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AbstractIndia, the largest consumer of vegetable oil, generates massive amounts of wastewater during its production, adversely affecting the aquatic ecosystem. Various methods are used to degrade vegetable oils. Conventionally, oil degradation was quantified by measuring a sample’s end products, such as free fatty acid (FFA) or glycerol. None of these techniques measures intermediate compounds (monoglycerides or diglycerides), which leads to erroneous oil degradation calculations. We propose a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) based method to quantify the percentage degradation of soybean oil. The mobile phase consists of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetic acid (9:1:0.1, v/v/v) and spots scanned at 196 nm. Soybean oil in water (1%, v/v) degraded using immobilized lipase at 37 °C temperature, pH 7, and 180 rpm for 6 h. The change of bonds in FTIR qualitatively confirms the degradation of oil. The proposed method was validated by comparing the quantity of FFA obtained from the HPTLC chromatogram (22.62 ± 0.07%, w/w) with the data calculated from acid value (21.98 ± 0.56%, w/w). The percentage degradation was calculated as 45.67 ± 0.67 (w/w). The present study shows that the developed method is a consistent, precise, reproducible, accurate, and rapid analytical technique for quantifying degraded oil in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) can help diminish fossil chemical dependency because it can partially replace petrochemical plastics due to its biodegradability and similar mechanical properties. However, its production costs are high compared with fossil-based plastics. Alternative carbon sources can be used in the fermentation media because they are renewable and low-cost. Vegetable oils are especially attractive due to their high carbon content, contributing to high production rates per gram of substrate. This work aimed to produce PHB from Cupriavidus necator LPB1421 using either corn or soybean oil as the sole carbon source. Urea was the best nitrogen source, enabling a DCW production of 4.35 g/L (corn oil) and 10.4 g/L (soybean oil). After media optimization, the DCW of corn oil reached 22.13 g/L, with 57.46% PHB accumulation (12.71 g PHB/L), whereas soybean oil led to a DCW of 19.83 g/L, with 54.91% PHB accumulation (10.89 g PHB/L). This media composition was employed in a kinetics assay, revealing similar fermentation parameters among both oils and a yield of 0.2118 g PHB/g for corn oil and 0.1815 g PHB/g for soybean oil. These results open the possibility of integrating PHB production with biofuel manufacturing in a bioethanol/biodiesel biorefinery concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egyptian mummies are often covered with black embalming matter, which is made of complex mixtures of natural organic substances such as vegetable resins, beeswax, animal fats, gums, and vegetable oils, as well as bitumen. In this work, we used proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to investigate the potential of certain transition metals, in particular V and Ni, as probes for detecting the presence of bitumen and tracing its origin and alteration in this black embalming matter. PIXE analysis showed that all the mummies studied in this work (bird, ram, crocodile, human), which span a period of about 1000 years and come from different sites in Egypt, have a nearly constant Ni/V ratio close to that of bitumen from the Dead Sea, suggesting a well-defined source of bitumen supply. The same conclusion was reached by EPR analysis of vanadyl porphyrins and carbonaceous radicals. The presence of an excess of radicals in the black matter from several mummies indicates that they probably contain some carbonized organic matter in addition to bitumen. This combined PIXE-EPR methodology is quantitative and sensitive since a few % of bitumen can be non-destructively detected in a mummy sample weighing only a few mg. The combination of these two techniques can provide new information on the thermal history (preparation recipes) and redox history (natural degradation) of this black matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to diesel exhaust is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and lung disease. Substituting petroleum diesel with renewable diesel can alter emission properties but the potential health effects remain unclear. This study aimed to explore toxicity and underlying mechanisms of diesel exhaust from renewable fuels. Using proximity extension assay (Olink), 92 proteins linked to inflammation, cardiovascular function, and cancer were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma in mice 1 day after pulmonary exposure to exhaust particles at doses of 6, 18, and 54 µg/mouse. Particles were generated from combustion of renewable (rapeseed methyl ester, RME13, hydrogen-treated vegetable oil, HVO13; both at 13% O2 engine intake) and petroleum diesel (MK1 ultra-low-sulfur diesel at 13% and 17% O2 intake; DEP13 and DEP17). We identified positive dose–response relationships between exposure and proteins in BALF using linear models: 33 proteins for HVO13, 24 for DEP17, 22 for DEP13, and 12 for RME13 (p value < 0.05). In BALF, 11 proteins indicating cytokine signaling and inflammation (CCL2, CXCL1, CCL3L3, CSF2, IL1A, CCL20, TPP1, GDNF, LGMN, ITGB6, PDGFB) were common for all exposures. Several proteins in BALF (e.g., CCL2, CXCL1, CCL3L3, CSF2, IL1A) correlated (rs ≥ 0.5) with neutrophil cell count and DNA damage in BAL cells. Interestingly, plasma protein profiles were only affected by RME13 and, to lesser extent, by DEP13. Overall, we identified inflammation-related changes in the BALF as a common toxic mechanism for the combustion particles. Our protein-based approach enables sensitive detection of inflammatory protein changes across different matrices enhancing understanding of exhaust particle toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, due to the harmful effects of chemical preservatives in food products and antibiotic resistance too, the efforts of researchers to use natural and safe antimicrobial compounds, including plant essential oils, have increased. In the present study, after collecting the Badrashboo plant from the fields around Urmia city and drying it, extracting the essential oil from the plant was carried out using a Clevenger device, and the antimicrobial effects of this essential oil against some Gram -positive and Gram -negative food - borne pathogenic bacteria were determined by methods: Disk Diffusion Agar (DDA), Well Diffusion Agar (WDA), Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and interaction with four common broad -spectrum antibiotics including Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin were performed. The results of the DDA and WDA tests showed that the essential oil of Badreshbo had significant antimicrobial effects on all the tested bacteria in this study. The gram -positive bacteria were more sensitive than the gram -negative bacteria in front of this essential oil. The results of the MIC test of the essential oil for Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monostogenes were 2.5, 1.25, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 1.25 and 1.25 mg/ml. The MBC of the mentioned strains were 5, 5, 2.5, 5, 2.5, 2.5, and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Also, the results of the study of the interaction effect of Badreshbo essential oil with the mentioned antibiotics indicate synergistic effects of the essential oil with all four antibiotics tested. Therefore, considering the significant antimicrobial effects observed for Badrashbo essential oil in this study, it can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production of meat products, animal fats, which are rich mainly in saturated fatty acids, are used as a recipe ingredient. To improve the quality and fatty acid profile of meat products, it is possible to partially replace animal fat with vegetable oils. This approach aims to achieve a more favorable PUFA/SFA ratio and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, bringing them closer to the values recommended by nutritional organizations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of replacing 20% and 40% of animal fat with selected plant fats on the change in the fat fraction composition of liver pâté-type processed meat and its oxidative stability. Fatty acid content was analyzed in the oils purchased from retailers and in experimental samples. During refrigerated storage of the experimental sausages, changes in the content of primary (peroxide value (PV)) and secondary oxidation products (TBARS), as well as changes in sensory quality, were evaluated. The analysis included cross-sectional color, aroma, texture, saltiness, and taste. The study showed that replacing 20% of animal fat with vegetable oils resulted in products with high sensory attractiveness and oxidative stability, outperforming those with 40% replacement. Among the tested vegetable oils, samples with rapeseed oil demonstrated the highest oxidative stability and the most favorable, nutrition-recommendation-approaching n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio, compared with samples with flaxseed, corn, sunflower, and soybean oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the Brazilian biomass – macaw palm oil, was reacted with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine to give a fatty amide derivative, which was further modified to obtain an epoxidised derivative. After that, the last derivative reacted with CO2, providing a new carbonated compound. The vegetable oil-based products were analysed using spectroscopic techniques and showed fluorescence when exposed to UV light. The carbonated compound was polymerised with four different polyphenols (quercetin, curcumin, tannic acid, and gallic acid). This resulted in dark brown, thermosetting poly-hydroxycarbonates with a shiny and brittle appearance. Modified vegetable oil compounds and final polymers present bio-based and bio-based carbon contents above 88%, indicating their renewability. Polymers made with quercetin and gallic acid were hydrophobic (water-repellent). Thermal analysis confirmed that all polymers could withstand temperatures up to 195 °C before decomposing. In addition, they have resistance against acid solutions but are fully hydrolysed after 24 h in an alkaline solution. These new polymeric materials also present self-healing properties; therefore, they can be healed and recovered by simple heating using a red-light LED (660 nm) and hydraulic press, a greener, faster, and more straightforward method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in using green and sustainable materials as replacements for petroleum-based polymeric materials. Plant oils are of particular interest as raw materials for the synthesis of new polymers for different applications. In this work, we have made novel green nanocomposites comprising epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), citric acid (CA), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) using supercritical carbon dioxide, without a catalyst or an