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This article analyzes the authorial projection of Venezuelan writer Karina Sainz Borgo through her novel "La hija de la española" and her public statements about it. It is highlighted that the protagonist, Adelaida, presents herself as morally superior to those who oppose her politically. Additionally, it is mentioned that the representation of immigrant characters focuses on highlighting their honesty and bravery. The novel is presented as a political critique of the Venezuelan system and presents two opposing ideologies. The author has been criticized for her ideological stance in the novel, although she herself has stated that she is not seeking to make propaganda. The relationship between the author and the work is also analyzed, as she shares the condition of being an exile with the protagonist and has expressed her personal connection to the context of Venezuela. [Extracted from the article]

Given that housing is a key element for security, access to resources, and the integration of migrant individuals, we inquire, concerning the rental market, about the forms of vulnerability to which they are exposed and the resources used (or not) to confront them. We present the case of Lima, the city that has received the largest number of Venezuelan migrants (1.1 million) in recent years. As an exploratory study, we conducted 37 interviews with tenants (27 Venezuelan migrants, 10 Peruvians). We analyzed the cases for each group, seeking common problems and strategies to address them. We found that Venezuelan individuals face challenges in searching for and staying in housing not only due to their restricted citizenship and employment in the informal sector, but also due to their limited access to social resources. As a result, they are more exposed to critical events and must confront them on their own. Consequently, their vulnerability is greater, and their housing tenure is always unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to expand our understanding of how diverse crises affect the evolution of migration governance. Building upon an interdisciplinary framework, it proposes a nuanced notion of migration crisis, qualified as 'nested', and illustrates its application through an interpretative synthesis of empirical works and primary sources on responses to the massive emigration of Venezuelans to South American countries at the peak of the outflow (2017–2019). This conceptual and analytical exercise highlights the interplay of national and regional dynamics and fills some gaps in existing accounts regarding what governability entails, and the nature, scope, and reasons of governance evolution. It shows that policy choices were embedded in and shaped by several critical structural conditions and junctures; disagreement on problem definition precluded cooperation and redefined both the role of key actors and the construction of the crisis narrative; apparent contradictions between rhetoric and practice were rather a re‐framing of complementary (humanitarian/securitization) interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work seeks to problematize the politics of film memory in Venezuela in relation to oil. On the one hand, Venezuelan cinema will be analyzed as petrocine (Fornoff) with the aim of historicizing it within an infrastructure of modernity. On the other hand, and beyond a systemic dependence, it is intended to point out its historical and material relationship based on how it was able to energize micropolitical practices protected by the Venezuelan magical State (Coronil) and how it has been historically promoted as a discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2003, the neoliberal paradigm has given way to neodevelopmentalist practices under the Lula da Silva administrations. The central question is: to what extent has Brazil's neo-developmentalist strategy, conceived during the Lula da Silva administrations (2003-2010), affected the country's relations with Colombia and Venezuela? The main objective is to analyze the relations between Brazil and these two countries in order to understand the Brazilian government's stance towards two different ideologies, those of Colombian President Uribe and Venezuelan President Chávez. This is a qualitative study, based on official documents and supported by specialized academic literature. The results of this study indicate that, to a large extent, Brazil's foreign policy has been largely pragmatic, but that in some cases there has been coordination and rejection of both models. Brazil's neo-developmentalist strategy has been relatively successful when applied to its South American neighbors, particularly Colombia and Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 23rd of January 2019 marked the beginning of the Venezuelan Presidential Crisis, a unique socio-political conflict that confronted Nicolás Maduro, president of Venezuela, to the self-proclaimed leader Juan Guaidó. This paper explores the divisive power of conceptual metaphors in this context through the analysis of polarising metaphors, namely, metaphors that conceptualise 'Us' positively and/or 'Them' negatively. More specifically, from a corpus-based critical socio-cognitive perspective (Musolff 2016; Soares da Silva 2020; Charteris-Black 2011), this study looks at the main polarising metaphors of Maduro and Guaidó's political discourses and examines their role in the discursive construction of ideological polarisation, social identities, and legitimacy using a target-based approach (Stefanowitsch and Gries 2006). The results show that both leaders strategically use polarising metaphors, especially those of CONFRONTATION, HUMAN BEING and JOURNEY, to reproduce their ideologies, reinforce their social identities, and legitimise their political positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forced migration is an increasingly common feature in international relations, and the mass migration of Venezuelans to Colombia provides an opportunity to analyze how strategic narratives can support a welcoming migration and integration policy. Because Colombia is a country with no history of immigration and no established anti‐immigrant group, its experience provides unique insight into the impact and limitations of positive migration narratives. While Colombia's migration policy and humanitarian narrative have garnered praise internationally, this praise has not been matched by a sense of urgency for action, attention, or funding. Domestically, the policy response to mass Venezuelan migration has met international standards. Moreover, the country has experienced relatively little unrest compared to other host countries in Latin America. There is, however, ample evidence that Colombian perceptions of increased Venezuelan migration are negative and that tension and scapegoating are on the rise. Given these contradictions, this article reviews and discusses how and why Colombia's positive, humanitarian narratives have succeeded, as well as these narratives' limitations and need for adjustments. Together, these insights can help other host nations craft more effective and truthful migration strategic narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to document the experiences of women crossing borders through unauthorised routes and the impact that migration policies have on their journeys. Using the case of Venezuelan migration to Colombia, it will argue that while the Colombian government claims to have an open border and welcomes Venezuelans without restrictions, there are gaps between this generous discourse and its implementation, forcing many migrants to enter the country through unauthorised points. This is especially so for women of low socioeconomic backgrounds and single mothers who must navigate policies devised with heteronormative assumptions about family composition. Drawing from the narratives of nine female migrants, the paper will conclude that contrary to existing literature, which identifies smugglers as the drivers of clandestine migration, female migrants may be actively involved in securing their journeys and can circumvent migration policies as a form of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to raise awareness and build understanding of the impact of the digitalisation of border spaces on Venezuelan refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a close look at Venezuelan migrants' experiences throughout the Andean corridor of cross-border mobility during the COVID-19 emergency. It focuses on the differentiated characteristics of their fragmented journeys to trace the potential of struggles in reclaiming autonomy in contemporary migration. Conceptually, it expands on Nicholas De Genova's 'viral borders' to explore the ways migrants rechannelled, reimagined, and remade their trajectories amid the recent wave of violent, nationalist border controls, expanded in the name of public health. The article argues that, to cope with the consequences of COVID-19 management, Venezuelan migrants made mobility choices related to their differentiated access to social and material resources, enmeshed in prevailing racialised, classed, and gendered social structures. Meanwhile, migrant struggles enabled autonomy amid fragmented journeys opposite Covid-19-related attempts of nationalist (re)bordering. It is suggested that, as legacies of viral borders become more evident, autonomy and struggle remain key in shaping mobility amid the exclusionary post-pandemical border regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyse the working conditions of Venezuelan migrants, who participate in delivery work in Argentina, based on a conceptual discussion on the 'precarisation' processes of migrant workers in the countries of the global south. The labour conditions of workers in South America have historically deteriorated for several decades, but its effects have intensified after the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis is focused on the dynamics of Venezuelan migrant labour within digital platforms in Buenos Aires, contrasting data obtained between 2019 and 2020 from two surveys and interviews conducted with this population. Drawing upon contributions from the sociology of migration and the sociology of work, this article seeks to understand how irregularised migrants employed in the platform work, at the intersection of super-exploitation and super-exposure to contagion, have been brutally affected by the expansion of delivery work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Frónesis is the property of Universidad del Zulia (Fronesis) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the intricate relationship between Venezuelan migration and urban growth in Colombia from 2018 to 2021. The study employs remote sensing data and social network metrics to uncover migration patterns and their impact on urban expansion. The methodology consists of three stages. Firstly, nighttime satellite imagery is used to analyze year-over-year urban growth in Colombia. Secondly, social network data estimates Venezuelan migration, overcoming challenges of underreporting and informal border crossings. Lastly, an econometric analysis explores the quantitative link between Venezuelan migration and urban growth, integrating socioeconomic variables to address endogeneity. The findings reveal the complex interplay of Venezuelan migration, socioeconomic factors, and urban growth. The study outlines remote sensing analysis, introducing the Anthropogenic Footprint Expansion Index (AFEI) to quantify urban growth. Facebook API data estimates migration trends and explores socioeconomic impacts on urban expansion. The analysis uncovers migration, poverty, aging, and urban population proportion as key factors affecting Colombia's urban landscape. Furthermore, the research underscores how Venezuelan migration affected short-term urban expansion pre- and post-COVID-19. Migration had a notable effect before the pandemic, but this influence waned afterward. The study highlights migration's short-term nature and emphasizes age demographics' role in medium-term dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

José Ignacio Cabrujas was a renowned Venezuelan playwright whose work was characterized by representing archetypal situations and characters. Throughout his career, Cabrujas experienced disillusionment with his religious and political beliefs, seeking to purify himself from them. His Catholic upbringing and subsequent conversion to communism generated tensions in his life. In the 1960s, Cabrujas experienced an intense ideological and political crisis that influenced his theatrical writing. His most representative works include "Profundo" (Deep), "Acto cultural" (Cultural Act), "El día que me quieras" (The Day You Love Me), and "El Americano Ilustrado" (The Illustrated American). In these works, Cabrujas explored truths, falsehoods, and human emotions, offering a unique vision of human existence in Venezuelan drama. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the 1960s, political threats drove petroleum multinational corporations in Venezuela to deploy highly sophisticated defense strategies. The American industry leader, Creole, wanted the local business community to adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) identities and practices as a buffer against state intervention and communist uprising. How would Creole instigate such field-level organisational transformation? By addressing this question through theoretically informed historical narration, I endeavour to extend institutional theory into the world of inter-firm mobilizations for institutional creation and change. Such mobilizations are organised through inter-firm convening: a mechanism through which organisations mobilise – based on the establishment of a special-purpose meta-organisation – to address external challenges by modifying collective identities, remodelling forms of organisation, and diffusing practices in their field. (In Venezuela, this meta-organisation was called Dividendo.) By using this centrally coordinated form of mobilisation, the project's agenda setters can exert transformative influence on the identity and behaviour of potentially numerous other organisations. I discuss implications for the study of institutional work, organisational power, and global diffusion. The article promotes a corporate and management-centred perspective on CSR, Latin American, and Cold War historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder • The spectrum of novel mutations found mirrors the multi-ethnicity in Venezuela. • Our work emphasizes the importance of VWF multimer and genetic analysis for the appropriate classification of VWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 72 interviews with Venezuelan migrant women across five Peruvian cities between 2018 and 2020, this article discusses the prevailing intersectional discriminations they have experienced. I also explore their resistance to social marginalizations that position them along a social-racial hierarchy based on xenophobia, sexism, and racialization. My research has found that their responses to these treatments are to reposition themselves as politically and morally equal, if not superior, to host country nationals. I close the article with questions about what these dynamics portend for future inquiries on south–south migrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Venezuelan #MeToo movement, ignited in 2021, adapts the global initiative against sexual violence to a local context characterized by profound distrust in the justice system. This paper explores how social media served as a catalyst for "mediatic vigilantism"--a contemporary digital form of vigilante justice. By employing qualitative research methods, the study examines an array of social media posts, news articles, and conducts interviews with participants of the Venezuelan #MeToo movement. It draws parallels between traditional forms of vigilantism, rooted in a lack of faith in legal paths and justice systems, and the modern phenomenon of "digilantism". The research compares these findings to the broader global #MeToo movement, highlighting the unique adaptations and challenges faced in the Venezuelan context. Results indicate that the movement in Venezuela expanded its scope beyond public figures to encompass a wider array of abuses and uncover government inefficiency and neglect. The study concludes that the Venezuelan #MeToo movement, like traditional vigilantism, arises from mistrust in legal systems and conventional judicial pathways in a country in