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Production of marigold can be improved to a large extent by the judicious cultural operations i.e., application of optimum fertilizer at required time and appropriate crop management practices. Excessive application of chemical fertilizers produces adverse effects on the atmosphere and groundwater quality, causing several health hazards. In India, effective nutrient management has played a major role in accomplishing the enormous increase in food production. However, it is not possible to supply all the nutrient requirements of crops through inorganic fertilizers. Integrated Nutrient Management provides an excellent opportunity to sustain soil health and enhance the crop production. To improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, and increase the efficiency of applied fertilizers, apply the required quantity of organic manures and bio-fertilizers along with balanced use of chemical fertilizers [1]. In this experiment, the organic amendments viz., Vermicompost, Humic acid and Arka microbial consortium applied as basal and the recommended full dose of phosphorus through single super phosphate and pottasium through Muriate of potash were applied just before transplanting of seedlings. Nitrogen through urea was applied in two split doses, i.e., first ½ dose of total nitrogen was applied at the time of transplanting of seedlings and remaining dose of nitrogen was applied at 45 DAT according to the treatment combinations. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and thirteen treatment combinations viz. Control (RDF 100% - 90:90:75 kg N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1) (T1), RDF 75% + Vermicompost (T2), RDF 100% + Vermicompost (T3), RDF 75% + Humic acid (T4), RDF 100% + Humic acid (T5), RDF 75% + Vermicompost + Humic acid (T6), RDF 100% + Vermicompost + Humic acid (T7), RDF 75% + Humic Acid + Arka microbial consortium (T8), RDF 100% + Humic Acid + Arka microbial consortium (T9), RDF 75% + Vermicompost + Arka microbial consortium (T10), RDF 100% + Vermicompost + Arka microbial consortium (T11), RDF 75% + Vermicompost + Humic Acid + Arka microbial consortium (T12), RDF 100% + Vermicompost + Humic Acid + Arka microbial consortium (T13). The treatment T13 recorded the maximum plant height (109.28 cm), number of branches plant-1 (18.74) and number of leaves plant-1 (136.94) were recorded for those plants applied with RDF 100% + Vermicompost + Humic Acid + AMC (T13) in 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting. Similarly, maximum single flower weight (6.95 g), number of flowers plant-1 (58.42), flower yield plant-1 (312.63 g) and plot-1 (10.5 kg), estimated flower yield 13.86 t ha-1 and xanthophyll content (18.26 g kg-1 of petal meal). Hence, it is concluded that application of Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 + Humic acid @ 5 kg ha-1 along with Arka microbial consortium@ 12.5 kg ha-1 in addition with 100 % RDF (90:90:75 kg N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1) will be effective in increasing the growth, flower yield and xanthophyll content of African marigold.

Introduction Megaoesophagus, dilatation of the oesophagus, is a recognised late complication of achalasia cardia, Chagas disease and, less commonly, dysmotility disorders. Megaoesophagus often presents with dysphagia, regurgitation of food and chest pain. Here, we describe a case of a patient presenting with stridor secondary to chronic dysmotility in the absence of dysphagia. Case Report An 85-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department with stridor, and a history of breathlessness and intermittent coughing episodes. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed the larynx to be rotated to the right, corresponding with a palpable swelling of the left neck. A chest X-ray showed a markedly dilated oesophagus. Computed tomography revealed severe oesophageal dilatation causing compression of the tracheobronchial tree and larynx. The patient received nebulised adrenaline and intravenous dexamethasone, resulting in resolution of her stridor. A barium swallow demonstrated marked cricopharyngeal spasm causing significant luminal narrowing but no holdup of barium. The remainder of the oesophagus was chronically dilated to the gastro-oesophageal junction and appeared atonic. The findings were atypical of achalasia, there were no obstructing lesions identified and chronic dysmotility was considered most likely, which was subsequently confirmed by a gastroenterology opinion. Discussion Megaoesophagus is rare, most frequently presents with dysphagia and regurgitation of food and is most commonly caused by achalasia. A literature search identified only one previous case of obstructing megaoesophagus secondary to idiopathic dysmotility disorder; however, this case revealed the stridor to be secondary to an impacted food bolus, whereas our case did not demonstrate any obstructing lesions.

Production of marigold can be improved to a large extent by the judicious cultural operations i.e. application of optimum fertilizer at required time, crop management practices and use of plant growth regulators. Hence, an experiment was carried out in the Research Farm of Adhiparasakthi Horticultural College, Kalavai, during 2018-19 to find out the effect of plant growth regulators (NAA, GA3) and growth retardants (Maleic hydrazide, Alar) on growth and yield of African marigold var. Pusa Narangi Gainda. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. Biometric observations on plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, days to first flowering, flower head diameter, single flower weight, number of flowers per plant, flower yield per plant and Xanthophyll content were recorded at 90 days after planting and statistically analyzed. Results of the experiment revealed that among the growth hormones tested, considering the flower yield per plant, the treatment with NAA @ 150 ppm recorded for the maximum number of flowers with increased flower weight resulted in maximizing the flower yield (447.2 g plant-1) with xanthophyll content (18.80 kg-1 of petal meal (g)).

Purpose: High fibular osteotomy (HFO) is a simple surgical technique to reduce pain and improve function in patients with osteoarthritis via fibular osteotomy. We report short-term results of HFO and mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis (MCIC) for the treatment of osteoarthritis of knee with varus deformity. Patients and methods: 45 symptomatic patients with 14 males and 31 females age ranging from 40 to 75 years were treated by HFO and MCIC. Main lesions involved medial compartment of knee and lateral compartment with normal to mild lesions of lateral meniscus and articular cartilage, amenable to treatment via partial meniscectomy or observation. Results: Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score and Lysholm showed a statistically significant increase and VAS, varus angle in X-ray showed a statistically significant decrease. A statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative scores was detected in male and female patients without any sexual differences. Conclusion: High fibular osteotomy and mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis can be considered as a good treatment option for medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee with varus deformity. Keywords: High fibular osteotomy, Osteoarthritis, Varus deformity, Knee, Mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis (MCIC)

In the present work, facile preparation of MXenes based nanocomposite (MXene-CNTs) through catalytic chemical vapor deposition (cCVD) was demonstrated. The novel design of two and one-dimensional (2D/1D) MXene-CNTs composites for an extraordinary photocatalytic process for removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) using efficient photocatalytic dye degradations was compared to the performance of pure MXene. The surface morphological behavior of MAX, MXene and MXene-CNTs rational design of surface microstructure CNTs anchored on 2D materials MXene nanosheets product was characterized employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As-prepared direct growth CNTs by employing CVD method were in the size ranges of 40–90 nm as revealed from SEM images. The crystallographic structures of etching and delaminations of MAX and MXene-CNTs were observed for CNTs diffracted peaks at 2θ = 25.11° in support of (002) plan. The major C–O and (C C) stretching were confirmed. Prepared MXene and MXene-CNTs samples photocatalytic performance was investigated through photocatalytic Rhodamine B (RhB) dye degradation. MXene-based CNTs hybrid nanocomposites photocatalysts activity were estimated. The as-prepared pure MXene-RhB and MXene-CNTs-RhB materials calculated efficiency were 60 % and 75 %, respectively. The CVD preparations of new MXene-CNTs synthesis yield high and explored good successive cycles for hazardous pollutants.

To attain elevated class MXene (Ti3C2Tx) through a homemade kitchen blender method, high shear mechanical exfoliation is highly required for the efficient delimitations of MXene nanosheets from bulk MAX (Ti3AlC2). We examine large-scale industrial productions of the MXene nanosheets, where combing the predicted 2D materials using a blender is a first-time novel approach with the delaminating solvent as a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). And also manually created layered MXene systems (handmade) delaminating MXene sheets (MX-H) was furthermore employed for environmental dye-degradations applications. The materials characterizations was done for both the bulk MAX, MX-H and the MX-B. Additionally, the surface morphological studies like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were investigated for both MX-H and MX-B as-prepared samples. SEM images indicated the high shear blander technique formations highly expanded/delaminated MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets compared to MX-H samples. FTIR technique is employed to identify –OH, C–H, C–O stretching vibrations for both materials. Raman spectroscopy analysis of MX-H and MX-B revealed 484.80 cm−1 Raman shift assigned to E1g phonon mode of (Ti, C, O). The ultraviolet UV visible absorption spectra explored pure and catalyst added Methylene Blue (MB) dye stock solution using annular type photoreactor with visible light source of 300 W. The comparatives of MAX, MX-H and MX-B samples was investigated as photocatalytic activity, The blender made (MX-B) sample revealed 98% of efficiency.

