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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent kind of dementia illness that can significantly impair a person's capability to carry out everyday tasks. According to findings, AD may be the third provoking reason of mortality among older adults, behind cancer and heart disease. Individuals at risk of acquiring AD must be identified before treatment strategies may be tested. The study's goal is to give a thorough examination of tissue structures using segmented MRI, which will lead to a more accurately labeling of certain brain illnesses. Several complicated segmentation approaches for identify AD have been developed. DL algorithms for brain structure segmentation and AD categorization have gotten a lot of attention since they can deliver accurate findings over a huge amount of data. As a result, DL approaches are increasingly favored over cutting-edge Machine Learning (ML) techniques. This study provides you with an overview of current trend deep learning-based segmentation algorithms for analyzing brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the treatment of AD. Finally, a conversation on the approaches' benefits and drawbacks, as well as future directives, was held, which may help researchers better comprehend present algorithms and methods in this field, and eventually design new and more successful algorithms.

A hypersonic shock tunnel is a primary tool used for basic experimental research and may be used in engineering and university courses to study compressible flows involving shock waves. In the present study, a pneumatically operated shock tunnel is demonstrated for hypersonic flow studies. The high-pressure nitrogen gas is used to drive a pneumatic cylinder, which is used to burst the thin metal diaphragms. Tunnel-free stream conditions are quantified using the measured pressure values and by applying shock tube relations. The free-stream Mach number of 5.5–7.2 is achieved by varying the bursting pressure and test gas pressure from 2.1 to 4.5 bars and 0.2 to 0.5 bar, respectively. The simulation is performed and the shock standoff distance quantified, and the stagnation pressures measured. The results demonstrate that the pneumatically operated tunnel enhanced operation capacity compared to the manually operated tunnel and well suits the academic hypersonic research and developmental activities.

Nowadays probes stressing the progress of the phenolic matrix Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) incorporated with fire retardant additive for the purpose of utilizing its supremacy on fire resistance and dimensional instability. In this research three specimens were obtained by distinct fire retardant additive (Aluminium Hydroxide) proportions and attributes. The desired samples produced by hand layup method were subjected to various tests namely flexural, Impact, tensile and UL94 tests etc. The outcomes of the tests reveal that the addition of additives strengthens composite structure and greatly enhances heat resistance and contracts the possibilities of occurrence of fire. Homogenously the fabricated glass fiber composite added with additives exhibits substantial resistance towards heat and humidity than the pure glass fiber composites. The final outcome of invented glass fiber composite is highly suggestible for the aerospace, defense, electric vehicles and storage tanks where sizable temperature is involved.

Plastics are an integral part of our lives and the production of plastics has drastically increased over the years, because of its vast range of applications and usage. Due to this the accumulation of waste plastics has also increased in time. The waste plastic generated in India is 15000 tons per day (as per survey). The breakdown of plastics requires around 500 years in the earth and these waste plastics affect the humans, animals, birds, earth and environment. The demand for conventional fuel has also increased lately and the quantity of this fuel reserve has decreased simultaneously. The extensive usage of the conventional fuels has paved the path for alternative ways for energy sources and alternate fuels. The extraction of waste plastic oil is obtained by the process of pyrolysis which is nothing but the thermochemical decomposition of organic matter without oxygen. The extracted plastic pyrolysis oil is then blended with diesel which helps in reducing the consumption of diesel fuel. Different blend ratios are prepared consisting of the extracted waste plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel. These fuels are tested in the engine to understand the variation in the engine performance and emissions with the help of a gas analyser. By this way, the suitable blend ratio is selected for further works. This blend of fuel can exhibit high thermal efficiency and increases machine efficiency. The fuel does not emit sulphur dioxide (SO2) and the residue obtained is only 5 percent which is said to be carbon.

