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This paper investigates the productivity effects for domestic suppliers from joining and exiting the value chains of foreign-owned multinational enterprises (MNEs). Our econometric analysis is based on firm-to-firm transactions recorded in the value-added tax declarations' data from Estonia and use of propensity score matching and difference-in-difference regression approach. The treatment analysis based on period 2015–2019 suggests that starting to supply the foreign-owned firms initially boosts the value added per employee of the domestic firms, including the effects on the scale of production and the capital–labor ratio. These first linkages to the foreign-owned MNEs do not affect the total factor productivity (TFP) of domestic firms, suggesting that the TFP effects take time to materialize. We find no significant positive effects on the second-tier suppliers: the positive effects are limited to the first-tier suppliers with direct links to foreign-owned firms. One novel result is the evidence that the productivity of suppliers does not fall, on average, after decreasing or ending supplier relationships with the foreign-owned firms. However, this average effect hides significant heterogeneity. Domestic firms with prior high levels of productivity and those at the time of exit from the MNE relationship start to export, gain in productivity in next periods, whereas the firms with low prior productivity levels lose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the quasi-natural experiment of the Notice on Policies Related to the Simplified Value-added Tax Rate in 2017, this paper constructs a difference-in-difference model to shed light on the impact of the value-added tax reduction policy on a firm's green innovation and its potential mechanism. The results reveal that after the implementation of the value-added tax reduction policy, the green innovation level of firms affected by the policy shock has significantly improved, and this conclusion remains consistent after a series of robustness tests. From the type of firms' green innovation, the enforcement of the value-added tax reduction policy spurs firms' substantive green innovation, but has limited impact on firms' strategic green innovation. The mechanism test finds that easing financing constraints is an important channel for tax reduction policies to affect firms' green innovation activities. In addition, the analysis indicates that the positive effect of the value-added tax reduction policy on green innovation is more pronounced among firms with more government innovation subsidies, stronger human capital, and higher capital intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to know the relationship between tax collection and tax progressivity in Mexico. To this aim the progressivity level of Income Tax (IT) and Value Added Tax (VAT) is calculated, using the Kakwani index. These calculations show that IT is a progressive tax, while VAT is a regressive tax. Subsequently, by means of an econometric model, a positive relationship between tax collection and the level of tax progressivity is verified, which means that greater the progressivity, greater the tax collection and viceversa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulty in transforming old industrial areas constitutes a significant factor contributing to regional development imbalances. Can regional tax incentives, as a crucial component of regional policies, polish the "rust belt" regions? This study leverages the inaugural Value-Added Tax (VAT) reform in China as an opportunity to explore the potential of regional tax incentives in achieving sustainable development in traditional industrial areas. Drawing upon a comprehensive industrial enterprise database, we employ a Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Differences (PSM-DID) approach to examine the efficacy of these tax incentives. Our findings reveal that: (1) Regional tax incentives primarily enhance firms productivity by stimulating investment in enterprises, yet they do not contribute to improved investment efficiency or spur innovation within firms. (2) Regional tax incentives have alleviated financing constraints for enterprises in old industrial bases, significantly enhancing the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of firms with higher financing constraints. This policy has had an even stronger impact on improving the TFP of state-owned and monopolistic enterprises. (3) Regional tax incentives have impeded productivity growth by preventing the exit of low-efficiency firms and the entry of high-efficiency ones. These incentives also increased the likelihood of "zombie firms" forming and failed to promote endogenous economic growth in the Northeast region. Additionally, they have distorted the allocation of resources towards capital and technology-intensive industries in that area. In China's old industrial bases, regional tax incentives should be coordinated with market-oriented reforms; these regional tax incentive policies should also be further enriched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Migration Report 2020 shows that the number of international migrants increased from 84 million in 1970–272 million in 2019, accounting for 3.5% of the world’s population. This paper investigates the aggregated effect of emigration on the tax revenue of