A new 2D transition metal carbides family noted that MXene with antimony (Sb) nano-needles composites have demonstrated potential applications for photocatalytic dye degradations applications. Single-step synthesis of novel structures two/one-dimensional MXene@antimony nanoneedle (MX@Sb-H) nanocomposite-based photocatalysts is produced employing hydrothermal technique. The preparations and characterizations were compared with hand mixture preparations of pure TiO2@Sb and MXene (MX@Sb-M). The crystallographic structure was identified employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and main sharp XRD peaks were observed with diffraction angle with orientations planes for all three samples TiO2@Sb, MX@Sb-M and MX@Sb-H. The micro-Raman spectroscopy explored key vibration modes centered at 151.72 and 637.52 cm-1 corresponding to Ti and Sb hybrid composites respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of functional group peaks at 609.16 and 868.80 cm-1 revealed Ti-OH/Sb-O-C stretching. The morphological investigations of horizontal growth for "Sb" nanoneedle on MXene nanosheets were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degradation efficiency was calculated. The efficiency calculated were 27%, 38%, 68% and 82% for MB solution, TiO2@Sb added MB, MX-Sb-M added MB and MX-Sb-H added MB solution and the efficiency were 32%, 38%, 50% and 65% for pure RhB solution, TiO2@Sb added RhB, MX-Sb-M added RhB and MX-Sb-H added RhB solution. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2@Sb, MX@Sb-M and MX@Sb-H was examined. Among these MX@Sb-H nanocomposite was demonstrated the high photocatalytic action in expressions of rate stability of photocatalytic dye degradations. This work was supported by MHRD RUSA - Phase 2, UGC-SAP, DST FIST, PURSE grants.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a low cost minimal medium, developed by the UL Bioprocessing Lab, on the cultivation of Lipomyces starkeyi NRRL Y-11557 using repeated fed-batch and continuous fermentation strategies. The highest cell and lipid concentrations obtained were 22.7 g L–1 and 11.67 g L–1 under repeated fed-batch cultivation, respectively. Continuous cultivation with the dilution rate of 0.06 h–1 presented the highest cell (0.401 g g–1) and lipid yields (0.177g g–1). Exopolysaccharide production was observed when L. starkeyi was cultivated in the minimal media supplemented with 90 g L–1 glucose under repeated fed-batch fermentation. The produced exopolysaccharide is likely composed of 4–5 repeating sugar units, incorporating mannose and galactose and their respective uronic acids. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Patient selection for critical care admission must balance patient safety with optimal resource allocation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between critical care admission, and postoperative mortality after abdominal surgery.This prespecified secondary analysis of a multicentre, prospective, observational study included consecutive patients enrolled in the DISCOVER study from UK and Republic of Ireland undergoing major gastrointestinal and liver surgery between October and December 2014. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore associations between critical care admission (planned and unplanned) and mortality, and inter-centre variation in critical care admission after emergency laparotomy.Of 4529 patients included, 37.8% (n=1713) underwent planned critical care admissions from theatre. Some 3.1% (n=86/2816) admitted to ward-level care subsequently underwent unplanned critical care admission. Overall 30-day mortality was 2.9% (n=133/4519), and the risk-adjusted association between 30-day mortality and critical care admission was higher in unplanned [odds ratio (OR): 8.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.51-19.97) than planned admissions (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.43-3.85). Some 26.7% of patients (n=1210/4529) underwent emergency laparotomies. After adjustment, 49.3% (95% CI: 46.8-51.9%, P0.001) were predicted to have planned critical care admissions, with 7% (n=10/145) of centres outside the 95% CI.After risk adjustment, no 30-day survival benefit was identified for either planned or unplanned postoperative admissions to critical care within this cohort. This likely represents appropriate admission of the highest-risk patients. Planned admissions in selected, intermediate-risk patients may present a strategy to mitigate the risk of unplanned admission. Substantial inter-centre variation exists in planned critical care admissions after emergency laparotomies.