Nozzles are one of the most efficient ways of producing thrust. Most of the modern day launch vehicles use a conventional Converging-Diverging nozzle (CD nozzle). One of the critical drawbacks of using these nozzles is in their inability to provide the same efficiency under varying conditions of the course of the flight. CD nozzles when developed are designed to work at a certain range of altitudes, i.e. either at sea level or under near vacuum conditions. Hence, a sea level optimized nozzle can’t provide the same efficiency at higher altitudes and vice versa. Thus, modern day rockets have multiple stages (usually 2), with the first stage having a sea level optimized nozzle which lifts the rocket from the launch pad and takes it to an altitude before being ejected along with first stage and the second stage having vacuum optimized nozzle which propels the payload in vacuum of space to a desired orbit. This results in higher operating costs for a single launch, makes the process of payload deployment more complicated. The problem of having to use multiple nozzles can be solved by using an altitude compensating nozzle, with aerospike nozzle being one of them. These nozzles under operation provide the same efficiency throughout the course of flight under varying ambient conditions. This makes possible the development of a single stage to orbit vehicle, SSTO having a single aerospike nozzle. An SSTO vehicle unlike modern rockets doesn’t have components which require to be jettisoned during its flight and thus retains its expensive hardware even after being recovered. Hence, an SSTO vehicle results in less operating costs, having optimum payload capability. An SSTO having aerospike when developed properly is highly versatile it terms of thrust vectoring, and it has the potential of being completely reusable, by using a compact single structure similar to space shuttle and using aerodynamic re-entry. This paper analyses the performance of aerospike by comparison with CD nozzle using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics).

Modern day aerodynamics has applications in various domains ranging from design of ballistic shells to ground vehicles exceeding sonic speeds. The conceptual design and analysis of such extreme applications require test beds of the same calibre which are able to comply with the complexity of the working mechanism. Wind tunnel is one such apparatus where scale models of the prototypes can be tested. Alike all apparatus even wind tunnels has to be calibrated on a regular basis which ensures that the readings obtained from the instrument are acceptable and the error margin are within the limitations. Thus there is a need for instruments which can accurately measure the various properties of the wind tunnel, namely the flow angularity, velocity distribution, speed setting etc. Taking into account the various requirements a claw yaw is designed, simulated and tested in a wind tunnel and the results are discussed.

Numerous phytochemical compounds have recently been reported to stimulate osteogenesis. In this study, the bioavailability and osteogenic effects of chrysin, a natural flavonoid, were investigated. Chrysin was incorporated at different concentrations into biocomposite scaffolds containing carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, and nano-hydroxyapatite, through the freeze-drying method. The physicochemical and material characteristics of chrysin-incorporated scaffolds were investigated, and chrysin had no effect on them. These chrysin-containing scaffolds were not cytotoxic to mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs). Chrysin released from scaffolds stimulated cell proliferation and promoted osteoblast differentiation. Osteoblast differentiation enhanced by chrysin from scaffolds could be due to downregulation of co-repressors of the osteoblast differentiation transcription factor Runx2 in these cells. Thus, chrysin release from scaffolds has potential effects on proliferation and differentiation of mMSCs; hence, it has potential application in bone tissue engineering.

Respiratory diseases such as asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as acute lung injury involve inflammation at the cellular level. The inflammation process is very complex and is characterized by the emergence of cytokines along with other changes in cellular processes. Due to the complexity of the various constituents that makes up the inflammation dynamics, it is necessary to develop models that can complement experiments to fully understand inflammatory diseases. In this study, we developed a discrete informatics model based on cellular automata (CA) approach to investigate the influence of elastic field (stretch/strain) on the dynamics of inflammation and account for probabilistic adaptation based on statistical interpretation of existing experimental data. Our simulation model investigated the effects of low, medium, and high strain conditions on inflammation dynamics. Results suggest that the model is able to indicate the threshold of innate healing of tissue as a response to strain experienced by the tissue. When strain is under the threshold, the tissue is still capable of adapting its structure to heal the damaged part. However, there exists a strain threshold where healing capability breaks down. The results obtained demonstrate that the developed discrete informatics based CA model is capable of modeling and giving insights into inflammation dynamics parameters under various mechanical strain/stretch environments.

In this modern digital world, there are many advancements that are made in the fields of networking. These days many multimedia messages, in the form of images are shared online for communicating with each other. The images thus send are vulnerable to attacks which are both internal (noise attack etc.) and external (hackers). An algorithm for securing these multimedia messages have been proposed here. The key employed in the proposed scheme is made from three different 2D chaotic maps. A colour image is split into RGB planes, it undergoes a 3-level confusion-double diffusion using Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA). A novel methodology has been approached to substantiate it over the currently existing encryption standards. The ability to withstand brute force attack, noise attack, chosen plain text attack of the method are to be tested.

Though there are tremendous growth of information technology, security of data transmitted is still at stake. Cryptography, being the art of secret writing, is highly recommended for information that are transmitted via a public channel. The objective of this paper is to encrypt Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) images using strange attractor. The key employed is used for confusion and diffusion at various phases. This paper is intended to come up with a novel methodology to provide substantial improvement over currently available encryption standards. The ability to act against attacks and robustness of the proposed method are to be tested.