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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Since the detection of Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species in Brazil in the early 1990s, this whitefly has been the predominant species and the main viral vector in the country. In this work, whiteflies were collected from commercial soybean fields near and far from greenhouses where Mediterranean (MED) species had previously been detected infesting vegetable crops. Results indicated that MEAM1 was the predominant whitefly species in soybean in most sampling sites, while MED was found colonizing soybean plants in open field conditions alone and/or with MEAM1 in several places. Among the tested insects, MED species was mostly detected harbouring the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella. We also detected cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infecting soybean plants. Transmission assays demonstrated that MED species was more efficient transmitting CPMMV from beans to beans and from soybean to soybean plants than MEAM1, while MEAM1 was more efficient in transmitting the virus from soybean to bean than MED. Performance assays indicated that adult emergence of both species on CPMMV-infected soybean plants was higher when compared with the emergence on healthy plants. Moreover, nonviruliferous MED and MEAM1 adults preferred to settle more often on healthy plants, while viruliferous adults settled more often on CPMMV-infected soybean plants. As MED has already been found in soybean open fields in São Paulo and Paraná States, Brazil, and it is a good vector of CPMMV, we anticipate problems related to whitefly management and to increase in the incidence of the virus in soybean. UNESP – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Corteva Agriscience Instituto Federal Catarinense – Campus Gulf Coast Research and Education Center University of Florida Instituto Agronômico The Volcani Center Institute of Plant Protection UNESP – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas

Passiflora virus Y was detected infecting soybean (Glycine max) for the first time naturally in Brazil. This research reports the complete genome sequence, molecular and biological properties of PaVY Brazilian isolate. The complete genome sequencing shows a 9679nt long virus that shares 84.4% nt identity with a previously reported PaVY isolate reported from Passiflora spp. PaVY-Br induced chlorotic spots and systemic mosaic on soybean and chlorotic local lesions on passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and sesame (Sesamum indicum). The virus was successfully transmitted by Myzus persicae, indicating the aphid vector can contribute to PaYV spreading from passion fruit to soybean plants. Additional epidemiological research is in progress to investigate the distribution of PaVY in soybean production areas in Brazil.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo ampliar os conhecimentos sobre uma virose (VMM-Me) de cucurbitáceas, que ocorre em culturas de abobrinha-de-moita cv. Caserta (Cucurbita pepo L.), normalmente em incidências elevadas causando prejuízos aos produtores. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos laboratórios e área de campo da Seção de Virologia do IAC. Aqueles visande o controle do vírus através da superfície reflectiva da casca de arroz foram conduzidos na Fazenda Lagoa Bonita, em Artur Nogueira. Estudos visando determinar a densidade e a flutuação populacional dos vetores, através da coleta de alados em vôo, por meio de armadilha de sucção, mostraram que as espécies de Aphi foram as mais abundantes, contribuindo com 47,1% do total, seguidas de Schizaphis graminum (20,5%), Rhopalosiphum spp. (6,9%) e Myzus persicae (6,5%). Estudos de flutuação populacional (média 84/88) mostraram que os períodos de revoadas mais densas ocorreram em épocas mais ou menos definidas do ano, de acordo com a espécie ou grupo de espécies. Como a revoada dos afídeos não sofreu interrupção em nenhum mês, aparentemente não existiram fatores que impediram o desenvolvimento dos alados ou que fossem capazes de inibir os vôos. Portanto, a incidência da virose ficou na dependência de fontes de vírus. Os períodos de maiores incidência do VMM-Me, em abobrinha de moita ocorreram do final da primavera (novembro) até meados do outono (maio). Os vetores cuja curva de frequência apresentaram as melhores correlações gráficas com a incidência da moléstia foram as espécies Aphis e S. graminum. As curvas de M. persicae e Rhopalosiphum spp. não apresentaram correlação. M. persicae foi a espécie mais eficiente experimentalmente na transmissão do VMM-Me, com média de 92,3%, seguida por Aphis fabae solanella, S. graminum (50,0%), A. craccivora (39,0%), A. gossypii (15,4%) e A. spiraecola (13,0%). Estudos visando controlar o vírus através do controle do vetor mostraram que os inseticidas carbamatos, Aldicarb e Carbofuran, reduziram a incidência do mosaico. Essa redução não foi suficiente para que pudessem ser recomendados. Aplicações foliares de carbamato Pirimicarb, óleo vegetal (Natur’ oil) e mineral (Triona B), as purpurinas dourada e prateada e ainda a água de cal, não reduziram a incidência do vírus. A casca de arroz aplicada em faixas de 30, 60 e 120 cm, ao longo das linhas de plantio, cobrindo respectivamente 25, 50 e 100% da superfície do solo, retardou a entrada do vírus em 1 a 2 semanas nas parcelas, reduzindo significativamente a sua incidência até pelo menos o florescimento. O aumento da produção ocorreu também devido ao efeito benéfico como cobertura morta. A utilização da casca de arroz como as da cultura de abobrinha. The present investigation was undertaken with the purpose of obtaining more information on a mosaic disease of the Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) that frequently induces severe losses to the growers. The disease is induced by the papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W). Most of the experiments were carried out at the Virus Department of the Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, SP. Field tests to evaluate control by the use of the reflective surface of rice husks were carried out at Lagoa Bonita Farm, Artur Nogueira, SP. Studies to determine the density and populational fluctuation of vectors during the years 1984-88, through the capture of winged aphids with the suction trap, showed that the species of Aphis were most abundant, representing 47.1% of the total Schizaphis graminum represented 20.5%, and Rhopalosiphum spp. and Myzus persicae, 6.9 and 6.5% respectively. The populational fluctuation (average 1984/88) showed that the highest activities occurred at more or less definite periods, depending on each species or group studied. Apparently did not exist factors that could inhibit the flight during the year. Thus the dissemination of the virus depends on the presence of source of inoculum. The highest incidence of the mosaic virus in Zucchini squash plants occurred from the end of spring (November) to middle of autumn (May). Curves representing the monthly density of species of Aphis spp. and S. graminum had the best graphic correlation with the monthly incidence of PRSV-W. M. persicae and Rhopalosiphum spp., did not show such a correlation. M. persicae was experimentally the most efficient vector of the PRSV-W (mean 92.3%), followed by Aphis fabae solanella (66.7%), S. graminum (50.0%), A. craccivora (39.0%), A. gossypii (15.6%) and A . spiraecola (13.0%). Studies undertaken to determine methods of control showed that the carbamate insecticides, Aldicarb and Carbofuran, reduced the virus incidence, but that was not sufficiently to merit recommendation. Foliar sprays of the carbamate insecticide Pirimicarb, vegetal (Natur’ oil) and mineral (Triona B) oils, golden and silver dust suspensions, and 10% whitewash did not reduce virus incidence. Rice husks, applied in bands of 30, 60 and 120 cm along the line of plants, covering respectively 25, 50 and 100% of the soil surface, retarded by 1 or 2 weeks the PRSV-W appearance in Zucchini squash plots and consequently reduced the incidence of mosaic at least until flowering stage. These treatments induced yield gains that were in part due to mulching effect of rice husks. The use of rice husks in bands of 30 or 60 cm makes possible its utilization in large areas as those occupied by Zucchini squash crops.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-01 The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most important agricultural pests and virus vectors worldwide. Bemisia tabaci is considered a complex of cryptic species with at least 44 species. Among them, the species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formerly B biotype) and Mediterranean (MED, formerly Q biotype) are the most important, and they have attained global status. In Brazil, MEAM1 was first reported in the 1990s and is currently the predominant species in the country, meanwhile, MED was recently reported in the South and Southeast regions and was found to be mainly associated with ornamental plants. Currently, an increasing problem in the management of whitefly infestations in greenhouses associated with bell pepper was observed in São Paulo State, Brazil. The whiteflies were collected and identified based on a microsatellite locus (primer pair BEM23F and BEM23R) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. We observed that MED was the predominant species collected on bell pepper, but it was also found on tomato, cucumber, eggplant, and weeds grown in greenhouses. In open field, we found MED on tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants. In addition, MED was identified in Goiás State in association with ornamental plants. The begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus and the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus was detected on bell pepper and tomato, respectively. Only MED specimens were found associated with the virus-infected plants. Moreover, we also investigated the endosymbionts present in the MED whiteflies. The collected populations of B. tabaci MED harbored a diversity of secondary endosymbionts, with Hamiltonella (H) found predominantly in 89 specimens of the 129 tested. These results represent a new concern for Brazilian agriculture, especially for the management of the newly introduced whitefly MED species, which must be implemented to limit the spreading and establishment of this pest in different crops in this country. UNESP - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Corteva Agriscience™ Instituto Biológico Instituto Agronômico UNESP - Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas

Screening for the source of virus resistance in horticultural plants or specific characterization as hybridization, through symptoms, requires time and depends on the weather and knowledge of plant characteristics. So, it is important to develop specific gene markers to allow rapid diagnosis by PCR. Markers were developed based on sequences homology comparison of susceptible and resistant plants provided by HORTEC SEEDS in tomato for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by the resistance gene Ty-1, in zucchini for Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Papaya ringspot virus estirpe watermelon (PRSV-W), and in lettuce for Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV). Fragments of 249 bp were amplified only by resistant plants to TYLCV as the hybrids 2648 and Aguamiel, and not for varieties as Santa Cruz or Carina. It were observed for ZYMV the amplification of 791 bp by the resistant hybrid Px7051 and not for the susceptible cultivar La Belle; for PRSV-W using the same zucchini plants the amplification of 650 bp for susceptible and 750 bp for resistant; for LMV the 421 bp amplification only for the resistant cultivar Brasil 303 and not for susceptible Baba de Verao. Finally, it was observed that primers PK47F/R were able to check the Cabotia seed hybrids of pumpkin Jabras.

Bemisia tabaci is one of the most serious agricultral pests worldwide, causing severe damage mainly by transmitting plant viruses. B. tabaci is currently classified as a cryptic species complex. Within the complex, the invasive Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species is the prevalent one in Brazil. However, there are also two indigenous species, New World 1 (NW1) and New World 2 (NW2), which have not been completely displaced by the exotic invasive species. The ability of the native species to transmit viruses is still unclear. In this study we have detected and identified begomoviruses present in NW1 and NW2 specimens collected in the field. Moreover, pure colonies of NW2 and MEAM1 were established and used for virus transmission assays. Sequences of begomoviruses detected in native whiteflies from the field suggest the presence of viruses typically associated with weeds. Similar to MEAM1, the NW2 species was able to transmit all the begomovirus, crinivirus and carlavirus isolates assessed and was shown to be a highly effective vector of Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) and Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV). Our results indicate that the NW2 indigenous species might play a relevant role in the transmission of economically important viruses like BGMV and in the maintainance of begomoviruses associated with weeds.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) In Brazil, the first major invasion event of Bemisia tabaci was that of Middle East–Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species, formerly termed as B biotype, which commenced in the 1990s mainly by ornamental plants in São Paulo State. More than two decades after this invasion, the presence of the Mediterranean (MED) species of B. tabaci, formerly Q biotype, was reported in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil, and now in São Paulo and Paraná States, in southeastern Brazil. Specimens of whiteflies collected from commercial begonia, hydrangea, petunia and poinsettia greenhouses in São Paulo, and also from begonias and poinsettias collected in flower shops in Paraná, were all identified as belonging to MED species. Furthermore, the secondary endosymbionts Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella and Rickettsia of MED from São Paulo and Paraná were detected by PCR and their presence confirmed by sequencing and FISH analysis, and those results differed from MED detected in Rio Grande do Sul that harbored only Hamiltonella and Cardinium. Our results suggest a new MED invasion into Brazil and is associated with ornamental plants. The two MED populations are genetically different and suggest that they are separate invasions. São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agriculture Instituto Agronômico de Campinas Centro de Fitossanidade Department of Entomology The Volcani Center Institute of Plant Protection Instituto Federal do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Rio ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Western Australia, Crawley São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agriculture FAPESP: 2014/21773-0

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most important agricultural pests and virus vectors worldwide. Bemisia tabaci is considered a complex of cryptic species with at least 44 species. Among them, the species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formerly B biotype) and Mediterranean (MED, formerly Q biotype) are the most important, and they have attained global status. In Brazil, MEAM1 was first reported in the 1990s and is currently the predominant species in the country, meanwhile, MED was recently reported in the South and Southeast regions and was found to be mainly associated with ornamental plants. Currently, an increasing problem in the management of whitefly infestations in greenhouses associated with bell pepper was observed in São Paulo State, Brazil. The whiteflies were collected and identified based on a microsatellite locus (primer pair BEM23F and BEM23R) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. We observed that MED was the predominant species collected on bell pepper, but it was also found on tomato, cucumber, eggplant, and weeds grown in greenhouses. In open field, we found MED on tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants. In addition, MED was identified in Goiás State in association with ornamental plants. The begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus and the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus was detected on bell pepper and tomato, respectively. Only MED specimens were found associated with the virus-infected plants. Moreover, we also investigated the endosymbionts present in the MED whiteflies. The collected populations of B. tabaci MED harbored a diversity of secondary endosymbionts, with Hamiltonella (H) found predominantly in 89 specimens of the 129 tested. These results represent a new concern for Brazilian agriculture, especially for the management of the newly introduced whitefly MED species, which must be implemented to limit the spreading and establishment of this pest in different crops in this country.

A pimenta-de-cheiro, Capsicum chinense é uma cultura importante na Bacia Amazônica, cultivada principalmente por pequenos produtores. Plantas de C. chinense em um campo experimental localizado no norte do estado brasileiro do Amazonas, foram encontradas apresentando sintomas característicos de infecção viral. Extratos de amostras de folhas sintomáticas examinados ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão revelaram a presença de partículas alongadas e flexuosas e de partículas isométricas. Análises moleculares permitiram identificar a presença do pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) e do cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Pulgões, identificados como Aphis gossypii foram encontrados colonizando pimenteiras-de-cheiro neste campo experimental e podem representar o provável vetor de PepYMV e CMV. Este trabalho relata a primeira ocorrência desses vírus infectando C. chinense no estado do Amazonas. The habanero chilli pepper, Capsicum chinense is an important crop in the Amazon Basin, mainly grown by small-scale producers. Capsicum chinense plants in an experimental field in the northern Brazilian state of Amazonas were found exhibiting characteristic symptoms of viral infection. Leaf sap from symptomatic plants examined under a transmission electron microscope revealed the presence of elongated flexuous particles and isometric particles. Using molecular assays, the viruses were identified as pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Aphids, identified as Aphis gossypii, were found colonizing the C. chinense plants in the field and may be the vector for both PepYMV and CMV. We report the first occurrence of these viruses infecting C. chinense in the state of Amazonas.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T17:07:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-04-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Bemisia tabaci is an important agriculture pests and vector of viruses. The MEAM1 species of B. tabaci, first described in Brazil in the 90s is now the most prevalent species and primary cause of the emergence of begomoviruses in tomatoes. The Mediterranean species (MED) was recently detected in Brazil and is a new concern for Brazilian agriculture. The potential impact of this species as a vector of economically important virus in Brazil is unknown. We therefore evaluated the ability of MED to transmit four whitefly transmitted viruses prevalent in Brazil, Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV, carlavirus), Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV, begomovirus) infecting beans; and the Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV, begomovirus), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV, crinivirus) infecting tomatoes. The colony of MED harbouring the secondary endosymbionts was tested: 14% positive for Hamiltonella and 29% positive for Rickettsia. After six months being maintained on cotton plants, this colony changed the frequency of endosymbionts (97% of Hamiltonella and 1% of Rickettsia) and was denominated as MEDH. Additionally, a colony of MEAM1 (98% positive for Hamiltonella and 91% positive for Rickettsia) was also tested. The viruses were efficiently transmitted by MED, but transmission efficiency varied among the MED and MEDH, being CpMMV, BGMV and ToCV better transmitted by MEDH. Moreover, transmission efficiency of ToSRV and ToCV by MEDH was even significantly better than MEAM1. We conclude that specimens from B. tabaci MED are good vectors of virus infecting tomato and beans in Brazil and populations with Hamiltonella prevalence increased the virus transmission. UNESP – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Centro de Fitossanidade Instituto Agronômico de Campinas UNESP – Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas FAPESP: 2014/047289-4 FAPESP: 2017/21588-7 FAPESP: 2017/50222-0 CNPq: 479101/2013-2

Cayaponia tibiricae Cogn. (CT) is a wild Cucurbitaceae species found in secondary forests in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The species has indefinite growth and bears oblong dark green fruits, 15 to 20 mm long (1,2). CT plants showing yellow mosaic symptoms were found in Atibaia County. Extracts from symptomatic plants were rub inoculated to zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn. Zucchini squash plants developed severe yellow mosaic with intense leaf malformation, while C. amaranticolor showed necrotic local lesions. Extracts from naturally infected CT, zucchini squash, and C. amaranticolor were tested by plate trapped antigen-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA) with antisera against papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV), watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). All samples were positive in PTA-ELISA only with ZYMV antiserum. Also, in Western blot (immunoblot) assay, ZYMV antiserum labeled a protein of approximately 36 kDa. Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections from infected CT tissue revealed the presence of pinwheel inclusions typical of potyvirus (type 1) infection in the cytoplasm of the cell. CT seedlings were susceptible to mechanical inoculation with the ZYMV isolated from this species. This is the first report of CT as a natural host for ZYMV in Brazil. References: (1) A. Cogniaux. Flora Brasiliensis 6:1, 1878. (2) M. Pio Corrêa. 1926. Diccionário das plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas. Vol 1. Ministério da Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 The Bemisia tabaci is a polyphagous insect and a successful vector of plant viruses. B. tabaci is a species complex and in Brazil native species from the New World (NW) group, as well as the invasive species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) were reported. For better understanding the distribution of the different species four years after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil, whiteflies were collected from 237 locations throughout the country between the years of 2013 and 2017, species were identified and the facultative endosymbionts detected. The survey revealed that MEAM1 was the prevalent species found on major crops across Brazil. It is the only species present in North, Northwestern and Central Brazil and was associated with virus-infected plants. MED was found in five States from Southeast to South regions, infesting mainly ornamental plants and was not associated with virus-infected plants. The prevalent endosymbionts identified in MEAM1 were Hamiltonella and Rickettsia; and the mtCOI analysis revealed low genetic diversity for MEAM1. In contrast, several different endosymbionts were identified in MED including Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Arsenophonus; and two distinct genetic groups were found based on the mtCOI analysis. Monitoring the distribution of the whiteflies species in Brazil is essential for proper management of this pest. São Paulo State University UNESP-FCA Department of Plant Protection CEP Corteva Agriscience Instituto Agronômico de Campinas CEP Universidade Federal de Pelotas Department of Plant Protection CEP Santa Catarina State University UDESC Department of Agronomy/Plant Pathology Institute of Plant Protection Department of Entomology The Volcani Center The University of Western Australia ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Crawley São Paulo State University UNESP-FCA Department of Plant Protection CEP

BACKGROUND The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major cosmopolitan pest and comprises a complex of more than 36 cryptic species that cause serious damage to agricultural crops worldwide. In this study, the Mediterranean species of B. tabaci, formerly known as Q biotype, was identified for the first time in Brazil. RESULTS Adult B. tabaci were collected from different localities and hosts from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of the country that borders Uruguay and Argentina. Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene indicated that B. tabaci MED species appears to be restricted to the province of Barra do Quarai, infesting Capsicum annuum cultivated in greenhouses and Ipomoea batatas in open fields. The partial mtCOI sequences obtained shared 100% nucleotide identity with reference sequences for the Q biotype reported from Uruguay. The secondary endosymbionts Hamiltonella and Cardinium were detected by PCR in the new identified MED species from Brazil, similarly to the Q biotype from Uruguay. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the presence of the MED species in Brazil. The close monitoring of this new identified species in the southern region of Brazil is essential to avoid its geographical expansion to more important agricultural areas in the country. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Bemisia tabaci is a complex of at least 36 putative cryptic species. Since the late 1980s, the Middle East–Asia Minor 1 species (MEAM1, formerly known as the B biotype), has emerged in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world and in some areas has displaced the indigenous populations of B. tabaci. Based on analysis of the mtCOI gene, two indigenous species native to America have been reported: New World (NW, formerly the A biotype) and New World 2 (NW2). NW is present at least in Argentina, Brazil, Martinique, Mexico, Texas and Venezuela, and NW2 in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Wild plants (Euphorbia sp. and Ipomoea sp.), as well as important crops such as tomato, bean and cotton, are still hosts for native B. tabaci populations in the Americas. MEAM1 has not completely displaced the native B. tabaci from the Americas. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important global agricultural insect pests, being a vector of emerging plant viruses such as begomoviruses and criniviruses that cause serious problems in many countries. Although knowledge of the genetic diversity of B. tabaci populations is important for controlling this pest and understanding viral epidemics, limited information is available on this pest in Brazil. A survey was conducted in different locations of Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso states, and the phylogenetic relationships of B. tabaci individuals from 43 populations sampled from different hosts were analysed based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCOI) sequences. According to the recently proposed classification of the B. tabaci complex, which employs the 3.5% mtCOI sequence divergence threshold for species demarcation, most of the specimens collected were found to belong to the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 species, which includes the invasive populations of the commonly known B biotype, within the Africa/Middle East/Asia Minor high-level group. Three specimens collected from Solanun gilo and Ipomoea sp. were grouped together and could be classified in the New World species that includes the commonly known A biotype. However, six specimens collected from Euphorbia heterophylla, Xanthium cavanillesii and Glycine maxima could not be classified into any of the 28 previously proposed species, although according to the 11% mtCOI sequence divergence threshold, they belong to the New World high-level group. These specimens were classified into a new recently proposed species named New World 2 that includes populations from Argentina. Middle East-Asia Minor 1, New World and New World 2 were differentiated by RFLP analysis of the mtCOI gene using TaqI enzyme. Taq I analysis in silico also differentiates these from Mediterranean species, thus making this method a convenient tool to determine population dynamics, especially critical for monitoring the presence of this exotic pest in Brazil.

Hydrangea plants showing leaves with chlorotic and necrotic rings from Arujá Municipality, São Paulo State, were analyzed for the identification of the viral species. Elongated filamentous particles of 490 nm were visualized under transmission electron microscope. Oligonucleotides for Hydrangea ringspot virus (HdRSV), a potexvirus commonly found in Europe and in the United States, were tested using total RNA from hydrangea plants, amplifying two fragments, one around 550 and another one of 250 nucleotides. Nucleotide identity with HdRSV (accession number AJ 707100.1) was 96% and 88% for the longest and shortest fragment, respectively, indicating the presence of this virus. To evaluate its dissemination in the matrices of hydrangea used in the commercial production, 17 samples were collected in the region of Arujá, and eight were infected by HdRSV. For the analyzed viral replicase portion, the isolates from the varieties 'Azul LZR', 'Rosita', 'Renat Blue' and 'Vermelho Comum' did not differ in their amino acid sequences from isolates with sequences deposited in the GenBank (accession numbers AY 707100 and NC_006943). The isolates from 'Azul Rendado' and "Rosa Japonesa' showed few differences but were related to the remaining isolates. An antiserum was obtained for HdRSV and can be efficiently used to detect such virus in hydrangea and Primula malacoides, another ornamental plant also infected by HdRSV.

Em São Paulo, existem dois isolados do Grapevine virus B (GVB), sorologicamente semelhantes e sintomatologicamente distintos, que causam a doença denominada fendilhamento cortical ("grapevine corky bark", GCB). Na literatura estrangeira existem relatos de que o GVB pode ser transmitido por cochonilhas brancas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de verificar a transmissibilidade do GVB de videira infectada para videira sadia através da cochonilha da espécie Pseudococcus longispinus. Os dois isolados do vírus foram testados: o isolado comum (GVB-C) e o isolado Itália (GVB-I). A confirmação de infecção foi feita através da análise visual de sintomas, ELISA e RT-PCR. Em todos os testes de inoculação experimental, os primeiros sintomas da virose foram notados com, aproximadamente, 8 a 12 meses após a exposição às cochonilhas. Plantas sadias da variedade LN-33, mantidas ao redor de uma planta infectada com o GVB-C e altamente infestada pela P. longispinus, tornaram-se infectadas com incidência de 54,2%, após 4 anos. Empregando-se inoculação experimental com cochonilhas virulíferas, plantas da indicadora LN-33 apresentaram infecção de 46,2% e 40,0% para o GVB-C e GVB-I, respectivamente, após 3 anos de observações. Apesar desta espéciede cochonilhaocorrer de maneira eventual nos vinhedos do Estado de São Paulo, precauções devem ser tomadas em áreas onde são mantidos clones sadios de variedades de copa e de porta-enxerto de videira, visto que esses insetos, além de possuírem grande número de plantas hospedeiras, também podem transmitir outros importantes vírus da videira.In the State of São Paulo, Brazil, there are two isolates of Grapevine virus B (GVB) associated with grapevine corky bark disease (GCB). Although serologically similar, they induce distinct reaction on some grape varieties. They are called GVB-C for common isolate and GVB-I for isolate obtained from the variety Italia. The objective of this work was to verify the transmission of both GVB isolates from infected to healthy plants by the mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus. The transmission of the virus was determined by visual analysis of symptoms, ELISA and RT-PCR. In all transmission experiments, grape indicator plants that had been exposed to presumably viruliferous mealybugs reacted in 8-12 months with a typical symptoms of GCB. Healthy LN-33 plants, maintained around one GCB-C affected LN-33 plant, highly infested by the mealybug, became infected with incidence of 54.2% after four years. Experimental inoculation of healthy LN-33 plants with viruliferous mealybugs resulted in infection rates of 46.2% for GVB-C and 40.0% for GVB-I, after three years. Although P. longispinus occurs eventually in São Paulo State vineyards, preventive control measures for this insect must be taken on areas where healthy clones of scion and rootstock varieties are maintained.

During the spring of 2001, approximately 10 000 yellow passion flower plants, from two orchards in the county of Livramento de Nossa Senhora, Bahia State, Brazil, exhibited intense yellow mosaic symptoms and drastic reduction of the leaf lamina and plant development. A large population of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) was also found colonizing the plants. All field samples collected tested positive for Passion fruit woodiness virus in DAS-ELISA. Five out of 20 passion flower plants inoculated with adult whiteflies collected from diseased plants in the field developed symptoms 20–30 days after inoculation. Two of these plants gave a positive reaction in TAS-ELISA using antiserum against a begomovirus. Degenerated PCR primers amplified viral DNA fragments from the DNA-A and DNA-B components of a begomovirus infecting these plants. The fragment corresponding to the core region of the coat protein (DNA-A) was cloned and sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis placed this begomovirus isolated from passion flower in the same clade of the New World begomoviruses as several other species from Brazil. Based on the symptoms induced by this virus alone, the disease was tentatively named passion flower little leaf mosaic.

Em São Paulo, ocorrem quatro isolados do vírus que induz o mosaico das nervuras da videira (Vitis spp.), os quais são diferenciados pelos sintomas que provocam em algumas variedades. Para confirmar a identidade desse vírus e o relacionamento existente entre os quatro isolados, foram aplicados os testes DAS-ELISA e TAS-ELISA usando anti-soros comerciais contra o Grapevine fleckvirus (GFkV). As fontes de antígeno foram tecidos de floema de ramos dormentes e de folhas jovens da brotação de primavera de videiras sabidamente infetadas. As reações nos testes imuno-enzimáticos envolvendo os quatro isolados do vírus foram positivas para o anti-soro contra o GFkV. Os resultados foram também positivos para amostras de 66 plantas infetadas de 26 variedades de videira procedentes de 11 regiões vitícolas de São Paulo e de 24 plantas de 12 variedades provenientes dos estados de Minas Gerais, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte e Santa Catarina. Extratos de folhas novas e tenras apresentaram valores de absorbância mais consistentes do que extratos de ramos dormentes. Plantas não infetadas foram empregadas como controle negativo. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que os quatro isolados virais possuem relacionamento sorológico com o GFkV, sugerindo que os mesmos pertencem ao complexo viral que causa o "grapevine fleck disease". In the State of São Paulo, four different isolates of the virus that induces chlorotic translucent vein break in the minor veins of grapevines (Vitis spp.) were separated by their differential biological behaviour and tested for their relationship to Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) by DAS-ELISA and TAS-ELISA with commercial antisera against GFkV. Young leaves from spring shoots and dormant cuttings were used for antigen extraction. All infected plants were previously indexed by graft-inoculation to 'Rupestris du Lot'. The four isolates gave positive reactions to the GFkV antiserum. Positive ELISA reactions were observed in 66 samples of 26 varieties, from 11 grape-growing areas from the State of São Paulo as well as 24 samples, of 12 varieties, from five other states of Brazil. Healthy plants consistently gave negative results. Young leaves were better sources of antigen than cortical scrapings of dormant cuttings. The results showed that the four isolates have a serological relationship with the GFkV, suggesting that they belong to the viral complex that induce grapevine fleck disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T15:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-26Bitstream added on 2015-03-18T16:28:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000342685600067.pdf: 879625 bytes, checksum: 2e56db3f677cbd0d33020d8f46518bef (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are sap-sucking insect pests, and some cause serious damage in agricultural crops by direct feeding and by transmitting plant viruses. Whiteflies maintain close associations with bacterial endosymbionts that can significantly influence their biology. All whitefly species harbor a primary endosymbiont, and a diverse array of secondary endosymbionts. In this study, we surveyed 34 whitefly populations collected from the states of Sao Paulo, Bahia, Minas Gerais and Parana in Brazil, for species identification and for infection with secondary endosymbionts. Sequencing the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene revealed the existence of five whitefly species: The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci B biotype (recently termed Middle East-Asia Minor 1 or MEAM1), the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, B. tabaci A biotype (recently termed New World 2 or NW2) collected only from Euphorbia, the Acacia whitefly Tetraleurodes acaciae and Bemisia tuberculata both were detected only on cassava. Sequencing rRNA genes showed that Hamiltonella and Rickettsia were highly prevalent in all MEAM1 populations, while Cardinium was close to fixation in only three populations. Surprisingly, some MEAM1 individuals and one NW2 population were infected with Fritschea. Arsenopnohus was the only endosymbiont detected in T. vaporariorum. In T. acaciae and B. tuberculata populations collected from cassava, Wolbachia was fixed in B. tuberculata and was highly prevalent in T. acaciae. Interestingly, while B. tuberculata was additionally infected with Arsenophonus, T. acaciae was infected with Cardinium and Fritschea. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on representative individuals showed that Hamiltonella, Arsenopnohus and Fritschea were localized inside the bacteriome, Cardinium and Wolbachia exhibited dual localization patterns inside and outside the bacteriome, and Rickettsia showed strict localization outside the bacteriome. This study is the first survey of whitely populations collected in Brazil, and provides further insights into the complexity of infection with secondary endosymionts in whiteflies. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Entomol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel UNESP, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fitossanidade, Botucatu, Sao Paolo, Brazil Inst Agron Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paolo, Brazil Escola Super Agr, Dept Fitopato & Nematol, Piracicaba, Sao Paolo, Brazil UNESP, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fitossanidade, Botucatu, Sao Paolo, Brazil CAPES: 9521/11-9

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major cosmopolitan pest and comprises a complex of more than 36 cryptic species that cause serious damage to agricultural crops worldwide. In this study, the Mediterranean species of B. tabaci, formerly known as Q biotype, was identified for the first time in Brazil.Adult B. tabaci were collected from different localities and hosts from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of the country that borders Uruguay and Argentina. Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene indicated that B. tabaci MED species appears to be restricted to the province of Barra do Quaraí, infesting Capsicum annuum cultivated in greenhouses and Ipomoea batatas in open fields. The partial mtCOI sequences obtained shared 100% nucleotide identity with reference sequences for the Q biotype reported from Uruguay. The secondary endosymbionts Hamiltonella and Cardinium were detected by PCR in the new identified MED species from Brazil, similarly to the Q biotype from Uruguay.Our results indicate the presence of the MED species in Brazil. The close monitoring of this new identified species in the southern region of Brazil is essential to avoid its geographical expansion to more important agricultural areas in the country.