Graphene sheet/multiwall carbon nanotube (GMC) and its composites with NiO and Ni(OH)2 are synthesized by microwave-assisted technique for the application of high-performance supercapacitor devices. In the present study, carbon nanotubes are used to improve the electrical conductivity and also to prevent the graphene layers from restacking. Moreover, these carbonaceous materials not only are contributing the electrical conductivity but also increase their active sites on composite surfaces. The as-prepared nanocomposites are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and BET analyses. The morphological features are visualized by FESEM and HRTEM images that have apparently showed the decoration of GMC composite by Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles. XPS spectra reveal the chemical bond formation and oxidation states of Ni 2p, C 1s, and O 1s energy levels. The maximum specific capacitance of 1663 F g−1 for the corresponding current density of 1 A g−1 is realized in the GMC-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite-based electrode. In addition, the cyclic stability seems to be good with 95.7% retention even at 2000 charge-discharge cycles. The fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor device delivers a maximum cell voltage of 1.8 V with high energy density (32.85 Wh kg−1) and high power density (3196 W kg−1) at the current density of 4 A g−1. Thus, GMC-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite is proven to be a promising candidate as active electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor device applications.

In this study, a facile synthesis of chemical and thermal activation of biomass tea-waste materials was explored. A tea-waste biosource carbon was explored by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method at 700 °C. The KOH-treated carbon (AC-KH) and H3PO4-treated carbon (AC-HP) were systematically studied for morphological characteristics and showed good morphological structures and a few transparent focused layered nanosheets. The elemental analysis done by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of activated carbon. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed carbon-containing functional groups. The electrochemical analysis showed cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves for electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) with 3 M KOH electrolyte. The Nyquist plot obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed charge transfer resistance value (Rct) of 6.08 Ω. The electrochemical galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) study was conducted to obtain the specific capacitance (Scp) values of AC-KH, which were found to be 131.95 F/g at 0.5 A/g and also AC-HP active material was observed 55.76 F/g at 1 A/g. The AC-KH showed superior electrochemical performance when compared to AC-HP material. Hence, AC-KH is a promising active material for high-energy supercapacitor applications.

This work reports the direct growth of graphene nanofibers (GNFs) on metallic foils, namely nickel (Ni) and stainless steel (SS) and their use of direct device assembling of symmetric supercapacitor electrodes applications. GNFs were directly grown on Ni and SS through a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique, employing acetylene as a carbon source with 700 °C at 30 min. GNFs were grown on metallic foils with and without coating of NiNO3 catalytic layers by drop-casting method. As prepared GNFs on Ni and SS metallic foils were direct studied employing scanning electron microscope (SEM). The morphological images explored bending and curved nature forest growth of GNFs in cross-section micro-structure well growth of catalytic supports. The high-resolution morphological transmission electron microscope (TEM) results were explored highly branched multi-layers of graphene walls (d-spacing 0.34–0.48 nm) with GNFs size ranges of 100–50 nm. The micro-Raman spectrum results showed the IG/ID – 1.29 and also observed 2D-band at 2679.82 cm−1 for graphene layers for Ni-NiNO3-GNFs. The direct growth GNFs (Ni-NiNO3-GNFs) electrode was further investigated for the electrochemical supercapacitor device performance. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed an ideal capacitive window (0.01–1.5 V) with impedance spectroscopy of 27.57 Ω Rct values. The direct assembled binder-free symmetric device is a new approach for supercapacitor applications with charge-discharge that Ni-NiNO3-GNFs sample has 24.66 F/g capacitance at 0.5 F/g. GNFs are in good contact with Ni and facilitate low Rct examined in impedance study. These overall results indicated well growth Ni-catalytic supports of bulk growth of graphene-like fibrous forest growth nanostructures on metallic foils. The prepared electrochemical energy storage symmetric device explored a good charge-discharge cycle as suitable for future high direct electrode applications for supercapacitor devices employing CVD techniques.