sending countries with a focus on developing nations. Using a gravity approach, we construct a time-varying exogenous instrument out of measures of changes in transportation technology from geographic time-invariant dyadic characteristics. Then, we follow an instrumental variable approach where we use our predicted emigration rate as an instrument of the observed migration rate. The results show that the predicted emigration rate is a good instrument of the current emigration rate for developing countries, and that there is a positive aggregated effect of emigration on tax revenue of sending countries. The results vary depending on the type of tax: emigration increases goods and services tax revenue, but it decreases income, profit, and capital gains tax revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revenue mobilization remains a challenge for many countries, especially developing countries such as India. Therefore, this study explores the macroeconomic determinants of Goods and Service Tax (GST) revenue of the government in India as GST constitutes a major share in the Own Tax Revenue (OTR) of the government in India. The current study has employed the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to examine the macroeconomic determinants of GST taxation revenue of the government in India. The results reveal that foreign direct investment, depreciation in the exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves have a favorable impact on the GST revenue of the government in India. Furthermore, the gross fiscal deficits of the government and inflation have a detrimental effect on the GST revenue collection of the government in India. The results of the study are supported by the Tanzi effect and the Tanzi–Olivera effect for the detrimental effect of inflation and gross fiscal deficit on the GST revenue of the government in India. The current study has major policy implications for the government, policymakers, and researchers. The empirical results illustrates that the government may put a stringent check on inflation and gross fiscal deficit of the country to improve their GST collections. Moreover, the government should try to focus on foreign direct investment, trade openness, and foreign exchange reserve in India to increase their GST revenue. Meanwhile, the current study can be used as a base for conducting future studies at national and international levels for examining the determinants of other taxation revenue of the government by incorporating other country specific variables. This study may act as a novel contribution to the available literature on the macroeconomic determinants of taxation revenue in India. To the knowledge, it will be the first study in India to especially explore the determinants of GST revenue of the government in India. However, the findings of the study need to be generalize in future by incorporating a larger sample size as GST is still in its introductory phase in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government around the globe are striving to improve their public finance to meet their public expenditures and for sustainable development of their economies. However, the capability of the governments to generate adequate revenue is limited and refrained by numerous factors. The non‐compliance behavior of GST taxpayers is one of the major factors attributed to this phenomenon. Therefore, this paper endeavors to frame and validate a comprehensive instrumental scale with the application of the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for analyzing the determinants of compliance behavior of GST taxpayers in India. The current study has adopted the quantitative design through exploratory and confirmatory studies by incorporating qualitative semi‐structured interviews with 100 GST consultants to validate the instrumental scale. The study has collected a random sample of 339 GST taxpayers using snowball random sampling. Meanwhile, the study has employed the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for analyzing the collected data. The result affirms six major factors in determining the compliance behavior of GST taxpayers explaining 65.166% of the total variance. The findings have instituted perceived complexity, trust and moral obligation in addition to three major constructs of TPB theory namely attitude behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control of the GST taxpayers. The results explicate that the compliance behavior of GST taxpayers is a dynamic and multifaceted phenomenon and it is critical for GST authorities to comprehend the compliance behavior of GST taxpayers. The result explicates that there is a need to simplify and rationalize the GST system in India to increase voluntary compliance of taxpayers. The results also endorse for building trust between GST taxpayers, GST authorities and the state. This study may act as a baseline for formulating policies and strategies on GST in India. There is hardly any national and international study that has applied the extended theory of planned behavior for studying the antecedents of compliance behavior of GST taxpayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on reducing accounting errors from two distinct angles: that of accounting software developers and of certified public accountants. We employ a questionnaire-based approach informed by prior research and validated through