accelerator. Both polymeric foamed products and bubble-free products could be obtained. The chemical structure of the new products was studied by solid-state and solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), together with dynamic mechanical properties and glass transition temperature (Tg). The product was found to contain low-molecular-weight polymers of ESO involving tetrahydrofuran structures in the polymer backbone and ester crosslinks between ESO and CA. The incorporation of nanocellulose was found to increase the Tg and the storage modulus (G') of the products. The G' at 25 °C ranged from 0.08 MPa to 0.63 MPa with CNF loading from 0.00 g to 0.24 g. The Tg measured by dynamic measurement ranged from 6.41 °C to 11.07 °C. Effect of CO2 pressure on the dynamic mechanical properties and Tg showed that the G' at 25 °C ranged from 0.10 MPa to 0.14 MPa when the pressure changed from 55.2 bar to 75.8 bar, while the Tg changed from 6.70 °C to 7.28 °C under these conditions. With the aids of gel contents, TGA and FTIR results, the formation of crosslinked nanocomposites would be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera is traditionally used as oil plant in China. Currently, the planting varieties of Camellia oleifera were limited and low degree of improved breeding in China, indicated the urgent need for the cultivation of high-yield, superior quality, and resilient new varieties. This study was a comprehensive review on the progression in chromosomal karyotypes of 11 traditionally oil plant species of Camellia oleifera, including Camellia oleifera Abel, Camellia meiocarpa, Camellia vietnamensis, Camellia gauchowensis, Camellia yuhsienensis, Camellia yunnanensis, Camellia reticulata, Camellia saluenensis, Camellia pitardii, Camellia chekiangoleasa and Camellia longicaudata. These species serve as vital sources of oil in China, showcasing immense prospective benefits for cultivation and utilization. This study offered an in-depth understanding of these species from chromosomal perspective, considering their ploidy and karyotypes. By availing this essential theoretical guidance, it aimed to support and enhance the ongoing work in Camellia oleifera hybrid breeding and related endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for eco-friendly epoxides derived from vegetable oils, recent efforts have focused on developing methods for the epoxidation of sunflower oil. Sunflower oil, in particular, has emerged as a promising candidate for epoxidation due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, which provide abundant double bonds suitable for epoxide formation. In this study, epoxidized sunflower oil was produced using in situ formed peracid with a hybrid oxygen carrier combining formic acid and acetic acid. The optimal epoxidation reaction parameters were determined as follows: (1) a reaction temperature of 75 °C, (2) a catalyst loading of 0.9 g of hybrid oxygen carrier, (3) a stirring speed of 450 rpm, and (4) a hydrogen peroxide to sunflower oil molar ratio of 1.5. This research contributes to transforming sunflower oil into a value-added product, thereby reducing reliance on petroleum-based resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast detection of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) adulteration with poorer quality and lower price vegetable oils is important for the protection of consumers and the market of olive oil from fraudulent activities, the latter exhibiting an increasing trend worldwide during the last few years. In this work, two optical spectroscopic techniques, namely, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, are employed and are assessed for EVOO adulteration detection, using the same set of olive oil samples. In total, 184 samples were studied, including 40 EVOOs and 144 binary mixtures with pomace, soybean, corn, and sunflower oils, at various concentrations (ranging from 10 to 90% w/w). The emission data from LIBS, related to the elemental composition of the samples, and the UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra, related to the organic ingredients content, are analyzed, both separately and combined (i.e., fused), by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and Logistic Regression (LR). In all cases, very highly predictive accuracies were achieved, attaining, in some cases, 100%. The present results demonstrate the potential of both techniques for efficient and accurate olive oil authentication issues, with the LIBS technique being better suited as it can operate much faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antioxidant efficacy of ellagitannins from a pomegranate husk in preventing vegetable canola oil (VCO) oxidation during French fry preparation. Ellagitannins were extracted using 80% acetone, purified via Amberlite XAD-16 resin chromatography, and incorporated into VCO at 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% concentrations. VCO oxidation was assessed at 145 °C, 160 °C, and 190 °C, with frying experiments conducted at 160 °C for five 10 min cycles. Primary lipid oxidation (peroxide values) was measured using the AOCS Cd 8-53 method, and molecular structural changes were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that ellagitannins significantly mitigated VCO oxidation across all temperatures, with 0.05% identified as the optimal concentration. This concentration reduced peroxide values to 4.66 ± 1.15 meq O/kg, remaining stable and below acceptable limits during frying. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed no significant structural changes in VCO. These findings highlight ellagitannins as effective antioxidants for enhancing VCO oxidative stability during frying, offering a natural, sustainable solution for improving oil quality and extending its usability in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral oil-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) contain toxic and hazardous chemicals, making them dangerous for both humans and the environment. Environmentally friendly MWFs have the potential to lessen or eliminate the negative effects associated with mineral oil-based MWFs. The developed environmentally friendly or biobased MWFs consist of natural, biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, and environmentally friendly ingredients. These ingredients are soybean oil (0.5% v/v) as a dispersed phase, gum acacia (3% wt/v) as a natural emulsifier, and water as a continuous phase. Moreover, soybean blended neem oil (1:500), and guar gum (0.5% wt/v) were selected as additives. The performance of these formulated MWFs (FFs) was evaluated in terms of grinding characteristics (grinding force, surface roughness, and morphology) and benchmarked with mineral oil-based commercial MWF (CF). The experiments were designed using the Taguchi method. The findings indicate that FFs (S1 and S2) outperformed CF and dry grinding due to their reduced grinding forces, better surface finishes (lower surface roughness), and better surface morphology. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that the coolant (MWF) type had a great influence on grinding characteristics compared to wheel speed. The improved performance of FFs was due to the formation of lubricious tribofilm on the ground steel surface. This tribofilm reduces the friction between the trio-pair interface. The SEM-EDS mapping confirmed the presence and nature of tribofilm while FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the chemisorption of the tribofilm at the ground steel surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing concern over the depletion of the global crude oil stock and environmental issues, the replacement of petroleum‐based polymers with environmentally benign alternatives derived from renewable resource has attracted great attention. In the current study, four different polyurethane (PU) sheets were synthesized from unmodified castor oil (CO) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), incorporating cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as a filler. The mixture consisting molar ratio of CO, HDI, and CNF in a ratio of 1:5:0.8 yielded the best results. This formulation achieved a tensile strength of 22.55 MPa and an elongation at break of 55.9%. Additionally, the resulting PU sheets exhibited excellent thermal properties, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) that were notably enhanced, further highlighting the effectiveness of this specific mixture in producing high‐performance, bio‐based PUs. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal, and mechanical characterizations indicated that both reinforced and unreinforced PU exhibited properties within acceptable ranges. Given the bio‐based origins of CO and cellulose, the synthesized polymers are biodegradable and suitable for biomaterial applications. The study confirms that the bio‐based origins of CO and cellulose render synthesized polymers biodegradable, suitable for various biomaterial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citronella oil, extracted from Cymbopogon species (winterianus and nardus) is a commercially valuable essential oil used in personal-care products and insect repellents. Routine analysis in gas chromatography is incapable of detecting high-boiling adulterants therein. In this study, an HPTLC technique was developed for the absolute quantification of citronellal (characteristic chemical marker) and triglyceride (main constituent of vegetable oil adulterant) in citronella oil for its quality assessment. It was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Further, the developed method was employed to quantify citronellal and triglyceride in twenty commercial samples. The results showed a wide variation in citronellal content (trace to 30.65% w/w) and could differentiate its two chemotypes. Also, it revealed the possibility of vegetable oil adulteration through the detection and quantification of triglyceride in selected samples. It can be a simple and rapid technique for the quality control of citronella oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting fluid in the material processing process is effective in taking away the heat generated to reduce the cutting temperature, as well as reduce friction and wear to improve the surface performance of the material. It is the most basic and necessary component of the material manufacturing industry. However, mineral oil-based cutting fluids and their additives contain some substances that not only jeopardize human health but also pollute the environment, and a great number of researchers are working hand in hand to find green, environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional mineral oil-based cutting fluids. Among them, vegetable oil is a promising and viable alternative, and some safe nanomaterials have been developed as additives to prepare user-friendly and eco-friendly vegetable oil-based nano-cutting fluids. This paper reviews the formulation, characterization, and mechanism of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids and systematically discusses the application of vegetable oil-based nano-cutting fluids in turning, milling, grinding, and drilling. The