This paper reported the successful preparation and characterization of bio-activated carbon nanosheets (ACNSs) synthesized from tamarind (tamarind indicia) fruits shells (TFSs) by employing Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) tubular furnace. The preparation of pure ACNSs and also potassium hydroxide (KOH) activated carbon nanosheets (K-ACNSs) were made through a pyrolysis process with Argon (Ar) gas as an inert gas at 800 °C for 2h 30min, followed by further purifications of K-ACNSs. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of ACNSs and K-ACNSs explored with and without pores respectively. The SEM micrographs also explored 3D-porous microstructure sheets with thickness around 18–65 nm. Raman spectroscopy explored crystallinity, SP2 order and graphitization at 1577–1589 cm−1. The major functional groups were also observed. The photoluminescence (PL) was analyzed for K-ACNSs materials and revealed carbon emission broad peak value at 521.3 nm. As prepared ACNSs and K-ACNSs active materials was applied for three-electrode materials of energy storage supercapacitor analysis of cyclic voltammeter for −0.4 – 0.15 V at scan rates of 10–100 mV/s. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed with low Rct values of K-ACNSs as 0.65Ω when compared to pure ACNSs as 5.03Ω. Mainly, the galvanostatic charge-discharge test carried out in ACNSs and KCNSs materials was corresponded to 77 and 245.03 F/g respectively, with respect to 1 A/g current density. Finally, we promise that this reported novel tamarind bio-waste into conductive porous carbon nanosheets could develop future energy storage applications of biomass-derived carbons.

Carbon nanorods (CNRs) are significant one-dimensional carbon-based nanostructured materials. A new method to prepare direct growth fast-standing carbon nanorod as a promising electrode in symmetric supercapacitor applications has been explored. In this study, the CNRs are directly grown on SS plate in the three-zone horizontal chemical vapor deposition unit. The hydrogen free environment is used to grow the CNRs. The substrate position was studied by controlling the substrate temperature, time and precursor gas flow rate. Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) explored CNRs formation. The CNRs are well assembled in the substrate and showed excellent electrical contact with it. The biological SP-150 instrument measured electrochemical activity of CNR-developed electrodes. The symmetric device was fabricated with two same electrodes and the device energy and power density was studied. Symmetric supercapacitor devices expressed 22 W h/kg energy density at low 1 A/g. The 96.65% capacity is maintained for 10,000 charge discharge cycles in symmetrical supercapacitor device.

Heteroatom doping in carbon nanostructured materials is one of the effective approaches to enhance the energy storage in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by thermal reduction under argon atmosphere at 500 °C and boron doped graphene nanosheets were prepared through hydrothermal (HB-GNS) using boric acid (H3BO3). The atomic doping level of boron was calculated (2.56%) from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies. Electrochemical analysis of thermally reduced graphene nanosheets (T-GNS) and HB-GNS shows the electric double layer capacitance behavior in Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) study. The HB-GNS electrode exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 113 F/g (1 A/g), where as T-GNS showed the specific capacitance of 53 F/g (1 A/g). The electrochemical impedance measurement shows low Rct values for HB-GNS as compared to the T-GNS materials. The boron doping (HB-GNS) increases twice the specific capacitance of T-GNS. These results indicate the superior electrochemical performance of HB-GNS due to boron doping in graphene nanosheets as high energy storage electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Recently carbon nanostructured materials are more attractive for the supercapacitor applications. Pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and double walled nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-DWCNTs) have been synthesized for electrode material for the Supercapacitor applications. The N-DWCNTs were synthesized by Thermal Chemical Vapor Depositions (T-CVD) and they are coil shaped. The synthesized N-DWCNTs were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The morphology of coil shaped N-DWCNTs were revealed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The Electrochemical performance of pure CNTs and N-DWCNTs was analyzed using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) with 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. It showed the good pseudocapacitance behavior for N-DWCNTs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was measured for N-DWCNTs and showed the smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct – 7.731 Ω) which is much smaller than that of CNTs (23.69 Ω). The specific capacitance was measured for pure CNTs (23.40 F/g) and N-DWCNTs (51.29 F/g) with current density 0.125 A/g.

Hetero atom doped few layers of reduced graphene have been synthesized by single step approach called solar power modified electrochemical technique and investigated for supercapacitor applications. The structure and morphology of nitrogen doped graphene nanosheets (S-NGNS) was characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, HR-TEM, FTIR, Raman and XPS. The electrochemical activity of the S-NGNS was evaluated using CV, charge–discharge and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was confirmed that the trace amount (0.48 %) of N doping in the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. As an electrode for supercapacitor the proposed S-NGNS showed the specific capacitance (Scp) values of 85 F/g at constant current density of 0.125 A/g.