crisis. It underscores the need for legal reforms that enhance the reliability and effectiveness of justice systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the initial transformation of the island of Trinidad into a transimperial contact zone during the final decades of the Eighteenth century and how it became a particularly revealing space for colonial experimentation. This process began two decades before the British invasion of 1797 and originated from the core of the Spanish reformist state that sought to experiment with new political, legal, and economic arrangements for its American domains. The intensification of complex transimperial and transcolonial networks that connected imperial agents in Spain, colonial officials in the Venezuelan coast, local residents in Trinidad, and potential French and Irish Catholic migrants in the Lesser Antilles gave shape to the transformation of Trinidad. This article contributes to the history of the transimperial Atlantic by analyzing the initial phase of Trinidad's transformation into a plural slave-based colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive Summary: Millions of Venezuelans have fled their country in hopes for a better future outside the political and financial turmoil in their home country. This paper examines the self-reported needs of Venezuelans in the United States and Colombia. Specifically, it looks at perceived discrimination in each country and its effect on the service needs of Venezuelan immigrants. The authors used data from a larger project conducted in October to November 2017 to perform a qualitative content analysis on the specific services that participants and others like them would need following immigration. The sample consisted of 647 Venezuelan immigrant adults who had migrated to the United States (n = 342) or Colombia (n = 305). Its findings indicate statistically significant differences between the two countries. Venezuelan immigrants in the United States were more likely to identity mental health and educational service needs, while those in Colombia were more likely to list access to healthcare, help finding jobs, and food assistance. When looking at perceived discrimination, means scores for discrimination were significantly greater for participants who indicated needing housing services, who indicated needing assistance enrolling children in school and who indicated needing food assistance, compared to participants who did not list those needs. Venezuelans who had experienced greater negative context of reception were less likely to indicate needing mental health services, where 11.9 percent of those who did not perceive a negative context of reception responded that they needed mental health services. Evaluating existing service networks will be essential in working to bridge the gap between the services provided to and requested by Venezuelans. Collaboration between diverse government actors, community-based organizations (CBOs) and other stakeholders can help identify gaps in existing service networks. CBOs can also facilitate communication between Venezuelan immigrants and their new communities, on the need to invest in necessary services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Venezuelan refugee crisis has triggered Latin America's largest mass migration, displacing over a fifth of the country's population. A significant number of migrants have sought refuge in neighboring countries like Peru. Within this context, Venezuelan migrants confront an array of vulnerabilities, including xenophobia and economic hardship, which have compelled some to sex work for their livelihoods. Venezuelan sex workers (VSWs) in Peru face amplified challenges, including heightened risks for HIV and sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) and exposure to various forms of violence. Addressing the urgent need to comprehend and enhance HIV and STBBI preventive services tailored to this marginalized group in Peru's capital is paramount. Our biobehavioural HIV prevention study combines sequential mixed methods: we start with a rapid ethnography, followed by semi-structured interviews and finally incorporate cross-sectional surveys with HIV and STBBI testing. The present study protocol presents the integrated and initial rapid ethnographic component of the study which explores the dynamics of street-based sex work in Lima and the sociocultural narratives surrounding VSWs. Data collection will involve systematic fieldnote taking including non-person photos during in-person and virtual participant observation. This comprehensive approach will provide a nuanced understanding of the complex landscape of sex work and HIV/STBBI vulnerabilities among VSWs in Lima. The rapid ethnography endeavors to offer valuable insights that can underpin evidence-based healthcare interventions, specifically tailored to cater to the unique requirements of this marginalized population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is estimated that since 2014, approximately 7.3 million Venezuelan migrants/refugees have left the country. Although both male and female migrants/refugees are vulnerable, female migrants/refugees are more likely to face discrimination, emotional, physical, and sexual violence. Currently there is a lack of literature that explores the experiences of pregnant Venezuelan migrants/refugees. Our aim is to better understand the experience of this vulnerable population to inform programming. Methods: In the parent study, Spryng.io's sensemaking tool was used to gain insight into the gendered migration experiences of Venezuelan women/girls. A total of 9339 micronarratives were collected from 9116 unique participants in Peru, Ecuador and Brazil from January to April 2022. For the purpose of this analysis, two independent reviewers screened 817 micronarratives which were identified by the participant as being about someone who was pregnant, ultimately including 231 as part of the thematic analysis. This was an exploratory study and an open thematic analysis of the narratives was performed. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of our population was 25.77 ± 6.73. The majority of women in the sample already had at least 1 child (62%), were married at the time of migration (53%) and identified as low socio-economic status (59%). The qualitative analysis revealed the following main themes among pregnant Venezuelan migrants/refugees: xenophobia in the forms of racial slurs and hostile treatment from health-care workers while accessing pregnancy care; sexual, physical, and verbal violence experienced during migration; lack of shelter, resources and financial support; and travelling with the hopes of a better future. Conclusion: Pregnant Venezuelan migrants/refugees are a vulnerable population that encounter complex gender-based and societal issues that are rarely sufficiently reported. The findings of this study can inform governments, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations to improve support systems for pregnant migrants/refugees. Based on the results of our study we recommend addressing xenophobia in health-care centres and the lack of shelter and food in host countries at various levels, creating support spaces for pregnant women who experience trauma or violence, and connecting women with reliable employment opportunities and maternal healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens are not only fungal–algal symbiotic associations but also matrices for association with bacteria, and the bacterial diversity linked to lichens has been receiving more attention in studies. This study compares the diversity and possible metabolism of lichen-associated bacteria from saxicolous foliose and fruticose taxa Alectoria, Canoparmelia, Crocodia, Menegazzia, Usnea, and Xanthoparmelia from the Venezuelan Guiana Shield and the South African Highveld Plateau. We used DNA extractions from the lichen thalli to amplify the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) and the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rDNA, of which amplicons were then Sanger- and MiSeq-sequenced, respectively. The V3–V4 sequences of the associated bacteria were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) ascribed to twelve bacterial phyla previously found in the rock tripe Umbilicaria lichens. The bacterial OTUs emphasized the uniqueness of each region, while, at the species and higher ranks, the regional microbiomes were shown to be somewhat similar. Nevertheless, regional biomarker OTUs were screened to predict relevant metabolic pathways, which implicated different regional metabolic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major global public health issues. Migrants represent a vulnerable group that faces multiple barriers to access to healthcare services, including HIV/STI testing. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with access to HIV/STI testing in male and female Venezuelan migrants in Peru. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey. The study was conducted in the eight most populated cities inhabited by Venezuelan migrants and refugees. For each city, the sampling design was probabilistic, stratified, and independent. The outcome variable was whether participants had access to HIV or other STI testing during their stay in Peru. Statistical analysis was stratified by sex owing to potential effect modification. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized linear models Poisson family with log link function. Confidence intervals were calculated to 95%. Results: A total of 3,723 male and 3,984 female migrants were included. Access to HIV/STI testing among male and female migrants was 19.85% and 25.16%, respectively. Among male migrants, being LGBTI, health insured, and married or cohabiting were associated with increased access to HIV/STI testing. Among females, those aged 18–44 years, those who were married or cohabiting and were health insured, and those residing for more than 1 year in Peru were significantly more likely to have access to HIV/STI testing. Moreover, physical/mental disability and unemployed status were associated with a lower probability of HIV/STI testing in females. Conclusions: Only two in ten Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Peru were screened for HIV/STI, with fewer males than females. Sex-specific sociodemographic, health-related, and migration-related variables were independently associated with access to HIV/STI testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration has been steadily increasing worldwide, bringing with it precarious work conditions and the issue of overqualification, having repercussions on job satisfaction and the mental health of migrants. This study explores digital storytelling (DST) as a tool to promote debate on those issues among immigrant workers and potentiate soft skills valued in the job market. A three-day DST workshop and focus group with 7 semi and skilled Brazilian and Venezuelan immigrants working in Portugal showed barriers familiar to all employability trajectories and