A necrose da haste da soja é causada por um vírus do gênero Carlavirus transmitido pela mosca branca Bemisia tabaci, também infectante de feijão e identificado como Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). Neste trabalho foram realizados testes para determinação do número de moscas-brancas B. tabaci biótipo B necessários para transmissão do vírus em feijoeiro e soja. Na sequência foram realizados dois outros testes, com 10 insetos por planta. Avaliaram-se períodos de acesso à aquisição (PAA) de 'Jalo' para 'Jalo', e o efeito de períodos de acesso à inoculação (PAI). Foram visualmente constatados sintomas típicos do carlavírus como mosaico, clareamento de nervuras, necrose sistêmica e redução de crescimento. Houve transmissão do vírus para 'BT-2' de feijão e 'BRS-132' de soja com apenas um inseto por planta, sendo mais eficaz nesta última espécie. A taxa de transmissão do vírus foi maior com o aumento do número de insetos por planta. E o PAA foi determinado após 15' de tempo para aquisição, e o PAI com 5 min e aumentando os períodos de acesso a aquisição e inoculação aumentou-se a taxa de transmissão.The stem necrosis of soybean is caused by a virus of the Carlavirus and transmitted for the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, also infectad of beans and identified as Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). In this work biotype B for transmission of the virus in beans and soy had been carried through tests for determination of the number of necessary whiteflys B. tabaci. In the sequence two other tests had been carried through, with 10 insects for plant. Periods of access to the acquisition (PAA) of 'Jalo' for 'Jalo', and the effect of periods of access to the inoculation (PAI) had been evaluated increase. Visually typical symptoms of carlavirus had been evidenced as mosaic, veinclearing, sistemic necrosis and reduction of growth. It had transmission of the virus for 'BT-2' of beans and 'BRS-132' of soy with only one insect for plant, being more efficient in this last species. The tax of transmission of the virus was bigger with the increase of the number of insects for plant. The PAA was after determined 15 min of time for acquisition, and the increase with 5 min and increasing the period of access the acquisition and inoculation increased it transmission tax.

The main objective of this work was to investigate the ability of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae to transmit Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) singly and mixed with two potyviruses (Papaya ringspot virus - type W, PRSV-W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), to zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo). The results showed that the potyviruses in general were more efficiently transmitted by both species of aphids as compared to CMV. The transmission of PRSV-W, ZYMV and CMV separately was more efficient than in mixture.O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a eficiência de Aphis gossypii e Myzus persicae na transmissão do vírus do mosaico do pepino (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), isoladamente e em mistura com duas espécies de potyvirus (Vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro = Papaya ringspot virus - type W, PRSV-W e Vírus do mosaico amarelo da abobrinha = Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), para planta-testes de abobrinha de moita (Cucurbita pepo). Os dois potyvirus em geral foram transmitidos com mais eficiência pelas duas espécies de afídeos do que o CMV. A transmissão do PRSV-W, ZYMV e CMV, separadamente, foi mais eficiente do que em mistura.

A mancha de ascochita (Ascochyta phaseolorum Sacc.) foi identificada como uma das principais doenças do feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), na região de Itatiba (SP), em levantamento realizado de abril de 1991 a março de 92. Seus sintomas são manchas foliares arredondadas, tipicamente zonadas e de tamanho variável, necrosando, às vezes, extensas áreas do limbo e provocando desfolha prematura. Associado a esse sintoma foliar, o patógeno pode causar lesões nas hastes, pecíolos e vagens, assumindo proporções severas. As lesões necróticas das hastes podem estrangula-las e provocar a morte da planta acima da região afetada. Nas vagens, as lesões tendem a ser circulares e zonadas, como as das folhas, porém os anéis concêntricos são menos evidentes. Isolamentos, características culturais e morfológicas e testes de patogenicidade permitiram diagnosticar a moléstia, que vinha sendo confundida com a mancha foliar de alternária, ou com a podridão de macrofomina, quando atacava a parte inferior da haste. A identificação do patógeno, por ter permitido o diagnóstico preciso da doença. poderá embasar o emprego de métodos adequados de controle.A severe Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta phaseolorum Sacc.), was found during a survey carried out in farmer's fields of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Itatiba county, São Paulo State, Brazil. Foliar lesions were usually circular to irregular shaped, brown to dark brown and usually contained concentric circles of picnidia. These lesions often blighted the entire leaves, that die and fall. The pathogen also infected the stems, petioles and pods, and the disease incidence ranged from trace to severe. The stems and petioles lesions were elongated and cankerous, often girdling them, killing the plant above the infected region. The pod lesions were initially circular and zonate, as the foliar spots, but the concentric circles are of little evidence. Diagnosis were confirmed by isolation, cultural and morphological characteristics of the fungus, besides pathogenicity tests. The disease was confused with Alternaria blight, on the leaves, or Macrophomina rot, on the lower part of stems. The pathogen identification permitted to avoid misidentification and to establish measures of control.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-54052012000100015.pdf: 1415528 bytes, checksum: a32ce82eb9daa81492b361a83a90eb77 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-54052012000100015.pdf: 1415528 bytes, checksum: a32ce82eb9daa81492b361a83a90eb77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052012000100015.pdf: 1415528 bytes, checksum: a32ce82eb9daa81492b361a83a90eb77 (MD5) S0100-54052012000100015.pdf.txt: 13519 bytes, checksum: 035e9b40cd8581f4ba8546427b525e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:21:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052012000100015.pdf: 1415528 bytes, checksum: a32ce82eb9daa81492b361a83a90eb77 (MD5) S0100-54052012000100015.pdf.txt: 13519 bytes, checksum: 035e9b40cd8581f4ba8546427b525e34 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052012000100015.pdf: 1415528 bytes, checksum: a32ce82eb9daa81492b361a83a90eb77 (MD5) S0100-54052012000100015.pdf.txt: 13519 bytes, checksum: 035e9b40cd8581f4ba8546427b525e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 A espécie Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) é a predominante em áreas de cultivo de pimentão no Estado de São Paulo. Sua ocorrência na cultura é relativamente recente de modo que não existem informações sobre os danos causados nesta cultura. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a produtividade e qualidade dos frutos de pimentão de três cultivares (Magda, Amanda e Rubia R) quando infectadas com o ToSRV. Verificou-se acentuada redução no número de frutos e menor crescimento das plantas, porém, o ToSRV não influenciou significativamente na massa, diâmetro e comprimento dos frutos. Os resultados obtidos até o momento permitem concluir que o ToSRV causa danos em pimentão e que há necessidade de estudos visando resistência ao ToSRV. Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) is the predominant species of begomovirus affecting pepper crops in São Paulo State, Brazil. Its occurrence is relatively recent for the culture thus, there is no information on yield losses caused by this virus on sweet pepper. The aims of this study were to evaluate yield and fruit fquality of three pepper cultivars (Magda, Amanda and Rubia R) infected with ToSRV. There was marked reduction in the number of fruits and in the growth of plants; however, ToSRV did not significantly influence the average weight, diameter and the length of fruits. The results obtained so far lead to the conclusion that ToSRV causes damage in peppers and it is necessary the development of resistant cultivars to ToSRV. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Setor Defesa Fitossanitária Sakata Seed Sudamérica Instituto Agronômico UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Setor Defesa Fitossanitária

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-54052010000200009.pdf: 32123 bytes, checksum: ab1843053668e71a73bdbf2af678b158 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-54052010000200009.pdf: 32123 bytes, checksum: ab1843053668e71a73bdbf2af678b158 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052010000200009.pdf: 32123 bytes, checksum: ab1843053668e71a73bdbf2af678b158 (MD5) S0100-54052010000200009.pdf.txt: 13471 bytes, checksum: f51c7224dc076ad842ce4bc5dd1184ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:20:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052010000200009.pdf: 32123 bytes, checksum: ab1843053668e71a73bdbf2af678b158 (MD5) S0100-54052010000200009.pdf.txt: 13471 bytes, checksum: f51c7224dc076ad842ce4bc5dd1184ca (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052010000200009.pdf: 32123 bytes, checksum: ab1843053668e71a73bdbf2af678b158 (MD5) S0100-54052010000200009.pdf.txt: 13471 bytes, checksum: f51c7224dc076ad842ce4bc5dd1184ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-01 A necrose da haste da soja é causada por um vírus do gênero Carlavirus transmitido pela mosca branca Bemisia tabaci, também infectante de feijão e identificado como Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). Neste trabalho foram realizados testes para determinação do número de moscas-brancas B. tabaci biótipo B necessários para transmissão do vírus em feijoeiro e soja. Na sequência foram realizados dois outros testes, com 10 insetos por planta. Avaliaram-se períodos de acesso à aquisição (PAA) de 'Jalo' para 'Jalo', e o efeito de períodos de acesso à inoculação (PAI). Foram visualmente constatados sintomas típicos do carlavírus como mosaico, clareamento de nervuras, necrose sistêmica e redução de crescimento. Houve transmissão do vírus para 'BT-2' de feijão e 'BRS-132' de soja com apenas um inseto por planta, sendo mais eficaz nesta última espécie. A taxa de transmissão do vírus foi maior com o aumento do número de insetos por planta. E o PAA foi determinado após 15' de tempo para aquisição, e o PAI com 5 min e aumentando os períodos de acesso a aquisição e inoculação aumentou-se a taxa de transmissão. The stem necrosis of soybean is caused by a virus of the Carlavirus and transmitted for the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, also infectad of beans and identified as Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). In this work biotype B for transmission of the virus in beans and soy had been carried through tests for determination of the number of necessary whiteflys B. tabaci. In the sequence two other tests had been carried through, with 10 insects for plant. Periods of access to the acquisition (PAA) of 'Jalo' for 'Jalo', and the effect of periods of access to the inoculation (PAI) had been evaluated increase. Visually typical symptoms of carlavirus had been evidenced as mosaic, veinclearing, sistemic necrosis and reduction of growth. It had transmission of the virus for 'BT-2' of beans and 'BRS-132' of soy with only one insect for plant, being more efficient in this last species. The tax of transmission of the virus was bigger with the increase of the number of insects for plant. The PAA was after determined 15 min of time for acquisition, and the increase with 5 min and increasing the period of access the acquisition and inoculation increased it transmission tax. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Departamento de Produção Vegetal Instituto Agronômico UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Departamento de Produção Vegetal