Electrolytically prepared carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were obtained from normal graphite in LiCl-1% SnCl2 melt at 600 o C about 5 h. The carbon consumption for nanotube formation was observed visually and the same may occurs at the graphite cathode due to erosion during the electrolysis. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microcopy (SEM) studies have shown similar features between these electrolytic carbon nanotubes and those prepared by other methods. In addition, it has been noticed that the temperature and nature of the molten salts play an important role in determining the quantity and quality of the graphite-nanotube conversion.

Facile synthesis of heteroatom doped graphene nanosheets is one of the recent trends in the development of energy storage materials like supercapacitors. Phosphorus doped graphene sheets (P-GNS) have been prepared using electrochemical method (EC), which is the most emerging technique for large scale synthesis. X-ray diffraction studies of as-electrochemically phosphorus doped graphene nanosheets (EC-P-GNS) synthesized show a shift towards lower 2θ values due to functionalized graphene sheets. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of EC-P-GNS shows folded and twisted type graphene nanosheets and the average sheet thickness was measured to be 40 nm. High resolution-transmission electron microscopy depth profile confirms the presence of few layer transparent graphene with twisted type sheets. Fourier transform-infra red analysis of EC-P-GNS confirms the presence of functional groups in the doped graphene sheets. X-ray photoelectron microscopy analysis of EC-P-GNS shows 0.68 % phosphorus atomic doping which confirms the P-doping in graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical performance was analyzed using EC-P-GNS and shows good cycle performance compared to graphite. The electrochemical charge/discharge curves of EC-P-GNS give a high specific capacitance (Csp) of 290 F g−1 along with high energy density 43.75 Wh kg−1. Based on the above merits including higher Csp, we hope that our EC-P-GNS would be a promising material for super capacitors. Further, the prepared single pot electrochemical anodic erosion strategy provides easy scale up for all heteroatoms doped graphene nanosheets synthesis.

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by sol gel method using Aloe vera plant extract as a biological capping agent and a cauliflower-nanocoral morphology was observed in this technique. The assynthesized TiO2 nanopowder was calcined at a range of temperatures (300–600 °C) for 1 h. The influence of A. vera plant extract on the thermal, structural and morphological properties of TiO2 nanopowder was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis was employed to study the thermal properties of the assynthesized TiO2 nanopowder. The crystallinity, phase transformation and the crystallite size of the calcined samples were studied by X-ray diffraction technique. XRD result confirmed the presence of TiO2 with anatase phase. FT Raman spectra showed the Raman active modes pertaining to the TiO2 anatase phase and Raman band shift was also observed with respect to particle size variation. The different functional group vibrations of as dried pure A. vera plant extract were compared with the mixture of TiO2 and A. vera plant extract by FT-IR analysis. The scanning electron microscopy images apparently showed the formation of spherical shaped NPs and also it demonstrated the effect of A. vera plant extract on the reduction of particles size. The surface area of the TiO2 NPs was measured through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Transmission electron microscopy images ascertained that the spherical shaped TiO2 NPs were formed with cauliflower-nanocoral morphology decorated with nanopolyps with the size range between 15 and 30 nm.

Recently nanomaterials have been synthesized through biological approach due to its biocompatibility, inexpensive, eco friendly and it offers easiest experimental protocol and so on. ZnO can be potentially used in various applications. This present study reports the fungus mediated extra-cellular bio synthesis of ZnO nanorods using Fusarium Solani. The dried powder was calcined at 350°C for 1 hour in air. The thermal property of the as synthesized ZnO nanopowder was analyzed through Thermo gravimetric /Differential Thermo gravimetric (TGA / DTG) analysis. The structural and morphological properties of the calcined ZnO nanopowder were studied by XRD and SEM analysis respectively. X ray diffraction result revealed that a peak located at 2θ = 36.2° with (101) plane confirms the presence of Zinc oxide with Hexagonal crystal system. The morphology of the calcined ZnO powder was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and it clearly indicates the presence of ZnO nanorods. The diameter of the nanorods is in the...