the importance of social capital and social support, especially the latter group, leaning towards collectivist values, and facing additional language barriers in the adaptation process. The advantages and disadvantages of DST and immigrants' perceptions of Portuguese employers are also listed. Results point to DST being a relevant tool in the context of employability in migration, promoting debate, sharing information about decent work, and developing valued soft skills in immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with food insecurity (FI) among Venezuelan migrants residing in Peru. Secondarily, to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Design: A cross-sectional study based on secondary data analysis of the 2022 Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey (ENPOVE-2022, from the Spanish acronym) was conducted. FI was measured with the FIES, whose properties were tested using the Rasch model. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to estimate relative prevalence ratios with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals. Setting: This survey was conducted in February and March 2022 in the eight cities most populated by Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Peru. Participants: Venezuelan migrants and refugees over the age of 18 years living in Peru. Results: A total of 7727 participants were included. Rasch reliability was adequate (0·73). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe FI was 36·71 %, 31·14 % and 10·48 %, respectively. Being aged 25–34 and 35–44 years, unemployed, uninsured, having no formal education or secondary, illegal status, living in a dwelling with 2–4 and more than 4 people, presenting one or more than one chronic disease, residing in Peru for 0–6 months and perceived discrimination were associated with a higher probability of moderate FI. Furthermore, having secondary education, being unemployed, uninsured, never married, illegal, residing in Tumbes, presenting one or more than one chronic disease and perceived discrimination were significantly associated with severe FI. Conclusion: Four out of ten Venezuelan migrants residing in Peru presented moderate to severe FI. The FIES showed adequate psychometric properties. Differences in the socio-demographic, health and migratory factors associated with FI levels were found. Inter-sectoral and multi-sectoral interventions are needed and should be focused on addressing the determinants of FI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The economic, political and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela intensified since 2015 and has led to the largest migration crisis in the region's modern history. In parallel, the composition of the major destination countries has changed fundamentally. This paper investigates the factors determining the choice of destination country of Venezuelan migrants in the pre- and post-2015 period. Exploiting the United Nations migration dataset (for 230 countries from 1990 to 2017), we apply a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator to a modified gravity model of migration. The results suggest that Venezuelans were generally choosing a certain destination country based on economic criteria in times of relative stability (1990 to 2015). However, this determinant loses its importance during times of crisis (2015 to 2017), when Venezuelans were primarily immigrating to geographically proximate nations. Consistently for both periods Venezuelans appear to migrate in larger numbers to destinations with an already established network of compatriots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In 2010, a political and social crisis pushed thousands of Venezuelans out of their country; today, seven million Venezuelans live abroad. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, border closure increased and affected specific vulnerable migration flows, such as Venezuelans trying to migrate to Chile through the Northern borders. In this context, there is little evidence of migrants’ health status and needs, their access to health services, and other basic needs (e.g., housing) from a human rights perspective. Therefore, we qualitatively explored the effects of border closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic on Venezuelan migrants’ health and human rights, focusing on access to healthcare in the Northern Chilean border that adjoins Peru and Bolivia. Methods Following a case-study qualitative design, we conducted an ethnography that included participatory observation of relevant sites (e.g., hospitals, main squares, migrant shelters) in Antofagasta, Iquique, and Arica and 30 in-depth interviews with actors in the health sector (n = 7), experts from the non-governmental sector (n = 16), and governmental actors (n = 7) in three large cities close to the Northern border. Results We found four main dimensions: (i) border and migration processes, (ii) specific groups and intersectionality, (iii) barriers to healthcare services, and (iv) regional and local responses to the crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Programs characterized by the presence of healthcare providers in the field were essential to attend to migrants’ health needs at borders. Conclusions Coordination between actors is crucial to implement regional protocols that respond to current migration phenomena and migrants’ health needs. Health policies using a human rights approach are urgently required to respond to migrants’ healthcare needs at borders in South America.