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-54052008000400014.pdf: 30357 bytes, checksum: 5c7d3de5441d2030955e5bbb80b17c69 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-54052008000400014.pdf: 30357 bytes, checksum: 5c7d3de5441d2030955e5bbb80b17c69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052008000400014.pdf: 30357 bytes, checksum: 5c7d3de5441d2030955e5bbb80b17c69 (MD5) S0100-54052008000400014.pdf.txt: 11290 bytes, checksum: 505d938d873e3b88e20fce41c48e6fe1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:04:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052008000400014.pdf: 30357 bytes, checksum: 5c7d3de5441d2030955e5bbb80b17c69 (MD5) S0100-54052008000400014.pdf.txt: 11290 bytes, checksum: 505d938d873e3b88e20fce41c48e6fe1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:04:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-54052008000400014.pdf: 30357 bytes, checksum: 5c7d3de5441d2030955e5bbb80b17c69 (MD5) S0100-54052008000400014.pdf.txt: 11290 bytes, checksum: 505d938d873e3b88e20fce41c48e6fe1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 O enrolamento da folha da videira (grapevine leafroll) é uma doença atribuída a pelo menos nove vírus sorologicamente distintos, Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1 a 9 e designados GLRaV-1 a GLRaV-9. No Brasil, já é conhecida a existência do GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3 e GLRaV-6. Neste trabalho, foi demonstrada a ocorrência do GLRaV-5 em amostras de videiras cultivadas no Estado de São Paulo, mediante teste de Biotina-ELISA. O vírus foi detectado com baixa incidência nas cultivares avaliadas, exceto na 'Cardinal', que apresentou 100% de infecção. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do GLRaV-5 no Brasil. Grapevine leafroll is a complex disease that can be caused by any one of the nine serologically distinct closteroviruses, referred to as Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1 to 9 (GLRaV-1 to GLRaV-9). So far, it has been known the occurrence of GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3 and GLRaV-6 in Brazil. This work reports the identification of GLRaV-5 in leafroll-infected grape material from the State of São Paulo, by Biotine-ELISA. The virus was detected with low incidence in tested grape cultivars, except in 'Cardinal', which showed 100% infected. This is the first report of GLRaV-5 in Brazil. APTA Instituto Agronômico Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fitossanidade USP ESALQ Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola UNESP IBILCE Departamento de Botânica UNESP IBILCE Departamento de Botânica

Em São Paulo, existem dois isolados do Grapevine virus B (GVB), sorologicamente semelhantes e sintomatologicamente distintos, que causam a doença denominada fendilhamento cortical ("grapevine corky bark", GCB). Na literatura estrangeira existem relatos de que o GVB pode ser transmitido por cochonilhas brancas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de verificar a transmissibilidade do GVB de videira infectada para videira sadia através da cochonilha da espécie Pseudococcus longispinus. Os dois isolados do vírus foram testados: o isolado comum (GVB-C) e o isolado Itália (GVB-I). A confirmação de infecção foi feita através da análise visual de sintomas, ELISA e RT-PCR. Em todos os testes de inoculação experimental, os primeiros sintomas da virose foram notados com, aproximadamente, 8 a 12 meses após a exposição às cochonilhas. Plantas sadias da variedade LN-33, mantidas ao redor de uma planta infectada com o GVB-C e altamente infestada pela P. longispinus, tornaram-se infectadas com incidência de 54,2%, após 4 anos. Empregando-se inoculação experimental com cochonilhas virulíferas, plantas da indicadora LN-33 apresentaram infecção de 46,2% e 40,0% para o GVB-C e GVB-I, respectivamente, após 3 anos de observações. Apesar desta espéciede cochonilhaocorrer de maneira eventual nos vinhedos do Estado de São Paulo, precauções devem ser tomadas em áreas onde são mantidos clones sadios de variedades de copa e de porta-enxerto de videira, visto que esses insetos, além de possuírem grande número de plantas hospedeiras, também podem transmitir outros importantes vírus da videira. In the State of São Paulo, Brazil, there are two isolates of Grapevine virus B (GVB) associated with grapevine corky bark disease (GCB). Although serologically similar, they induce distinct reaction on some grape varieties. They are called GVB-C for common isolate and GVB-I for isolate obtained from the variety Italia. The objective of this work was to verify the transmission of both GVB isolates from infected to healthy plants by the mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus. The transmission of the virus was determined by visual analysis of symptoms, ELISA and RT-PCR. In all transmission experiments, grape indicator plants that had been exposed to presumably viruliferous mealybugs reacted in 8-12 months with a typical symptoms of GCB. Healthy LN-33 plants, maintained around one GCB-C affected LN-33 plant, highly infested by the mealybug, became infected with incidence of 54.2% after four years. Experimental inoculation of healthy LN-33 plants with viruliferous mealybugs resulted in infection rates of 46.2% for GVB-C and 40.0% for GVB-I, after three years. Although P. longispinus occurs eventually in São Paulo State vineyards, preventive control measures for this insect must be taken on areas where healthy clones of scion and rootstock varieties are maintained.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:19:54Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:19:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2000-05-01 Cucurbits species grown in 38 of 40 agricultural regions in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were surveyed for the relative incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus-type W (PRSV-W), Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV-2), Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) during May 1997 and June 1999. Samples from 621 plants, representing eight cultivated species, six wild species, and one commercial hybrid (Cucurbita moschata x C. maxima), were analyzed by plate trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA). PRSV-W and ZYMV were the most frequently found viruses, accounting for 49.1 and 24.8%, respectively, of 605 samples tested. ZLCV, CMV, and WMV-2 were detected in 7.8, 6.0, and 4.5% of 612, 497, and 423 samples tested, respectively. Double infection was found in 97 samples, and triple infection was found in 10 samples. Quadruple infection was detected in one C. pepo sample. Plants that were symptomatic but negative by PTA-ELISA might be due to abiotic agents, infection by virus for which antiserum was not available, such as Squash mosaic virus, or infection with an as yet uncharacterized virus. Centro de Fitossanidade Instituto Agronômico, 13020-902 Campinas, SP Dept. de Fitopatologia ESALQ/USP, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP DEXTRU/CATI, 13073-001 Campinas, SP Dept. de Defesa Fitossanitaria FCA/UNESP, 18603-970 Botucatu, SP Dept. de Defesa Fitossanitaria FCA/UNESP, 18603-970 Botucatu, SP

O enrolamento da folha da videira ("grapevine leafroll") é uma doença atribuída a pelo menos nove vírus sorologicamente distintos, Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1 a 9 e designados GLRaV-1 a GLRaV-9. No Brasil, já é conhecida a existência do GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3 e GLRaV-6. Neste trabalho, foi demonstrada a ocorrência do GLRaV-5 em amostras de videiras cultivadas no Estado de São Paulo, mediante teste de Biotina-ELISA. O vírus foi detectado com baixa incidência nas cultivares avaliadas, exceto na 'Cardinal', que apresentou 100% de infecção. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do GLRaV-5 no Brasil.Grapevine leafroll is a complex disease that can be caused by any one of the nine serologically distinct closteroviruses, referred to as Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 1 to 9 (GLRaV-1 to GLRaV-9). So far, it has been known the occurrence of GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3 and GLRaV-6 in Brazil. This work reports the identification of GLRaV-5 in leafroll-infected grape material from the State of São Paulo, by Biotine-ELISA. The virus was detected with low incidence in tested grape cultivars, except in 'Cardinal', which showed 100% infected. This is the first report of GLRaV-5 in Brazil.

Instituto Biologico Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento-Marilia, SP. APTA/Polo Regional da Alta Sorocabana, Presidente Prudente-SP

DAS-ELISA detection of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus in dehydrated apple petals stored under refrigeration for 16 years Flower petals of eleven apple (Malus domestica) clones doubly infected with Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) were harvested in 1985, dehydrated in calcium chloride and stored in the refrigerator at 4-5 C. Petals from fourteen virus free clones were also stored at the same time. DAS-ELISA with antisera against both viruses detected ACLSV in petals from eight clones after sixteen years of storage. ASGV was not detected in any clone. All virus free clones tested negative for both viruses. Os virus da mancha clorotica da folha da macieira (Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus – ACLSV, Trichovirus) e do acanalamento do lenho da macieira (Apple stem grooving virus – ASGV, Capillovirus), assinalados inicialmente no Brasil com base em caracteristicas biologicas e da particula viral (Rev. Soc. Brasil. Fitopatol. 5:125. 1972), tiveram a identidade confirmada por meio de ISEM (Summa Phytopatol. 11:62. 1985) e RT-PCR (Fitopatol Bras. 24:444. 1999). Esses virus foram associados a necrose interna do porta-enxerto Maruba-kaido em mudas de macieira (Summa Phytopathol. 14:33. 1988; Fitopatol. Bras. 26:655. 2001), mas normalmente ocorrem sem causar sintomas diagnosticos. Petalas de flores de macieiras estabelecidas a ceu aberto no Centro Experimental Central do IAC, Campinas, SP foram coletadas em 18/9/1985 e colocadas em frascos de vidro de 10 ml, contendo 3,5 g de cloreto de calcio e sobre ele um chumaco de algodao, para evitar o contato direto do sal com as petalas. A desidratacao e a manutencao das petalas ocorreram em geladeira (4-5 oC). Onze amostras foram obtidas de plantas infetadas conjuntamente com o ACLSV e o ASGV, referentes a clones originarios de Paranapanema e Angatuba, SP. Catorze amostras representaram clones resultantes de termoterapia determinados livres dos dois virus por meio de testes biologicos e ISEM (Summa Phytopathol. 12:19. 1985). Em fevereiro de 2002, as amostras foram submetidas a deteccao por DAS-ELISA (kit Bioreba) para o ACLSV (duas replicacoes) e o ASGV (tres replicacoes), na ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP. Valores medios de absorbância (A405 nm) dos extratos de petalas de pelo menos duas vezes o valor medio dos controles negativos foram considerados como positivos. Os resultados na Tabela 1 indicam que o ACLSV foi detectado em oito das onze amostras provenientes de plantas infetadas. Todas as amostras de clones de termoterapia apresentaram resultados negativos, confirmando os testes biologicos e de ISEM realizados anteriormente. Os resultados para o ASGV foram totalmente negativos, mesmo para petalas provenientes de plantas infetadas, indicando que o virus nao mais estava presente numa forma detectavel pelo metodo empregado. O ACLSV apresenta ponto final de inativacao termica e longevidade in vitro inferiores ao ASGV, o inverso do que ocorreu para o virus em petalas desidratadas mantidas em geladeira. Nao foram encontrados relatos sobre o comportamento desses virus apos anos de armazenagem. 03142 TABELA 1 Valores medios de absorbância (A405 nm) de DAS-ELISA na deteccao de Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) e Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) em petalas desidratadas de macieira armazenadas durante 16 anos em geladeira *Amostras consideradas positivas estao grifadas em negrito A405 nm* apos a incubacao indicada

