate in the zone of stress concentration. The numerical calculations make it possible to establish the “effective” coefficients of reduction of fatigue strength which increase with an increase of the cyclic load base.

The results of mechanical tests of chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel in uniaxial tension in the strain-rate range of 10−3–5104 sec−1 and at temperatures ranging from 77 to 523 K are presented. The increase in strength and plasticity characteristics with increasing strain rate is confirmed. The results of the investigations conducted contradict the hypothesis of equivalence of the effect of a temperature reduction and increase in strain rate on the mechanical characteristics of metals.

According to the data of cohort and to the "case-control" studies, dynamics of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) morbidity during the period 1998-2002 and role of radiation factor in AMI development among personnel of radiation dangerous plants (by the example of Siberian Group of Chemical Enterprises (SGCE) exposed to a long-term impact of ionizing radiation in the range of "low" doses) were being carried out. It was determined that in personnel of the main production (working in contact with IR sources) the gradient increase of AMI morbidity was registered during the study period. Personnel of the main production in comparison to personnel of support production (correlating age, sex and examination level) have statistically significant increase of standardized relative risk coefficients of AMI development. When evaluating standardized relative risk coefficient depending on the cumulative dose of external y-radiation, it was impossible to determine the reliance between the rate of increase of radiation dose and standardized relative risk coefficient. According to logistic regression, was determined that individual features of dose load formation are of great significance in AMI development for the personnel of the main production. Absolute values of standardized regression coefficients peculiar to the values characterizing technogenic impact, exceed correspondent values for "traditional" risk factors to be the components of the regression equation, two-three times as much. The combination of these factors allowed to prognosticate AMI development in 94.3% cases. Obtained data made possible to conclude that in pathogenesis of acute coronary diseases ionizing radiation acts as a factor that aggravate negative influence of "traditional" risk factors of cardio-vascular diseases through pleiotropic effects.

Current conception of stratification of arterial hypertension (AH) risk comprises a general strategy of its prevention, treatment and prognosis with consideration of personality, medical and social characteristics of the patients. In view of this AH is regarded a psychosomatic problem including somatic, psychic and social aspects. Of importance is AH study in patients with nonpsychotic mental disorders using methods of systemic analysis, multivariate probability models, in particular. The most adequate model is logistic regression. Our study included 1350 patients with borderline conditions. The developed model systems allowed isolation of the most significant somatic, psychic and psychosocial factors which can be applied as additional predictors of AH risk. Also, the results of the analysis may be useful in preventive interventions regarding individual spectrum of AH risk under joint efforts of internists, psychiatrist and psychotherapist.