results of the review show that high-performance vegetable oil-based nano-cutting fluids could be developed to help advance the realization of green manufacturing. Finally, possible directions for future research on plant-based nano-cutting fluids are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lubricants are pivotal in mitigating friction and wear between surfaces, ensuring seamless movement of solid objects. However, the predominant use of petroleum-based lubricants in the automotive and industrial ssectors raises substantial concerns for future energy security. The exploration of vegetable oils as an alternative lubricant in the automotive industry was motivated by the depletion of fossil fuels and escalating environmental concerns. The post-pandemic surge in environmental awareness has intensified the focus on biolubricants. Over the past two decades, the biolubricants field has burgeoned with numerous research, signaling a heightened interest in eco-friendly and sustainable lubrication solutions. This underscores biolubricants as a dynamic and evolving research area with lasting prominence, especially amid ongoing environmental innovation. The review centrally revolves around naturally sourced lubricants, primarily focusing on vegetable oils, which stand out as appealing substitutes for conventional petroleum-based lubricants due to their biodegradability, high lubricity, and elevated flash points. The article delves into modifications to enhance vegetable oil properties, explores the role of additives, and provides insights into current and future prospects. The paper also investigates diverse applications in engine oil, grease, hydraulic oil, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable resources as an alternative to fossil raw materials is one of the topical directions of modern science. Consistent efforts have been devoted to finding the most prospective feedstocks and developing efficient methods for their processing. Among them, plant oils represent a promising source for the fuel, chemical, polymer, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and their derivatives, particularly oleates and ricinoleates, are candidate starting materials for both organochemical modifications to obtain functional materials and catalytic transformations to α-olefins, unsaturated carboxylic acids and their derivatives, branched hydrocarbons and other valuable compounds required in the fine chemistry and polymer industry. In the 2020s, significant progress has been made in the field of oleochemistry, and in the present work, we attempt to provide the broadest overview of the chemistry of oleates and related compounds, i.e., derivatives of unsaturated FAs. Our review addresses the issues of raw material processing and purification as well as the catalytic and organochemical transformation of unsaturated FAs and FA esters with and without the cleavage of C＝C bonds. The most promising actual directions of research, their compliance with the principles of green chemistry and the prospects for further development are also discussed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of biofilms occurs due to a group of bacteria gathering together. The increasing of cell density will stimulate chemical signals for bacteria to communicate through quorum sensing system. Quorum sensing plays a role for competition, virulence, resistance, and pathogenesis. Quorum sensing produces signaling response called as autoinducers. Gram‐negative bacteria produce N‐acyl‐L‐homoserine lactones as autoinducer, while quorum sensing in Gram‐positive bacteria produces autoinducing peptides. By looking at quorum sensing responses in bacterial pathogenesis and resistance, the study of natural antibiotic agents became a particular concern for researchers. This review summarizes the study of quorum sensing systems acting on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, the role of quorum sensing on biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria, and the potential use of medicinal plants as natural anti–quorum sensing agents reviewed in vitro and in silico. The use of extracts from leaves, fruits, flowers, stems, and isolated compounds of some types of plants and essential oils has been successfully tested to have anti–quorum sensing activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, global consumption of vegetable oils for food purposes exceeds 200 million tons per year. Hazardous waste frying oil has become a fully valuable, environmentally friendly raw material with a wide range of industrial applications. Solid materials based on waste cooking oil (WCO) are becoming increasingly popular due to their easy production technology, availability of raw material, and low cost. Waste cooking oil can be used to produce materials used in the construction industry. In the present study, the manufacturing process of oil composites reinforced with natural additives such as nut shells, pistachios, and shellfish shells was optimized and their physicochemical and phytotoxic properties were determined. The absorbability of the obtained oil composites ranged from 3.1 to 10.3%. The maximum growth inhibition of 82% was recorded for the underground part of Sinapis alba for soil soaked in a solution obtained by leaching oil composites obtained at 185 °C (catalyst: catalyzed oil ratio equal to 0.24). Lowest growth − 63% for Sorghum saccharatum grown on a sponge soaked in a solution obtained by leaching oil composites was obtained at 210 °C (catalyst:catalyzed oil ratio equal to 0.13). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]