pilot testing. Our findings reveal significant benefits for software developers. AI effectively addresses various accounting errors, including tax rate discrepancies, cutoff period inaccuracies, principal violations, concealed transactions, mathematical mistakes, and manipulation errors. However, when considering users, AI's effectiveness varies. While it successfully mitigates certain errors, such as those related to principles, it falls short in eliminating mathematical errors. This research contributes fresh insights into the role of AI in accounting within emerging markets, enhancing our understanding of its potential and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a court case involving the Care Act 2014 and the treatment of disability-related expenditure (DRE). The court considered whether the costs of activities undertaken by a disabled person should be considered DRE and exempt from charges under the Act. The court emphasized the importance of the wellbeing duty and the role of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in interpreting the Act. The judgment highlights the progressive potential of the Care Act 2014 in promoting wellbeing, autonomy, and rights for individuals receiving care and support. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Evaluating sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation often relies on simulation models. We assess how assumptions about the response to SSB taxation affect the projected body weight change and subsequent health and economic impacts related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using Germany as an example. Methods: In the main analysis, we estimated changes in energy intake by age and sex under a 20% value-added tax on SSBs in Germany using marginal price elasticities (PE) and applied an energy equilibrium model to predict body weight changes. We then quantified the impact of several assumption modifications: SSB own-PE adjusted for consumption (M1)/based on alternative meta-analysis (M2); SSB consumption adjusted for underreporting (M3); substitution via marginal (M4a) or adjusted (M4b) cross-PE/as % of calorie change (M4c). We also assessed scenarios with alternative tax rates of 10% (S1) or 30% (S2) and including fruit juice (S3). We calculated overweight and obesity rates per modification and scenario. We simulated the impact on T2DM, associated healthcare costs, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) over the lifetime of the 2011 German adult population with a Markov model. Data included official demographics, national surveys, and meta-analyses. Results: A 20% value-added tax in Germany could reduce the number of men and women with obesity by 210,800 [138,800; 294,100] and 80,800 [45,100; 123,300], respectively. Over the population's lifetime, this would lead to modest T2DM-related health and economic impacts (76,700 DALYs [42,500; 120,600] averted; €2.37 billion [1.33; 3.71] costs saved). Policy impacts varied highly across modifications (all in DALYs averted): (M1) 94,800 [51,500; 150,700]; (M2) 164,200 [99,500; 243,500]; (M3) 52,600 [22,500; 91,100]; (M4a) -18,100 [-111,500; 68,300]; (M4b) 25,800 [-31,400; 81,500]; (M4c) 46,700 [25,300; 77,200]. The variability in policy impact related to modifications was similar to the variability between alternative policy scenarios (all in DALYs averted): (S1) 26,400 [9,300; 47,600]; (S2) 126,200 [73,600; 194,500]; (S3) 342,200 [234,200; 430,400]. Conclusions: Predicted body weight reductions under SSB taxation are sensitive to assumptions by researchers often needed due to data limitations. Because this variability propagates to estimates of health and economic impacts, the resulting structural uncertainty should be considered when using results in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research explores the impact of the tax system on the economic growth of Nigeria. The study utilized data extracted from annual financial reports of the Central Bank of Nigeria, focusing on indicators like Gross Domestic Product, Petroleum Profit Tax, Value Added Tax, and Company Income Tax. The chosen timeframe spans 28 years, encompassing the years 1984 to 2021, aiming to assess how the tax system influences economic growth in Nigeria. To analyze the data, the researchers employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique and conducted preliminary tests before the main analysis. The outcomes of the research indicate that all the explanatory variables (Petroleum Profit Tax, Value Added Tax, and Company Income Tax) exhibit positive effects on the dependent variable (Gross Domestic Product). However, the impact of Petroleum Profit Tax was found to be statistically insignificant. Based on the findings, the study concludes that there exists a noteworthy positive relationship between the tax system and economic growth in Nigeria. Consequently, the research recommends that all sectors adhere to established tax policies and standards to minimize tax avoidance and evasion. This, in turn, could lead to an increase in overall government revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find out how the impact felt by the community after the implementation of the VAT rate increase policy on individuals who act as end consumers, and business actors or MSMEs who act as distributors. The method used in the study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) from various studies on the impact and implications of VAT rate increases in Indonesia. The results of the study show that VAT affects the price of goods and services in the market, increases production costs and selling prices, and worsens inflation. However, the increase in VAT rates can also increase government tax revenues, reduce the budget deficit, and stabilize the country's fiscal condition. In addition, the increase in VAT can affect consumer behaviour and business investment, especially in the manufacturing, trade, and service industry sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines the legal nature and content of the EU founding treaties in the part of their impact on the regulation of tax relations. Having the nature of international legal acts, the EU founding treaties emerge as a result of the treaty process. They are aimed at establishing the European Communities and the European Union itself with the relevant functions and tasks. As a result, these treaties form the legal basis for the functioning of the entire EU structure. They also create an international treaty-based integration mechanism for future members, which is carried out within the framework of the latter. This functional system is a set of international agreements that guide the development of integration processes for the entire association. In the context of demonstrating the taxlegal dimension of the EU founding treaties, we distinguish the understanding of the EU founding treaties in three aspects. Taken together, they will be defined as the result of the systemic action of specific legal and social factors that influence the nature, usefulness and appropriateness of the regulation of tax relations within the EU. Firstly, the founding treaty as the primary act of EU tax law itself is expressed in the fact that the legal norms enshrined in the founding treaties form the constitutional basis - the fundamental legal framework, the basis of the legal order of the European Union. It is a primary law that can be compared and equated with national constitutional provisions. The rules of primary law directly give rise to rights and obligations of both Member States and individuals (natural and legal) of these states, and this trend is no exception in the tax area. Today, the functioning of the legal order of the European Union is based on the Lisbon Treaty, which includes the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. They demonstrate the primary foundations of tax and legal regulation: the key feature of tax regulation is the fundamental principle of harmonisation of tax legislation of the EU Member States. This is implemented in the process of creating and using various legal forms (legal acts) that enshrine the rules of tax integration law created by EU legal institutions. Secondly, the founding treaty is an act of defining and establishing secondary acts of tax law. And this is reflected in the fact that the provisions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which relate to and define the basis of tax regulation within the EU, are both law-making and law-implementing. Thus, the tax-legal dimension of the EU founding treaties can be considered both as a rule-making constant of provisions that determine the specifics of legal acts envisaged by the founding treaties, their legal nature and peculiarities of adoption. Moreover, as a law enforcement constant of provisions regulating the harmonisation of taxation legislation, approximation of laws in this area and other provisions that may be relevant to taxation. Thirdly, the actual content of the founding treaty with tax-legal elements. This is because EU tax regulation is aimed at the continuous operation of the single market. Therefore, the enshrined legal provisions are mainly related to indirect taxation (value added tax, excise duties, import duties, energy and other environmental taxes). However, the provisions of EU tax law limit the sovereign taxation rights of EU Member States in the area of direct taxation mainly when the object or subject of taxation has a connection with two or more EU Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tax payment has been a burden to business organizations, but a source of revenue to government. This study therefore, delved into the influence of government-imposed taxes on the profitability of firms, focusing on Nigerian Oil and Gas Companies. The research revealed that the coefficient of petroleum profit tax (PPT) exhibited a positive (11.28640) and statistically significant impact (P=0.0129<0.05). Similarly, the beta value of customs and excise duty (CED) displayed a positive (96.41566) and statistically significant impact (P=0.0013<0.05). On the other hand, the beta value of value-added tax (VAT) showed a negative effect (-706.1630) that was statistically significant (P=0.3117>0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated varying effects of government-imposed taxes on firms' profitability, particularly within Nigeria's oil and gas sector. While petroleum profit tax and customs and excise duty exerted positive and significant effects, value-added tax had a negative impact. Consequently, the study recommends a reduction in the value-added tax rate by the Nigerian government to facilitate the enhanced profitability of select oil and gas companies. Additionally, government should intensify its efforts in improving public infrastructural facilities like good access road, adequate electricity supply and security to assist private companies improve their profitability while reducing their expenses which will serve as an incentive and encouragement to enable them pay their taxes promptly and regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of "killer acquisitions" and the enforcement gap in European merger control laws. It specifically focuses on employee acquisitions and whether they should be considered concentrations under the European Union Merger Regulation (EUMR). The article suggests that while employee acquisitions could potentially fall within the scope of the EUMR, the interpretation and application of jurisdictional rules may vary. The authors argue that the Microsoft/Inflection AI case highlights the need for further examination of employee acquisitions in merger control. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of China’s value-added tax (VAT) expansion reform on specialization using data sourced from listed companies. Through an examination of changes in business scope and revenue, two significant findings emerge. First, certain companies extend their services beyond internal use, aiming to boost sales during the post-reform period. This expansion is evident in the changes observed in the business scope matrix. Second, certain service providers experience a significant revenue increase as they attract outsourced orders from manufacturers affected by the reform. The disaggregated analysis of the three sectors involved in the VAT expansion reform further substantiates these findings. Moreover, we rule out tax avoidance as a motive by evaluating actual changes in tax burden, as opposed to projected burdens. These findings have important policy implications for understanding the ramifications of VAT reform and the dynamics of specialization within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singapore's rapidly aging population poses significant challenges to the government's long-term fiscal sustainability as it structurally affects government revenue and expenditure. Amidst the demographic trends, total government spending has skyrocketed to unprecedented amounts in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper evaluates Singapore's fiscal sustainability and intergenerational fiscal impacts through the lens of generational accounting and actuarial analyses, before and after COVID-19. Our model predicts a pre-COVID absolute intergenerational gap of S$512 thousand between future generations and current newborns, implying that there is considerable intergenerational inequity. This gap increases by a further S$67 thousand after factoring in COVID-19's impact on government net spending and short-term fertility rates. Fiscal balance can be restored in the short term and intergenerational equity in the long term, after incorporating key policy changes such as Goods and Services Tax (GST) hike and carbon tax increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to explore the impact of China's value-added tax (VAT) credit refunds policy on the enterprises' labor demand through a paradigm combining ex-ante analysis and ex-post test. By introducing the VAT credit refunds into the production-decision model of the enterprise, calibrating the parameters and conducting the dynamic effects tests using the data of Chinese A-share listed enterprises, this paper finds that the labor employment of the pilot enterprises exhibits a V-shaped fluctuation trend. In the initial implementation of the policy, due to the existence of layoff costs, iso-cost line of the enterprise bends, which results in that the enterprise with a capital-labor substitution elasticity greater than 1 will not reduce labor hiring, as it has already deployed labor force before the implementation of the policy. When the enterprise enter the next production cycle where the labor force can be freely allocated, the labor employment of the enterprise with a capital-labor elasticity of substitution greater than 1 will decline compared to that without the policy. In the long run, as output increases, the labor demand will recover. The results of ex-post test are consistent with that of the ex-ante analysis. Additionally, heterogeneity test reveals that the greater the elasticity of capital-labor substitution of the sub-industry is, the more severe the degree of the V-shaped fluctuation is. Following the implementation of the policy, the continuous increase in enterprise output and capital stock verifies the relevant transmission mechanism. This study provides a more detailed perspective for comprehensively understanding the impact of VAT credit refunds policy on employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of a 'green' value‐added tax in the competitive environment of firms. Using data on firms in Romania and leveraging the introduction of a tax reduction on organic products in 2019, I show that although the overall market for organic goods grows and potential to generate windfall profit exists, the market share of incumbent firms decreases because of intensified competition post‐reform driven by new entrants competing for profits in the market. The market share decreases by about 2 percentage points after the reform. The effect depends on the relative elasticity of demand vis‐à‐vis supply in the market and the ability of a firm to protect its sales from new market entrants. Firms operating geographically further from the main consumer (i.e., more rural firms) and further upstream from the retail sector are more vulnerable to losing market share because urban demand is less elastic than rural demand and retail demand is less elastic than primary demand. Firms that are in markets where it is easier to switch from non‐organic to organic and that are less capital intensive (i.e., have fewer fixed costs) are more vulnerable to losing market share to new market entrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of institutional quality on tax revenue collection in sub‐Saharan African countries. We include the six institutional quality indicators (i.e., voice and accountability, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, control of corruption, and government effectiveness) as explanatory factors for tax revenues and its components in a sample of 42 countries over the period 1996–2019. A system GMM approach was used for the estimations. Consistent with previous results, we find that institutional quality has positive and significant effects on tax revenue collection in sub‐Saharan Africa. Specifically, aggregate total tax revenues, direct taxes, income taxes, and goods and services taxes are positively affected by the six institutional quality indicators. Indirect taxes are positively associated with four indicators, with the exception of government effectiveness and political stability, while tax on international trade are affected by institutional quality factors, with the exception of control of corruption and voice and accountability. These findings indicate that sub‐Saharan African countries should improve institutional quality to boost tax revenue collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, sales tax was replaced in China with value-added tax (VAT). This study evaluates the effect of this change on service exports. VAT reform was introduced across provinces and service sectors at different times. Hence, our paper identifies the impacts of VAT reform on firms' export behavior by utilizing a difference-in-difference (DID) estimation methodology and finds that VAT reform significantly increases service exports in intensive and extensive margins. The export-enhancing effects are larger for non-state-owned enterprises and firms of larger scale and higher productivity levels. VAT reform alleviates tax magnification and double taxation and effectively promotes the competitiveness of China's service exports. With the complete implementation of VAT reform, alongside the full refund of VAT on exported products, China's service exports would increase by approximately two-and-a-half times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South African Value-Added Tax (VAT) Act lacks a logical structure for fixed property transactions, making it difficult to teach, apply and administer. This study examines the organisational structure of the VAT Act as an element of legal complexity. The study establishes guidelines to simplify VAT implications for fixed property transactions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted following a literature review. Research shows that improving statute structure, layout and organisation improves readability. This study confirms that the fixed property provisions of the VAT Act complicate the law, increasing compliance and administrative costs. The literature review and interview findings support the development of the guidelines to simplify complex transactions in the VAT Act. The principles in the guidelines include section grouping, headings and subheadings and clear signposting, and in this article these are applied to practically illustrate the VAT implications for fixed property transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies to what extent mobility reductions and confinement measures impact value-added tax (VAT) collection, which is an increasingly important type of fiscal revenue around the world. Using evidence across twenty nations and over time, we measure these effects around the COVID-19 Pandemic. For that, we benefit from the novel IDB-CIAT monthly dataset on aggregate VAT revenues (2019–2020), combining it with both mobility-restriction policies and mobility outcomes. On average, monthly VAT revenues fell up to 30% around the event of the largest drop in mobility for each country. We also estimate mobility elasticities of VAT revenue. Mobility-restriction policies rising by 10% were associated with drops in VAT of 1.4%, while a 10% drop in actual mobility decreased VAT revenues by 3%. Furthermore, we show both elasticities were significantly smaller in the last quarter of 2020. Beyond the pandemic, results matter as a benchmark for fiscal and macroeconomic variables under large disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses a legal case in Sweden involving beIN Media Group Ltd.'s television broadcasts. The Swedish Supreme Court ruled that these broadcasts were not protected under the Copyright Act because they were made in Qatar, which was not a party to the Rome Convention at the time. The court considered the transmission chain as one single transmission, and since it originated in Qatar, there was no copyright protection. This case emphasizes the complexities of copyright protection in satellite broadcasting and the significance of international agreements. [Extracted from the article]