A non-choice type of experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Campinas to study the oviposition of B. tabaci on two introductions (PI 171451 and PI 229358) and one commercial variety (Santa Rosa) of soybean. Previously these introductions were less oviposited by the whitefly in a free-choice type of experiment when compared to commercial varieties. The observed average number of eggs per square centimeter of leaf were 0.82, 0.42 and 0.41 for 'Santa Rosa' susceptible, PI 171451 (resistant) and PI 229358 (resistant), respectively. These results showed that the lower rate of for oviposition observed previously is maintained when the insect does not have a chance to oviposit on a susceptible variety.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:01:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162011000100018.pdf: 334066 bytes, checksum: 7b0f2783f623ed496cec61ada1122447 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162011000100018.pdf: 334066 bytes, checksum: 7b0f2783f623ed496cec61ada1122447 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162011000100018.pdf: 334066 bytes, checksum: 7b0f2783f623ed496cec61ada1122447 (MD5) S0103-90162011000100018.pdf.txt: 18499 bytes, checksum: b152f553e20835fcdfd77c3f87dee4a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:19:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162011000100018.pdf: 334066 bytes, checksum: 7b0f2783f623ed496cec61ada1122447 (MD5) S0103-90162011000100018.pdf.txt: 18499 bytes, checksum: b152f553e20835fcdfd77c3f87dee4a3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:19:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162011000100018.pdf: 334066 bytes, checksum: 7b0f2783f623ed496cec61ada1122447 (MD5) S0103-90162011000100018.pdf.txt: 18499 bytes, checksum: b152f553e20835fcdfd77c3f87dee4a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) é considerada uma das mais importantes pragas em cultivos de hortaliças e ornamentais em todo o mundo. Baseado na análise da seqüência mitocondrial (citocromo oxidase I - mtCOI) foi proposto recentemente que B. tabaci deva ser considerado um complexo críptico de espécies, contendo 11 grupos e 24 espécies. Dois destes grupos: Middle East-Asia Minor e Mediterranean englobam os biótipos B e Q, respectivamente. Avaliou-se a sequência mtCOI de espécimes de B. tabaci coletados em regiões do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Por PCR-RFLP utilizando-se a enzima Taq I, pôde-se observar somente o padrão típico de clivagem para o biótipo B. Comparando-se com sequências consenso, todas as moscas brancas foram classificadas no grupo Middle East-Asia Minor e puderam ser separadas em quatro haplótipos, indicando prevalência do biótipo B em áreas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.), tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), cucurbitáceas e berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) do Estado de São Paulo. Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) is one of the most important pests in cultivated areas of vegetables and ornamental crops around the world. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidize I (mtCOI) sequence, there is evidence that B. tabaci should be considered a cryptic species complex of 11 groups containing 24 species. Two of the groups, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 and Mediterranean include biotypes B and Q, respectively. In this study we evaluated the mtCOI sequence of B. tabaci populations collected in sites of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Using PCR-RFLP with Taq I, a typical biotype B profile was obtained for all specimens. Based on the comparison with mtCOI reference sequences we found four haplotypes all belonging to the Middle East-Asia Minor 1. They occurred in the hosts pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and cucurbitaceae plants. UNESP Depto. de Produção Vegeta Setor Defesa Fitossanitárial UMA Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora CSIC Estación Experimental La Mayora Instituto Agronômico de Campinas Centro de Fitossanidade UNESP Depto. de Produção Vegeta Setor Defesa Fitossanitárial

The Tomato yellow vein streak virus (ToYVSV) is a putative species of begomovirus, which was prevalent on tomato crops in São Paulo State, Brazil, until 2005. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the interaction between ToYVSV and its vector Bemisia tabaci biotype B and to identify alternative hosts for the virus. The minimum acquisition and inoculation access periods of ToYVSV by B. tabaci were 30 min and 10 min, respectively. Seventy five percent of tomato-test plants were infected when the acquisition and inoculation access periods were 24 h. The latent period of the virus in the insect was 16 h. The ToYVSV was retained by B. tabaci until 20 days after acquisition. First generation of adult whiteflies obtained from viruliferous females were virus free as shown by PCR analysis and did not transmit the virus to tomato plants. Out of 34 species of test-plants inoculated with ToYVSV only Capsicum annuum, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii and N. tabacum cv. TNN were susceptible to infection. B. tabaci biotype B was able to acquire the virus from all these susceptible species, transmitting it to tomato plants. O Tomato yellow vein streak virus (ToYVSV) é uma espécie putativa de begomovirus que infecta o tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicon) em diversas regiões do Brasil onde se cultiva essa solanácea, sendo a espécie prevalente no estado de São Paulo até 2005. Estudou-se a interação do ToYVSV com a Bemisia tabaci biótipo B e identificaram-se hospedeiras alternativas deste vírus. Os períodos de acesso mínimo de aquisição (PAA) e de inoculação (PAI) foram de 30 min e 10 min, respectivamente. A porcentagem de plantas infectadas chegou até cerca de 75% após um PAA e PAI de 24 h. O período de latência do vírus no vetor foi de 16 horas. O ToYVSV foi retido pela B. tabaci até 20 dias após a aquisição do vírus. Não foi detectada transmissão do vírus para progênie da B. tabaci biótipo B oriundas de insetos virulíferos. De 34 espécies de plantas testadas como hospedeiras somente Capsicum annuum, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Nicotiana clevelandii e N. tabacum cv. TNN foram suscetíveis à infecção com o ToYVSV, por meio de inoculação com a B. tabaci. As espécies susceptíveis ao ToYVSV serviram de fonte de inóculo para a transmissão do vírus para tomateiros por meio de B. tabaci biótipo B.

As viroses causadas pelo Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) e Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) têm sido relatadas com frequência em cultivos de tomateiro e outras solanáceas no Brasil. Por compartilharem o mesmo vetor, a mosca-branca B. tabaci MEAM1, hospedeiros comuns e estarem presentes nas principais regiões produtoras, infecções mistas desses dois vírus são comuns em tomateiros. Em uma infecção mista, as diferentes espécies de vírus podem interagir, resultando em sinergismo, antagonismo ou neutralismo. Estudos referentes às interações destes dois vírus quando em infecções mistas, ainda são escassos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da prévia aquisição do ToSRV por B. tabaci MEAM1 na subsequente taxa de transmissão e no período de retenção do ToCV pelo inseto. Além disso, avaliou-se o efeito dos princípios ativos cloridrato de cartape, ciantraniliprole e flupiradifurone no controle das transmissões primária e secundária desses vírus por B. tabaci para tomateiros. Para avaliar o efeito do begomovírus em parâmetros de transmissão do crinivírus por B. tabaci MEAM1 foram comparados os seguintes tratamentos: 1) plantas inoculadas com insetos que adquiriram apenas o ToSRV; 2) plantas inoculadas com insetos que adquiriram somente o ToCV; 3) plantas inoculadas com insetos que adquiriram inicialmente o ToSRV e em seguida o ToCV (ToSRV → ToCV); 4) plantas inoculadas com insetos que adquiriram os vírus simultaneamente de uma mesma planta fonte (ToSRV+ToCV) e 5) plantas inoculadas com insetos livres de vírus (controle). Quarenta dias após, as plantas foram avaliadas por RT-PCR e RCA-PCR para a detecção do ToCV e do ToSRV, respectivamente. Nos ensaios para avaliar a eficiência dos inseticidas no controle da simulação da transmissão primária dos vírus, insetos virulíferos foram liberados em gaiolas individuais contendo plantas de tomate sadias pulverizadas com os inseticidas de acordo com cada tratamento. A simulação da transmissão secundária foi feita através da liberação de adultos de B. tabaci MEAM1 livres de vírus, em gaiolas contendo tomateiros sadios e infectados por ToSRV+ToCV pulverizados com cada inseticida. Da mesma forma, aos 40 dias após a primeira liberação, amostras de todas as plantas foram coletadas e posteriormente avaliadas por RT-PCR e RCA-PCR para detecção do ToCV e ToSRV, respectivamente. O ToSRV previamente ou simultaneamente adquirido pela B. tabaci MEAM1 não interferiu significativamente na taxa de transmissão do ToCV para tomateiros, 24 h após a aquisição. No entanto, quando o vetor adquiriu os vírus simultaneamente, a taxa de transmissão do ToCV foi incrementada no 2° e 3° dias após a aquisição por B. tabaci. O período de retenção do crinivírus foi de três dias conforme relatado anteriormente. Nenhum dos inseticidas foi eficiente em controlar as simulações das transmissões primária e secundária do ToSRV+ToCV por B. tabaci MEAM1 para tomateiros. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demostram a importância em conhecer as interações vírus-vetor-planta para que as estratégias de manejo sejam melhor delineadas e efetivas. Demostram também que o uso de inseticidas deve fazer parte de um manejo integrado com outras medidas que devem ser adotadas em larga escala. Virus diseases caused by Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) have been reported frequently in tomato and other solanaceous crops in Brazil. By sharing the same vector, the whitefly B. tabaci MEAM1, common hosts and present in the major producing regions, tomato plants infected with both viruses is common. In a mixed infection, different virus species may interact, resulting in synergism, antagonism or neutralism. Studies regarding the interactions between these two viruses when in mixed infections are still scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the previous acquisition of ToSRV by B. tabaci MEAM1 on the subsequent transmission rate and on the retention period of ToCV by the adult whitefly. In addition, the effect of the insecticides cartape chloridate, cyantraniliprole and flupiradifurone on the control of the simultaneous transmission of these viruses by B. tabaci to tomatoes was evaluated. To evaluate the effect of the begomovirus on the transmission parameters of the crinivirus by B. tabaci, the following treatments were compared: 1) plants inoculated with whiteflies that only acquired ToSRV; 2) plants inoculated with whiteflies that only acquired ToCV; 3) plants inoculated with whiteflies that acquired ToSRV followed by ToCV (ToSRV → ToCV); 4) plants inoculated with whiteflies that acquired both viruses simultaneously (ToSRV + ToCV) and 5) plants inoculated with virus-free whitelflies (control). Forty days after inoculation all plants were evaluated by RT-PCR and RCA-PCR for the detection of ToCV and ToSRV, respectively. In assays to evaluate the efficiency of insecticides in controlling the simulation of the primary transmission of ToSRV+ToCV, viruliferous insects were released into individual cages containing healthy tomato plants sprayed with the insecticides according to each treatment. Simulation of the secondary transmission was done by the release of virus free B. tabaci in cages containing ToSRV + ToCV infected and healthy tomato plants sprayed with each insecticide. In the same way, at 40 days after the first whiteflies release, samples from all plants were collected and evaluated by RT-PCR and RCA-PCR for the detection of ToCV and ToSRV, respectively. When B. tabaci MEAM1 acquired ToCV simultaneously or after ToSRV acquisition, the gegomovirus did not interfere with the ToCV transmission rate in tomato plants 24 h after aquisition. When the vector acquired the virus simultaneously, the ToCV transmission rate was increased on the 2nd and 3rd days after B. tabaci virus acquisition. The retention period of the crinivirus was three days, as previously reported. None of the insecticides were efficient in controlling the simulations of the primary and secondary transmissions of ToSRV+ToCV by B. tabaci MEAM1 to tomato plants. The results obtained in this work demonstrate the importance of knowing the virus-vector-plant interactions, so that the management strategies are better delineated and effective. They also show that the use of insecticides should be part of integrated management with other measures that should be adopted on a large scale.

