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The ZrO2 nanomaterial was prepared by the co-precipitation method by maintaining the pH of the reaction solution at 7, 8 and 9. The crystalline quality of the prepared material was confirmed from the powder XRD pattern and the Scherrer formula was used to calculate the particle size. The FE-SEM picture shows the morphology of the ZrO2 nanoparticles. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) results give details of the magnetic nature of the synthesized materials. The samples were characterized by TGA/DTA and electrochemical performances of the samples were investigated employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

The CdO/CeO2 and CdO/CeO2/PVP nanocomposites were synthesized by microwave irradiation. The X-ray diffraction study confirms that CdO/CeO2 and CdO/CeO2/PVP nanocomposites are polycrystalline nature with cubic structure. The particle size of heterostructure CdO/CeO2 and CdO/CeO2/PVP nanocomposites is decreased when compared with pure CdO. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectra confirm the existence of elements such as Cd, O, and Ce. FTIR analyzes the successful formation of the heterostructured CdO/CeO2 nanocomposites. Morphological analysis confirms that the addition of PVP is reducing the particle size from agglomerated. UV-vis spectra corroborate the incorporation of CeO2 particles on the surface of CdO. The CdO/CeO2 and CdO/CeO2/PVP nanocomposites have an increase in bandgap value compared with CdO due to quantum confinement effect. Photoluminescence spectra confirmed that the existence of defects and efficient charge separation of CeO2–CdO in CdO/CeO2 and CdO/CeO2/PVP samples are due to the reduction in particle size. The prepared CdO/CeO2 and CdO/CeO2/PVP nanocomposites show the enhanced photocatalytic activity in methylene blue (MB) dye under UV irradiation. Magnetic measurement results show the room temperature ferromagnetism in all synthesized samples due to the existence of defects and quantum confinement effect. The observed results reveal that both CeO2 and PVP produce considerable changes in the physical properties of CdO.

In this research study, the PVP capped CdO/SnO2, hybrid CdO/SnO2, and pure CdO nanocomposites were synthesized using simple chemical reaction and microwave irradiation method. The semantic approach studies the structural, morphological, elemental composition, optical, magnetic, thermal properties. XRD studies confirm that the particle size decreased in PVP capped CdO/SnO2 and CdO/SnO2 nanocomposites compared to pure CdO sample. Also, the existence of diffraction peaks of both CdO and SnO2 in fabricated hybrid CdO/SnO2 nanocomposite proves that the lattice combination of CdO and SnO2. The SEM and TEM images conclude that after doping of SnO2 and PVP with CdO nanoparticles, the particle structure transformed to rod-like morphology. FTIR spectrum of SnO2 and PVP: SnO2 doped CdO and their functional groups were studied. And also the presence of elemental composition analyzed by EDS spectrum. The UV absorption spectra results of SnO2 and PVP: SnO2 doped CdO states the red-shifted in the bandgap. An enhanced photocatalytic activity is observed in SnO2, PVP doped CdO nanocomposites. The thermal analysis curve of TGA and DTA confirms the thermal stability of synthesized nanocomposites. The CdO sample exhibits the ferromagnetic property. And Antiferromagnetism property is observed in SnO2, PVP doped CdO nanocomposites.

A TiO2 nanoparticle doped with cobalt was synthesized by sol-gel technique employed at room temperature with appropriate reactants. In the present case, we used titanium tetra isoprotoxide (TTIP) and 2–propanol as a common starting material and the obtained products were calcined at 450˚ C. From the Powder XRD data the particle size was calculated by Scherrer method. The FE-SEM analysis shows the morphology of cobalt doped TiO2 nanoparticles. The various functional groups of the samples were identified by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR). The UV-Vis-NIR spectra of cobalt doped TiO2 material shows two absorption peaks in the visible region related to d-d transitions of Co2+ in TiO2 lattice. Compared to un-doped TiO2 nanoparticles, the cobalt doped material show a red shift in the band gap.

The SnO2 nano materials were synthesized by chemical precipitate technique. The pH of the reaction solution was varied from 7 to 9 insteps of 1. From the powder XRD the particle size was calculated using Scherrer formula, it varied from 57 to 66 nm for different pH values. The FE-SEM analysis reveals the morphology of SnO2 nanomaterials. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) results demonstrates that the SnO2 samples exhibit perfect room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). The sample was characterized by TGA/DTA. Measurement of different electrical parameters with frequency (50 Hz−5 MHz) has been carried out different temperature.

The SnO2nanoparticles was synthesized by Microwave assisted technique.From the powder XRD the particle size was calculated using Scherrer formula, it from 57 nm.The absorption spectrum was recorded from 1100 nm to 190 nm, and the optical band gap was calculated using Touc plot. The band gap value 3.16 eV.The functional groups were confirmed by FTIR spectrum. The FE-SEM analysis reveals the morphology of SnO2nano particles. The synthesized SnO2nano particles were used as a catalyst to reduce carbon from automobiles fume. The detailed study on carbon emission was reported.

A high quality SnO2 nanoflower was synthesised. The synthesised nanoflowers were characterised using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope; energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy and cyclic voltammogram measurements. The electrochemical measurements show that the as-prepared sample exhibits are to improve the storage capacitance.

The 3-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde-N-methyl 4-Stilbazolium Tosylate (3- HBST) is a new organic NLO crystal and it is a new derivative in stilbazolium tosylate family. In this work we have synthesized 3-HBST and the single crystal was grown by conventional slow cooling method. The structure and lattice parameters of the grown crystal were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and it is exhibiting good crystalline nature which is observed from the powder XRD. In order to check the crystalline quality the rocking curve was recorded using multi crystal X-ray diffractometer. The functional groups were identified from both FTIR and NMR spectral analyses. The π–π* and n–π* optical transition energy levels were estimated from the absorption peaks. The NLO property was confirmed by measuring relative SHG efficiency by Kurtz powder test; it shows 24 times higher SHG efficiency than that of urea. In order to test the mechanical stability the Vickers and Knoop micro hardness measurement were carried out and found that the micro hardness number decreases with increasing load. The melting point was determined from Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC).