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Diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure) occupy leading places in the overall pathology structure. A specific feature is a growing share of young people who suffer from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the total population. This is facilitated by physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, elevated stress levels as well as genetic predisposition. Identification of leading risk factors at the latent stage can make for timely diagnostics of cardiovascular pathology in young people. This, in its turn, allows implementing relevant prevention as well as adjusting therapies thereby improving quality of life of each individual patient. Given that, the aim of this study was to assess risk factors causing CVDs in medical university students; to determine severity of existing cardiovascular disorders as well as their relationships with factors that may have caused them. Eight hundred and seventeen students participated in the study. They all took part in a survey to identify risks of developing CVDs with certain adjustments made to an applied questionnaire to adapt it for use among students. Also, the study involved assessing basic anthropometric parameters (height, weight, and body mass index (BMI)), hypertension in family case history, physical activity, time spent with gadgets (use of smartphone), and alcohol consumption. The study revealed that 30 % of the examined people had overweight; more than 54 % abused alcohol; 53 % of the respondents mentioned elevated stress levels. All this creates significantly elevated risks of cardiovascular diseases as well as their complications for young and middle-aged people. The study results clearly indicate elevated risks of cardiovascular pathology and this requires correction of risk factors at an early stage.

The composition of zoned, zoned-sectorial or relatively homogeneous small topaz crystals from granite pegmatites of Ukraine (Volyn) and Russia (Ilmeny State Reserve in South Urals, Orlovskoe and Sherlovaya Gora deposits in Transbaikalia, and Zabytoe deposit in Primorye) is characterized using scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive spectrometer and partly by laser mass spectroscopy. Photo expositions of neutron activation radiography with data on chemical composition and possible isotopes, which form the pattern, are presented for some topaz crystals. According to the composition, the studied topaz was subdivided on three types according: 1) mostly fluoride (58%); 2) fluoride-hydroxyl (21%); 3) mostly hydroxyl (21%). The advantage of the neutron activation radiography for detecting patterns of zoned and zoned-sectorial heterogeneity of the composition of topaz crystals is shown.

In addition to the data of predecessors, the chemical composition of zoned or zoned-sectorial beryl crystals from pegmatites of the Mariinsky and Kvartalny deposits of the Urals emerald mines in the Central Urals, granitic pegmatite of mine no. 242 of the Ilmeny State Reserve and Svetlinsky pegmatite quarry in the South Urals is characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis. The light peripheral zones of prism and pinacoid in crystal sections differ in variations in Al, Fe and Mg contents from the inner zones or areas. The presence of fractures and regenerated fragments of early beryl indicates synmineralization tectonics. In beryl from the Mariinsky deposit, the previously unknown syntactic ingrowths of bavenite and zones of parallel columnar aggregates of co-crystallization of beryl and bavenite, as well as late pyrite, fluorite, gismondine-Ca and tobermorite, are identified. Beryls from mine no. 242 of the Ilmeny State Reserve are yellowish-greenish and bluish with a peripheral white zone and syntactic microingrowths of annite and syngenetic inclusions of columbite and Ta-Nb rutile. Muddy bluish-white beryl regenerated by colorless beryl from the Svetlinsky quarry hosts numerous syntactic inclusions of muscovite, gahnite, calcite, quartz and quartz-muscovite microaggregates with pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, siderite, calcite, and micropores. The syntaxy of mica, quartz and gahnite with beryl is revealed for the first time.

Мета - на прикладі нозологічних форм тонзиліту привернути увагу лікарів до структури Міжнародної класифікації хвороб 11-го перегляду (МКХ-11) для використання у клінічній діяльності. У форматі «запитання-відповідь» надано сучасну інформацію щодо основних положень МКХ-11, впровадженої у світі з 01.01.2022. Акцентовано увагу лікарів на нозологічному підході в її структурі. На прикладі гострого та рекурентного тонзиліту показано, як правильно користуватися новою статистичною класифікацією хвороб, надано відповіді на запитання, які найчастіше ставлять практичні лікарі, встановлюючи діагноз згідно з цією класифікацією. Висновки. МКХ-11, крім потреб статистики, додає клінічні потреби та інше, переносячи МКХ із простої статистичної бази на клінічну класифікацію для статистичного використання. Ґрунтуючись на найсучасніших клініко-епідеміологічних даних і результатах подвійних сліпих, рандомізованих, плацебо контрольованих дослідженнях МКХ-11 синхронізована із сучасними клінічними настановами для прийняття лікарями обґрунтованих рішень. Автори заявляють про відсутність конфлікту інтересів.

Small grains of accessory aeschynite in feldspar vein no. 31 of Vishnevye Mountains (South Urals) co-crystallize with late growth zones of feldspar crystals, as well as with ilmenite, titanomagnetite, muscovite, zircon, monazite, thorite, rutile, columbite and other minerals. Crystallization of aeschynite was followed by its metamict decay and formation of a nanocrystalline structure and further repeated dissolution and metasomatosis along microfractures of the mineral aggregate. Metasomatosis of aeschynite was accompanied by the formation of microporosity in muscovite-ilmenite aggregates at the contact with aeschynite grains.

Mineral composition of chromitites and host serpentinites from a quarry at Mt. Poklonnaya of the Karabash serpentinite massif is studied using optical and electron microscopy. In addition to previously known native osmium and laurite, eight minerals of platinum group elements (PGE) are found: isoferroplatinum, irarsite, iridium, naldrettite, cuproiridisite, sperrilite, tolovkite and erlichmannite. It is found that magnesioalumochromite is the early magmatic Cr-spinel and magnesiochromite and ferrichromite are late magmatic. The earliest native iridium and native osmium are replaced by PGE sulfides, arsenides and stibnides. Magnesiochromite is associated with native gold, Ni chalcohenides (gersdorffite, millerite, pentlandite, heaslewoodite) and chalcopyrite. The formation of Cr-magnetite, magnetite, native iron, native nickel, galena and barite is related to serpentinization. Carbonates (calcite and dolomite), brucite, andradite, sepiolite and an unidentified Ca-silicate formed at the latest stage of serpentinization. Secondary Ni minerals (gaspeite, nepuite, «garnierite») are most likely the products of the latest mineral-forming process.

The sequence of formation of pyrochlore crystals of various morphology and composition is considered in an aggregate with ilmenite and feldspar from nepheline-feldspar pegmatite at Mt. Dolgaya (Vishnevye Mountains, South Urals): altered yellowish green «uranium pyrochlore» with a UO3 content of 7.62–42.44 wt. % in different parts of the crystal, as well as fluorocalciopyrochlore, fersmite, and associated minerals. The alteration of «uranpyrochlore» includes fersmitization and silicification in contrast to relatively late fluorocalciopyrochlore and fersmite. The compositions and Raman spectra of altered «uranpyrochlore» and later fluorocalciopyrochlore are given.

The previous and new data on minerals and mineral assemblages of the Sugur copper deposit in the Sugur Mountains of South Urals are summarized. The ores of the deposit host abundant calcite, andradite, diopside, magnetite, chromite and serpentine together with pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, pyrrhotite, millerite, and rare baddeleyite. The genesis of the deposit was previously considered both contact-metasomatic and hydrothermal. The new data allow us to attribute the copper mineralization to a skarn-carbonatite system, which is locally recognized in the Karabash ultramafic massif.

A rare Ba and REE fluorocarbonate kukharenkoite-(Ce) Ba2 Ce(CO3 )3 F with empirical formula (Ba1.88Sr0.17)2.05(Ce0.53La0.31Nd0.11)0.95(CO3 )3 F was found in alkali pegmatite of vein no. 35 in the Vishnevye Mountains, South Urals. Kukharenkoite-(Ce) forms small inclusions up to 3–7 µm in anatase and quartz. Raman spectrum of the studied kukharenkoite-(Ce) is similar to spectrum no. R110190 of kukharenkoite- (Ce) from the RRUFF database. The mineral assemblage of pegmatite from vein no. 35 includes feldspars, annite, yangzhuminite (?), aegirine, magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite, allanite-(Ce), ilmenite, monazite-(Ce), anatase, rutile, brookite, titanite, pyrite, molybdenite, calcite, zircon, pyrochlore, and REE carbonates – bastnäsite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), synchisite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce) and huanghoite-(Ce). Kukharenkoite-(Ce) and, mostly likely, yangzhumingite KMg2. 5[Si4 O10]F2 are found for the first time in the Urals.

The paper presents a brief review of new minerals found in the Ilmeny State Reserve beginning from the 19th century, as well as the findings of new minerals made by the researchers of the Ilmeny State Reserve and Institute of Mineralogy, South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology UB RAS.

The paper summarizes the data on mineral assemblages, crystal morphology and chemical composition of zeolites (analcime, natrolite, gonnardite, paranatrolite, scolecite, mesolite, garroniteNa, phillipsite-K, harmotome, chabazite-Ca, heulandite-Ca, heulandite-Sr, heulandite-K, stilbite-Ca, brewsterite-Sr and, probably, cowlesite) from zeolite-bearing pegmatites and late veinlets, which are located in miaskites of the NW contact of the Vishnevogorsky block and Sedlovidnaya miaskite block, which host vein ore bodies of the Vishnevogorsky Nb deposit at the South Urals. GarroniteNa is found for the first time in Russia and this is the second finding in the world. Some zeolites (brewsterite-Sr, heulandite-K, heulandite-Sr, mesolite, and phillipsite-K) are identified for the first time in the Vishnevye Mountains.

The crystals morphology, mineral assemblages and chemical composition of aeschynite group minerals from the Vishnevye Mountains (South Urals, Russia) are presented. Some veins of syenitic pegmatites host aeschynite-(Ce) and «thoroaeschynite». The calcite-aegirine-feldspar pegmatites and quartz-arfvedsonite veins contain nioboaeschynite-(Ce) and «alumoaeschynite». Aeschynite- (Y) and nioboaeschynite-(Y) are found in annite-feldspar aggregates in assemblage with REE silicates and carbonates. The find of nioboaeschynite-(Y) is first in Russia.

Ontogenetic studies of a collection of corundum-bearing plagioclasites and glimmtrites from Rubinovy Log occurrence in the Ray-Iz massif, Polar Urals, indicate a magmatic model of formation of mineralization. The main morphological of feature is eutectic structure of rock-forming plagioclase, phlogopite, corundum, chromite, hercynite, and paragonite.

In alkaline rocks, pegmatites and carbonatites of the Vishnevye Mountains, zircons co-crystallized with rock-forming silicates (feldspars, nepheline, annite, etc.), as well as with some other minerals (pyrochlore, magnetite, ilmenite, apatite, monazite, calcite, etc.) and cannot be ascribed to metacrystals. The morphology of zircon crystals (their cut and habit) varies from dipyramidal (in miaskites) to short prismatic (in biotite syenites), from dipyramidal to prismatic in alkaline pegmatites, and with a combination of dipyramids in carbonatites, which is explained by variation in alkalinity of mineral-forming conditions from early alkaline (miaskits) to less alkaline (syenites) and alkaline (carbonatites). Zonal and zonal-sectorial zircon crystals with variations in the HfO2 content are dominant and relatively homogeneous crystal rarely occur. In different zircon crystals, the HfO2 content of peripheral zones either increases or decreases and unevenly vary. Sectorial composition of zircon is mostly related to distinct HfO2 contents of peripheral zones of prisms {100}, {110} and dipyramid {111} and {221}. The reserves of zircon of are ~75 kt and possible resources are >100 kt.

In addition to previously known 221 minerals, 11 new rare minerals were identified in alkali pegmatites of the Vishnevye Mountains. Yttrialite-(Y)Y2(Si2O7) and huanghoite-(Ce) aCe(CO3 2F were found for the first time in the Urals. Ancylite-(La)SrLa(CO3 )2(OH) ∙ H2O, baotite Ba4Ti4(Ti3Nb)(Si4O12)O16Cl, bastnäsite-(La) La(CO3 )F, hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) La(CO3 )(OH), hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) Ce(CO3 )(OH), parisite-(Ce) CaCe2(CO3)3F2 , fergusonite-(Ce) CeNbO4 , monazite-(La) La(PO4), and lucasite-(Ce)CeTi2 O5(OH) and more abundant arsenopyrite FeAsS and hessite Ag2 Te were found for the first time in the Vishnevye Mountains. The paper describes the mineral assemblages, chemical compositions of minerals, and Raman spectra of some minerals.

Zirconolite, a complex oxide with an idealized formula (Ca,REE)Zr(Ti,Fe,Nb)2O7 , is an accessory mineral of Nb ores from alkali pegmatites and carbonatites of the Vishnevogorsk alkaline complex (South Urals, Russia). Tabular grains of zirconolite (3–25 μm across) occur in assemblages with pyrochlore, zircon, titanite, ilmenite, and calcite. The chemical composition of zirconolite (wt. %, Fe is considered as Fe2+) is as follows: CaO 8.5–9.3; Y2O3 0.0–1.3; REE2O3 10.0–12.2; ZrO2 28.8–29.6; TiO2 24.4–25.5; Nb2O5 13.1–13.4; Ta2O5 1.1–2.0; FeO 7.3–8.6; total 97.9–99.5. The average chemical composition of the mineral is close to formula CaREEZr2Ti2NbFe2+O14.

The minerals of the pyrochlore group are abundant in rocks of the Vishnevogorsk alkaline complex – miaskites, mica rocks, carbonatites, and their pegmatites. Several generations of pyrochlore can be found in complex pegmatite bodies. According to the current nomenclature, fluorcalciopyrochlore, oxycalciopyrochlore, oxynatropyrochlore, oxycenopyrochlore, oxyuranpyrochlore, and hydrocalciobetafite are identified among of minerals of the pyrochlore group of the Vishnevye Mountains. Their chemical composition is different in both the individuals (zoning) and different pegmatites. The pyrochlore crystals exhibit the variable composition, the traces of deformation, metasomatosis, metamictization, exsolution structures, as well as inclusions of other minerals.

Polychrome cancrinite–vishnevite crystal was found in alkali nepheline-feldspar pegmatites of the Kurochkin Log occurrence from the Vishnevye Mountains in the Southern Urals. A crystal 15 mm in size exhibits a gradual transition from early yellow zones of S-bearing cancrinite (Na5.32Ca0.89□)6.21(Al6.07Si5.93O24)(CO3)0.59(SO4)0.41• 3H2O to late blue zones of vishnevite (Na6.27Ca0.06K0.31□) 6.64(Al5.99Si6.01O24)(SO4)0.99 (CO3)0.01• 3H2O.

Morphology, zonation and composition of pyrite crystals from quartz veins, beresites and listvenites of the Berezovsky gold deposit are examined. During the crystallization, the pyrite forms changed following a relatively simple scheme {111} → {111}+{100} → {100} → {100}+{210} or more complex schemes {100} → {210}+{100} → {100} → {100}+{111} → {100} → {100}+{210}, {100} → {100}+{111} → {100}+{421} → {100} → {100}+{210} and others. The earliest forms of growth zones of pyrite crystals are characteristic of deeper horizons. The sulfidequartz veins were formed under active tectonic conditions, which are manifested in deformation of pyrite and healing cracks by later zones. In the course of the opening of new cracks, the early pyrite forms of sulfide-quartz veins were upgraded up to polyhedra in the fractures (veins) and also replaced beresite. The {210} peripheral zones of pyrite crystals are enriched in heavy S isotope (dS34 from +8.5 to +10 ‰) and often contain microinclusions of other minerals, including gold. The LA-ICP-MS trace element patterns of the (100) cross section of one druzy pyrite crystal 11 mm in size from a sulfide-quartz vein also reflect the complex evolution of its formation. Along with more common muscovite, fluorapatite and galena, the microinclusions of zircon, monazite-(Ce) and brannerite UTi2 O6 were first identified in pyrite of the deposit.

Accessory magnetite is a common mineral of rocks of the Vishnevogorsky alkaline complex, South Urals. Inclusions of ilmenite, pyrophanite and gahnite in magnetite are the exsolution products. Individuals of magnetite are characterized by compromise growth surfaces with potassium feldspar, albite, nepheline, annite, aegirine, cancrinite, analcime, zircon, calcite, pyrochlore, ilmenite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, apatite, pyrophanite, gahnite and calcioburbankite. The assemblages of magnetite in different rocks are eutectic. In most cases, magnetite contains low contents of Ti, Mn, Zn, Al (exsolution products) and V.

In a plate 19 cm in size from the columnar crystal of phlogopite Buldym deposit in the Southern Urals, we studied the composition of alternating greenish-brown, yellowish-brown and darker brown areas by electron-probe microanalysis. Dark growth zones of phlogopite are more titaniferous and ferruginous (which is typical of the mica group, annite–phlogopite). The composition of different zones of the studied phlogopite is close to the composition of the micas, the most frequently observed in the carbonatites. Phlogopite contains rare micro-inclusions of calcite, dolomite, apatite, feldspar, magnetite, zircon and pyrochlore.

The main stages of exploration of mineral deposits and the contribution of many researchers to the study of geology and mineralogy of the Vishnevy Mountains in the Urals are considered. The history of extraction of feldspar and nepheline-feldspar ores, zircon and pyrochlore is characterized.

The article deals with the management of patients with tonsillitis and its complications. When considering the aspects of the treatment, the attention was paid to the problem of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and it was recommended to combine the use of antibiotics with probiotic preparations. There are presented the data of a study on the possibilities of ­using living microbial cells of Bacillus subtilis (drug Subalin) as an addition to antibiotic therapy of peritonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea and to improve the efficiency of the treatment.

The wide prevalence of bacterial infections of upper respiratory tract, especially in childhood, the presence of complications that threaten the health and lives of patients necessitate the prescription of a rational systemic antibiotic therapy. Given the fact that in most cases the characteristics of the bacterial spectrum as an etiologic agent of these diseases is known, penicillin antibiotics are the first line in this pathology. On the example of two clinical cases, we have considered the use of suspension Ospamox (amoxicillin) and Amoxiclav® (amoxicillin clavulanate) in children with acute tonsillitis and acute otitis media, which demonstrated high efficacy and safety of treatment.

The article deals with one of the most common ENT diseases — rhinosinusitis, in particular of bacterial origin. The basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of this disease, according to current recommendations (EP3OS, 2012 edition), are provided. It is proved that antibiotic therapy with almost all groups of antibiotics indicated in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is associated in up to 25 % of cases by complications, the most common of which is antibiotic-associated diarrhea. For the prevention and treatment of this complication, it is recommended to administer probiotics (class Ib, level of evidence A), in particular Subalinum.