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Promising therapy is requisite for the treatment of colon cancer to overcome the current treatment regimen and limitations associated with its adverse effects. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs administered in the treatment constitute low solubility of anticancer drugs and lack of specificity, leading to serious side effects due to the nonspecific uptake of drugs by normal healthy cells. Additionally, surgery and radiotherapy involved in the treatment have not shown remarkable progress due to their cost effect and laborious process. Nanocarriers are being designed to overcome the limitations of drugs administered by the conventional route. They do not degrade in the gastrointestinal tract before reaching the colonic site and enhance their Enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. This review emphasizes various nanoparticles and their surface-modified ligands help in the pathogenesis of colon cancer, how nanoparticles-mediated drug delivery system differentiate from conventional treatment and their various advantages in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colon cancer. By utilizing various nano-formulation using various strategies employed in nanoparticles mediated drug delivery systems and enlists the mechanistic outcomes of nano-formulated drugs, targeting of the drug through active and passive mechanisms and their preclinical and in vivo experimental works and overcoming conventional treatments. We have made a wide review of various nanoparticle designs and aim to reveal possible mechanisms by targeting specific ligands such that cellular uptake, improved bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics could be enhanced. This information will be helpful in the expansion of these nanocarriers and aid in drug delivery treatment of colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diclofenac sodium is an NSAID (Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory widely used in the treatment of pain, migraine, and inflammation). It has been observed that Diclofenac undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism when administered using conventional dosage forms through the oral route. The aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate pre-compression, postcompression factors and release kinetics of buccal mucoadhesive tablets formulated by a 23 factorial method that can prevent the first-pass metabolism of the drug thereby increasing its bioavailability. This formulation increases patient compliance by reducing its dosing frequency. In these formulations, two polymers polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP K30) and Chitosan are used in varying proportions. Eight different formulations were prepared by varying concentrations of the polymers. The buccal mucoadhesive tablets formulated have been evaluated for their general appearance, thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability and other in vitro tests such as swelling and dissolution studies. The evaluation studies demonstrated that formulation F8 showed better properties as a buccal mucoadhesive formulation compared to other formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is a condition that can lead to cell death in humans and is defined as an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. Several heavy metals, such as copper sulfate, lead acetate, and zinc acetate, are capable of causing oxidative stress. However, researchers have not yet identified the precise mechanism through which these heavy metals induce oxidative stress. Some heavy metals, including cerium oxide, iron, cobalt, vanadium, and arsenic exhibit antioxidant properties. This study was therefore conducted to compare the effects of cerium oxide and selected heavy metals on cell death induction via oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage. Cerium oxide, copper sulphate, zinc acetate, and lead acetate were tested for their scavenging abilities using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate) and alkaline DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) methods. To determine whether the heavy metals could affect kidney cells, toxicity assays on Vero cells were performed. Ultraviolet light was used to induce oxidative stress in Vero and bacterial cells. To investigate the effects of heavy metals on UV radiation-induced oxidative damage, DNA nicking assays were carried out. The results revealed that all the heavy metals exhibited oxidative stress. Only cerium oxide neutralized free radicals and was observed to have antioxidant properties. Also, heavy metals normally produce oxidative stress when exposed to UV radiation, but heavy metals such as cerium oxide prevent oxidative damage. The findings of this study reveal that cerium oxide has great potential for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Veterinary Medicines Regulations set guidelines regulating the administration of veterinary medicines. Everyone involved in producing, manufacturing, selling or supplying veterinary medicinal products should be fully aware of the Regulations, because it is a legal necessity to obey them. This review highlights about the Indian scenario of the veterinary medicine regulations and their common regulatory development of the veterinary medicine and their phases involved in the development, approval, and their challenges. Due to physiological and other species differences the effects of drugs and medical treatment in animals can vary from drug to drug and from species to species. In addition, it may be assumed that the effectiveness of the drug and the use of a veterinary medical device will vary within a species due to the gender of the animal, or huge differences in age, weight and size. Veterinary medicinal products is not considered as important as the Pharmaceutical medicinal products for humans. The veterinary medicinal product regulations should be considered as the most needful regulatory process where the life of animals is equal when compared to the human’s life. The challenges faced by the veterinary medicinal regulators in the field of animal medicine, shall overcome by improving and updating the regulation which can brings up a great transformation to the animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker extensively used in the treatment of anginal and hypertension. On oral administration it undergoes extensive first pass metabolism, which outweighs its absorbance through gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and bioavailability of the drug in systemic circulation. As an alternative to oral route transdermal route of drug delivery was developed. In the present investigation, proniosomes are prepared by varying the ratio of span-40, lecithin, aqueous phase and polymer. Formulation containing span-40, lecithin, isopropyl alcohol, 0.1% glycerol (5:5:4) and HPMC (2%) showed smaller vesicle size, high entrapment efficiency. The niosomal formation after hydration and their surface morphology of optimized formulation was studied by Motic and transmission electron microscopy. FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry studies were performed to unravel and understand the solid state properties of the drug and chemical interaction with formulation excipients. Theex-vivoFranz-diffusion studies were carried out in pH 6.8 using rat skin and the results showed better permeability of niosomes with good steady state flux and enhancement ratio suggesting the potential of proniosomal carriers for improved transdermal delivery of nifedipine. Skin irritation studies for 7 days, showed that the drug when formulated as proniosomes to be non-irritant with no erythemia development compared to pure drug. From the bio-distribution studies, the vesicles prepared with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose with span-40 was found to be ideal batch as the concentration of drug at target site was higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker extensively used in the treatment of anginal and hypertension. On oral administration it undergoes extensive first pass metabolism, which outweighs its absorbance through gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and bioavailability of the drug in systemic circulation. As an alternative to oral route transdermal route of drug delivery was developed. In the present investigation, proniosomes are prepared by varying the ratio of span-40, lecithin, aqueous phase and polymer. Formulation containing span-40, lecithin, isopropyl alcohol, 0.1% glycerol (5:5:4) and HPMC (2%) showed smaller vesicle size, high entrapment efficiency. The niosomal formation after hydration and their surface morphology of optimized formulation was studied by Motic and transmission electron microscopy. FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry studies were performed to unravel and understand the solid state properties of the drug and chemical interaction with formulation excipients. The ex-vivo Franz-diffusion studies were carried out in pH 6.8 using rat skin and the results showed better permeability of niosomes with good steady state flux and enhancement ratio suggesting the potential of proniosomal carriers for improved transdermal delivery of nifedipine. Skin irritation studies for 7 days, showed that the drug when formulated as proniosomes to be non-irritant with no erythemia development compared to pure drug. From the bio-distribution studies, the vesicles prepared with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose with span-40 was found to be ideal batch as the concentration of drug at target site was higher.