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), gênero Crinivirus, é transmitido por Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (biótipo B) de maneira semi-persistente. O tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum), quando infectado ainda jovem com o ToCV pode ter a produção reduzida. A ausência de variedades e/ou híbridos resistentes faz do controle químico do vetor a medida mais utilizada pelos produtores, porém nem sempre eficiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1. avaliar a eficiência dos inseticidas ciantraniliprole solo, flupiradifurone, cloridrato de cartape, pimetrozina e acetamiprido no controle das transmissões primária e secundária do ToCV por B. tabaci MEAM1 em tomateiro e 2. verificar o tempo que o vetor transmite o ToCV, após diferentes períodos de acesso à aquisição (PAA) do vírus em tomateiro infectado e pulverizado com pimetrozina. Para simular a infecção primária, tomateiros sadios pulverizados com cada um dos inseticidas separadamente, mais insetos virulíferos para o ToCV foram confinados em diferentes gaiolas. No caso da simulação da infecção secundária, tomateiros sadios e infectados com o ToCV, pulverizados com cada um dos inseticidas separadamente, mais insetos livres de vírus foram confinados em diferentes gaiolas. Os mesmos tratamentos foram repetidos, pulverizando-se as plantas com água, para simular os controles das infecções primária e secundária. Para avaliar o efeito do inseticida pimetrozina na longevidade da transmissão do ToCV por B. tabaci MEAM1, insetos adultos livres de vírus foram confinados em folhas de tomateiro infectadas e tratadas com o inseticida, por PAA de 2, 4, 6, 8 e 24 h. Após cada PAA, grupos de 20 insetos foram transferidos para tomateiros por um período de acesso à inoculação (PAI) de 48 h. A infecção dos tomateiros de todos os ensaios foi avaliada por RT-PCR com RNA total extraído de cada planta separadamente. Nenhum inseticida foi eficiente para controlar as simulações das transmissões primária e secundária do ToCV. As taxas de infecção de tomateiros nas simulações das infecções primária e secundária variaram de 70% a 88% e de 56% a 84%, respectivamente. As taxas de infecção dos tomateiros nos respectivos controles foram de 92% e 79%. B. tabaci transmitiu o ToCV após 24 h de confinamento em folha de tomateiro infectada e tratada com o inseticida pimetrozina para a aquisição do vírus. Tais resultados indicam que a aplicação de inseticidas de maneira isolada para o controle desta fitovirose poderá não ser eficiente, já que o vetor pode transmitir o vírus antes de ser afetado pelo inseticida. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), genus Crinivirus, is transmitted semipersistently by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (former biotype B). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), when infected with this crinivirus may have reduced production. In the absence of resistant varieties and/or hybrids, the chemical control of the vector is the measure most used by growers, but not always efficient. The objectives of this work were: 1. to evaluate the efficiency of the insecticides cyantraniliprole drench, flupyradifurone, cartap hydrochloride, pymetrozine and acetamiprid for the control of the primary and secondary ToCV transmissions by B. tabaci MEAM1 to tomato, and 2. to verify for how long the vector is able to transmit the ToCV to tomato, after confinement in ToCV-infected tomato sprayed with the insecticide pymetrozine for virus acquisition. To simulate the primary infection, healthy tomatoes sprayed with each of the insecticides separately, and ToCVviruliferous insects were confined in different cages. For simulating secondary infection, healthy tomatoes plants together with ToCV-infected tomato plants, sprayed with each of the insecticides separately, plus virus-free insects were confined in different cages. The same treatments were repeated by spraying the plants with water, to represent the controls of primary and secondary infections. To evaluate the effect of the insecticide pymetrozine on the longevity of ToCV transmission by B. tabaci MEAM1, virus-free adult were confined in ToCV-infected tomato leaves treated with the insecticide for the following acquisition access periods (AAP): 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h. After each AAP, groups of 20 insects were transferred to tomato plants for a 48 h inoculation access period (IAP). Infection of tomato plants from all trials was evaluated by means of RT-PCR with total RNA extracted from each of the plants separately.None of the insecticides was effective to control the simulations of the primary and secondary transmissions of ToCV. For the primary transmission, 70%, 72%, 80%, 87% and 88%, respectively, of tomatoes treated with the insecticides flupyradifurone, cyantraniliprole drench, pymetrozine, acetamiprid and cartap hydrochloride were infected, against 92% of tomato plants infected in the control. For the secondary transmission, the percentages of tomatoes plants treated with the same insecticides and infected with ToCV were 56%, 74%, 64%, 84% and 72%, against 79% of infected tomatoes in the control. B. tabaci was able to transmit ToCV to tomato plants even after 24 h of confinement in infected tomato leaves treated with the insecticide pymetrozine for virus acquisition. These results indicate that insecticide spraying alone may not be efficient for the control of the disease cause by this crinivirus, as B. tabaci can transmit the virus before being affected by the insecticide.

O Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) é uma espécie do gênero Crinivirus que causa danos, principalmente na cultura do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum). Foi primeiramente isolado e descrito em 1998, nos Estados Unidos, e em seguida foi reportado em doze países. No Brasil, foi constatado primeiramente no Estado de São Paulo, na região de Sumaré, em 2008, e posteriormente nos Estados da Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro. Há evidência da sua presença também nos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina. O ToCV pode infectar outras solanáceas além do tomateiro e, recentemente, foi observado infectando plantas de batata (Solanum tuberosum) no Brasil. Esse crinivirus é transmitido no Brasil principalmente pelo aleirodídeo (mosca branca) Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Considerando o patossistema batateira/ToCV, não há estudos sobre a ocorrência, sintomatologia em diferentes variedades e danos provocados por esse crinivirus. Também não há antissoro policlonal para o isolado brasileiro do ToCV para uso na diagnose da doença em solanáceas. Esse trabalho teve por objetivos: purificar o ToCV e produzir antissoro policlonal; avaliar a reação de genótipos de batateira à infecção com o ToCV; avaliar o dano provocado por esse vírus em duas variedades de batateira. A purificação do vírus a partir de folhas de tomateiro e a produção de antissoro policlonal em coelho foram satisfatórias. No entanto, o antissoro não foi eficiente em ELISA, mas sim em dot-blot e somente na diluição de 1:20. Foi avaliada a reação de 21 genótipos de batateira à infecção com o ToCV, por meio da inoculação com B. tabaci MEAM1, com chance de escolha do vetor. Nenhum genótipo exibiu resistência à infecção; enquanto a variedade Camila foi assintomática e não apresentou alteração na fotossíntese. Plantas de batateira das variedades Ágata e Asterix sadias foram inoculadas com o ToCV, por meio da B. tabaci MEAM1 e ao final foram avaliadas a massa fresca da parte aérea, peso e número dos tubérculos colhidos. Em dois experimentos independentes, as reduções médias no peso fresco da parte aérea foram de 60,1% para Ágata e 46% para Asterix. Porém, as reduções nas produções dessas variedades, no primeiro experimento foram de 99,5% e 98,1%, respectivamente; enquanto no segundo os valores foram de 82,3% e 56,2%, respectivamente. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a species of the genus Crinivirus, which is causing considerable losses mainly on tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum). It was first isolated and described on 1998 in the United States and subsequently reported in twelve countries. In Brazil, it was first reported in São Paulo State, in Sumaré region in 2008, and after that on the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. There is evidence of the presence of ToCV on the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. ToCV can also infect other solanaceae and more recently, it was reported infecting potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) in Brazil. This crinivirus is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Considering the patosystem potato/ToCV, there are no studies on the occurrence, symptomatology in different varieties, and damages caused by this crinivirus. In addition, there is no polyclonal antiserum for the Brazilian isolate of ToCV for use in diagnosis. The objectives of the present work were: to purify the virus and produce a polyclonal antiserum; to evaluate the reaction of potato genotypes to ToCV infection; to evaluate the yield loss caused by this crinivirus on two potato cultivars. The virus purification from tomato leaves and the production of polyclonal antiserum in rabbit were satisfactorily accomplished. However, the antiserum was not efficient on ELISA test, but in dot-blot, only when diluted 1:20. The reaction of 21 potato genotypes to infection with ToCV was evaluated by inoculation with B. tabaci MEAM1, with chance of choice for the vector. All genotypes were infected with ToCV and Camila was the only one asymptomatic. Plants of cultivars Ágata and Asterix were inoculated with ToCV, by means of viruliferous vector, and at the end were evaluated for the fresh mass of the aerial part, weight and number of harvested tubers. In two independent experiments, average reductions in aerial fresh weight were 60.1% for Ágata and 46% for Asterix. However, reductions in yield of these varieties in the first experiment were 99.5% and 98.1%, respectively; while in the second the values were 82.3% and 56.2%, respectively.

O Brasil atualmente ocupa a nona posição entre os maiores produtores de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) do mundo. O desenvolvimento das plantas e a produção dos tomateiros, no entanto, podem ser afetados por diversos problemas fitossanitários, entre os quais aqueles causados por vírus. Atualmente, entre as viroses que mais tem se destacado estão aquelas causadas por espécies dos gêneros Begomovirus, Crinivirus e Tospovirus. Entre os begomovirus, especial atenção tem sido dada ao Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV), pois tem sido a espécie prevalente na maioria das regiões produtoras de tomate no país. Esse begomovirus, que até o momento foi relatado somente no Brasil, é transmitido pelo aleirodídeo (\"mosca branca\") Bemisia tabaci biótipo B, numa relação persistente circulativa. 8Estudos da relação do ToSRV com esse aleirodídeo indicaram períodos mínimos de acesso à aquisição e inoculação de 5 minutos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos: a) identificar o menor tempo de alimentação da B. tabaci biótipo B para a aquisição do ToSRV em tomateiros e b) identificar possíveis sítios de aquisição do ToSRV em tecido foliar de tomateiro via microscopia de luz de epifluorescência por hibridização in situ. Insetos livres de vírus foram confinados em folha de tomateiro infectado com o ToSRV durante 1, 3 e 5 minutos e 24 h (controle) para a aquisição do vírus. Parte dos insetos foi utilizada para a detecção do vírus no vetor, enquanto a outra parte foi usada em testes de transmissão do ToSRV para tomateiros. A detecção do vírus no inseto e nos tomateiros foi feita por PCR. B. tabaci biótipo B foi capaz de adquirir o ToSRV nos diferentes tempos de alimentação. Os insetos foram capazes de transmitir o vírus para tomateiros, com eficiência de 33% a 100%. Análises de cortes histológicos longitudinais na região das nervuras de folhas de tomateiro infectados com o ToSRV, em microscopia de luz de epifluorescência por hibridização in situ, revelaram vários pontos de fluorescência localizados nas células do parênquima do floema, incluindo as células companheiras e nas células da epiderme. Essa fluorescência não foi constatada em tecido sadio. A localização do ToSRV em células do parênquima foliar do tomateiro, associada ao conhecimento de que esse aleirodídeo efetua picadas de prova intracelulares, de curta duração, durante o processo de penetração intercelular do estilete, podem explicar a aquisição deste begomovirus durante curtíssimos períodos de alimentação. Brazil currently ranks ninth position among the largest tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) producers in the world. Several diseases, including those caused by virus, however, can affect plant growth and yield of tomatoes. Currently, among the most important virus diseases are those caused by species of the Genus Begomovirus, Crinivirus and Tospovirus. Among the begomoviruses, especial attention has been given to Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV), because it has been the prevalent species in most of the tomato producing regions of the country. This begomovirus, which so far has only been reported in Brazil, is transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B, in a persistent circulative relationship. Studies on the virus-vector relationship indicated five minutes as the minimum period of access for virus acquisition and inoculation by the vector. This study aimed to: a) identify the shortest feeding period of B. tabaci biotype B for acquisition of ToSRV in tomato plants, and b) identify possible ToSRV acquisition sites in infected leaf tissue via epifluorescence light microscopy by in situ hybridization. Virus free insects were confined in tomato leaf infected with ToSRV during 1, 3 and 5 minutes and 24 hours (control) for virus acquisition. Part of the insects was used for virus detection in the vector, while the other part was used on ToSRV transmission tests for tomato plants. Virus detection in both, insect tomato plants, was carried out by PCR. B. tabaci biotype B was capable to acquire the ToSRV on the different feeding times. The insects were capable to transmit the virus to the tomato plants, with efficiency of 33% to 100%. Analysis of longitudinal histological cuts of ToSRV infected leaves, in epifluorescence light microscopy by in situ hybridization, revealed several fluorescence spots located in phloem parenchyma cells, including the companion and the epidermal cells. Fluorescence was not verified on healthy tissue. The location of ToSRV in parenchyma cells of tomato leaf, associated with the knowledge that this insect performs very short intracellular feeding probes, during the process of intercellular penetration of the stylet, may explain the acquisition of this begomovirus during very short feeding periods.

O ToCV é um vírus pertencente à família Closteroviridae, gênero Crinivirus, que ataca plantas de tomate, entre outros hospedeiros, nas principais regiões produtoras do mundo. O vírus é transmitido exclusivamente pela mosca branca, de forma semi-persistente, sendo o biótipo B da Bemisia tabaci o principal vetor, devido à sua distribuição nas zonas produtoras. Os sintomas característicos da doença incluem mosqueado clorótico irregular entre as nervuras que, a princípio, se desenvolve nas folhas do baixeiro e gradualmente avançam por toda extensão da planta. Estes sintomas fazem com que a doença seja confundida, principalmente, com deficiências nutricionais. Uma significativa redução da produção ocorre devido à perda de área fotossinteticamente ativa, com consequente redução no número e tamanho dos frutos. No Brasil, o primeiro relato de ocorrência foi realizado em 2008, com uma incidência que variou de 0,25 a 3,42% (BARBOSA et al., 2008). Até o momento, para as condições brasileiras, desconhece-se a distribuição, a sua gama de hospedeiras, não são conhecidas fontes comerciais de resistência e são raras as informações sobre o comportamento epidemiológico. No presente trabalho, foram feitos levantamentos sistemáticos da incidência em sete campos comerciais, com o objetivo de acompanhar a evolução da incidência da virose e caracterizar os padrões temporal e espacial em condições de campo. De modo geral, o comportamento das epidemias no tempo assumiu um padrão linear de crescimento. Esse padrão é consequência da reposição contínua de vetores infectivos vindos de fora do patossistema, com predomínio de infecções primárias. Quanto ao comportamento espacial, foi observada variação no padrão de distribuição mesmo entre parcelas do mesmo ensaio. De forma geral, foi observado um padrão aleatório de distribuição de plantas doentes, porém quando houve agregação, esta teve influência significativa no aumento da incidência. Foi observado um forte efeito de bordos, apontando para fontes de inóculo externas à lavoura. A distribuição espacial da virose causada pelo ToCV foi semelhante à de outras viroses transmitidas pela mosca-branca, como as causadas pelos Begomovirus, portanto as recomendações para redução da incidência de begomoviroses podem ser aplicadas o manejo da virose causada pelo ToCV. The ToCV is a virus belonging to the family Closteroviridae, genus Crinivirus, which attacks tomato plants, among other hosts, in the main producing regions of the world. The virus is transmitted exclusively by the whitefly, in a semi persistent manner, and the biotype B of Bemisia tabaci the main vector, due to its distribution among producing areas. The characteristic symptoms of the disease include irregular mottled chlorotic between the veins, which at first, develops in the lower leaves and gradually advance to the fullest extent of the plant. These symptoms cause by disease are mistaken especially with nutritional deficiencies. A significant reduction in production occurs due to loss of photosynthetic active area, with consequent reduction in the number and size of the fruits. In Brazil, the first report of occurrence was in 2008, with an incidence ranging from 0.25 to 3.42% (BARBOSA et al., 2008). So far, for Brazilian conditions, the distribution is unknown, its range of hosts are not known commercial sources of resistance are rare and the information about the epidemiological behavior. In this aim, were made systematic surveys of the incidence in seven commercial fields, with the purpose to monitor the incidence of viral infection and characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in field conditions. In general, the behavior of epidemics in time assumed a linear pattern of growth. This pattern is due to the continuous replacement of infective vectors from outside pathosystem, with a predominance of primary infections. Concerning the spatial behavior has been observed variation in the distribution pattern even within plots of the same trial. Overall, there was a random pattern of distribution of ill plants, however, when there was aggregation, it have a significant influence of increased incidence. A strong edge effect was observed, pointing to external sources of inoculum. The spatial distribution of the viral disease caused by ToCV was similar to other viruses transmitted by whitefly, such as those caused by Begomoviruses, so the recommendations for reducing the incidence of begomoviroses can be applied to management of viral disease caused by ToCV.

Entre as hospedeiras de invasão sistêmica do vírus do mosaico do mamoeiro - estirpe mamoeiro (Papaya ringspot virus type P; PRSV-P) encontram-se espécies de cucurbitáceas, cuja suscetibilidade à transmissão experimental, mecânica e com afídeos, é variável. A literatura nacional e internacional apresenta resultados distintos quanto à recuperação desse vírus a partir de cucurbitáceas presentes próximas ou no interior de plantios de mamoeiros infectados com esse vírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em casa de vegetação a suscetibilidade de quatro espécies de cucurbitáceas a cinco isolados do PRSV-P obtidos de diferentes regiões do Brasil e inoculados de forma mecânica. Visou também estudar a infecção natural de cucurbitáceas cultivadas nas entrelinhas ou próximas de mamoeiros com mosaico. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho em casa-de-vegetação os isolados do PRSV-P mantidos em mamoeiros, foram inoculados nos cotilédones de abobrinha de moita cv. Caserta, moranga cv. Exposição, pepino híbrido Primepack Plus e melancia cv. Crimson Sweet. As plantas foram avaliadas com base nos sintomas e indexadas por PTA-ELISA, e recuperação biológica do biótipo P do PRSV através de inoculações em mamoeiro. A confirmação da infecção dos mamoeiros foi realizada da mesma forma, por sintomatologia e indexação por PTA-ELISA. A abobrinha de moita foi a espécie mais suscetível aos cinco isolados do PRSV-P, seguida da melancia e do pepino. Não foi possível transmitir o vírus a moranga cv. Exposição. Para estudar a infecção natural realizou-se um ensaio com plantas de abobrinha de moita em Linhares-ES, três ensaios independentes em Rinópolis-SP e quatro em Piracicaba-SP, incluindo-se nessa última localidade a melancia e o pepino. Depois de aproximadamente 40 a 60 dias de exposição em campo coletaram-se amostras individuais ou compostas (de 3 a 5 plantas) das folhas dos ponteiros das plantas para realizar a recuperação biológica do PRSV-P para mamoeiros em casa de vegetação. A presença de afídeos foi monitorada em Piracicaba durante a execução dos experimentos no campo. No único teste de exposição em Linhares, nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico mostrou-se infectada com esse vírus. O PRSV-P foi recuperado da abobrinha de moita em proporções variáveis em 2 dos 3 testes realizados em Rinópolis, e em 3 dos 4 testes realizados em Piracicaba. Nenhuma planta de melancia e pepino cultivada entre mamoeiros com mosaico foi infectada com o PRSV-P. Não foi possível recuperar o PRSV-P de nenhuma planta de abobrinha cultivada entre 5 e 80 metros de distância dos mamoeiros com mosaico em Piracicaba. Foram capturados afídeos vetores do PRSV-P e foi possível detectar plantas infectadas com os potyvirus PRSV-W e ZYMV, o que demonstra a presença e atividade dos vetores de vírus. Os resultados confirmaram a suscetibilidade variável das espécies de cucurbitáceas ao PRSV-P. Embora a abobrinha de moita fosse a única espécie encontrada naturalmente infectada pelo PRSV-P quando cultivada entre linhas de mamoeiro com mosaico, a presença de cucurbitáceas nos campos de produção de mamoeiro, especialmente quando o controle do mosaico do mamoeiro é feito através do roguing, não é recomendada. Besides Carica papaya, Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P) infects systemically only species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Their susceptibility varies according to the species/cultivar, virus isolate and the method of inoculation. Attempts to recovery PRSV-P from naturally infected cucurbit plants grown near to or among diseased papaya trees have shown distinct results worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta, Cucurbita maxima cv. Exposiçao, Cucumis sativus hybrid Primepack Plus, and Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet to five isolates of PRSV-P obtained from different regions of Brazil. It was also evaluated the natural infection of cucurbit plants grown between rows and in the vicinity of papaya trees infected with PRSV-P. The five PRSV-P isolates were maintained in papaya plants. Cucurbit plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were mechanically inoculated with each isolate at the cotiledonary stage. The plants were assessed based on symptoms and infection was confirmed by PTA-ELISA using extracts from the inoculated cotyledons and upper leaves. The same extracts were also mechanically inoculated on papaya plants in order to recover the virus isolate. Inoculated papaya plants were also tested by PTA-ELISA. Zucchini squash was the most susceptible species to PRSV-P, followed by watermelon and cucumber. Pumpkin cv. Exposição was not infected. To study the natural infection of zucchini squash cv. Caserta by PRSV-P, a trial was carried out in Linhares, State of Espírito Santo; three independent trials were carried out in Rinópolis; and four trials were carried out in Piracicaba, both regions located in the State of São Paulo. Watermelon and cucurbit were also included in some trials in Piracicaba. After approximately 40 to 70 days, leaf samples were collected and tested individually or in groups of three to five plants for the presence of PRSV-P by mechanical inoculation on papaya plants under greenhouse conditions. None of the zucchini squash plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Linhares was found infected by PRSV-P based on the virus recovery test to papaya plants. The virus was also not recovered from watermelon and cucurbit plants grown between rows of infected papaya trees in Piracicaba. On the other hand, PRSV-P was recovery from zucchini squash plants grown intercalated with diseased papayas in Rinópolis and Piracicaba. The number of infected plants varied among the trial. Several attempts to recover PRSV-P from innumerous zucchini squash plants grown approximately five to 80 meters from diseased papaya trees in Piracicaba failed. Alates of several species of aphids were captured in the field at Piracicaba. Also, innumerous cucurbit plants were found infected by the potyviruses Papaya ringspot virus type W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, suggesting aphids activity in the area. The results confirmed the variable susceptibility of cucurbit species to infection with PRSV-P. Although natural infection with PRSV-P was restricted to zucchini squash cv. Caserta grown among infected papaya trees, the presence of cucurbit plants in the vicinity of papaya orchards, especially where disease control is done by systematic rouging of diseased plants, should not be allowed.