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OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical and analytical accuracy of a new veterinary-calibrated portable blood glucose monitor (PBGM) compared to a reference laboratory analyzer. ANIMALS Client-owned dogs (n = 77) and cats (n = 64). METHODS Peripheral and paired capillary whole-blood glucose concentrations measured via PBGM were compared to plasma glucose concentrations measured via a Cobas c501 reference analyzer (Roche). Analytical accuracy was evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman difference plot analysis, and Deming regression. Clinical accuracy was evaluated with Parkes error grid analysis. Paired peripheral and capillary blood samples were compared with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. RESULTS There was a high correlation between PBGM and reference analyzer readings in dogs and cats. Human quality assurance standards (International Organization for Standardization 15197:2013 guidelines) for analytical accuracy were met for 95% of feline peripheral blood samples and 89% of canine samples. Similar veterinary standards (American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines) were met for 89% of canine and 92% of feline peripheral blood glucose measurements. Error grid analysis showed that all peripheral canine and 97% of feline measurements were clinically accurate (zone A). Any altered clinical decision for the remaining feline measurements was expected to minimally impact outcome (zone B). No significant difference was found between peripheral and capillary blood glucose measurements in either species. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The PBGM produced clinically accurate results and is suitable for use in veterinary and home settings to measure blood glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (ACVP) from 2009 to 2024. It discusses the college's strategic plans, including initiatives on certification, lifelong learning, partnerships, and communication. The article also highlights changes in the college's governance model and management company, as well as policies on professional citizenship, salary surveys, and membership categories. It emphasizes the college's commitment to diversity and inclusivity, and its initiatives for veterinary students and residents. The article acknowledges the contributions of notable individuals and the college's recognition programs. Additionally, it discusses recent developments such as the introduction of a voluntary accreditation process for veterinary pathology residency training programs worldwide, changes to the certifying examination, advancements in the ACVP's journal, Veterinary Pathology, and the organization's annual scientific meetings, symposia, and community outreach activities. Overall, the article showcases the growth and evolution of the ACVP over its 75-year history. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The Sysmex XN‐V is derived from the new Sysmex XN series of human hematology analyzers. The main changes from the previously validated XT‐2000iV analyzer include an optic‐fluorescent analysis for platelets and a nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) count. Objective: We aimed to validate the Sysmex XN‐V for feline blood following the American College for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and International Council for Standardization in Hematology recommendations. Methods: Feline EDTA blood specimens were analyzed on the Sysmex XN‐V to evaluate repeatability, linearity, comparison with the XT‐2000iV analyzer and manual methods, stability, and to verify the previously established Sysmex XT‐2000iV RIs. Results: Repeatability was excellent for most variables. Visually determined linearity was excellent or good for most variables except eosinophils and platelet variables. The correlation between the XN‐V and XT‐2000iV analyzers was good (≥0.82) for all variables except reticulocyte indices. Correlations between the Sysmex XN‐V and manual differential counts were good to excellent for most variables, acceptable for neutrophils, and fair for monocytes and NRBC. The previously established Sysmex XT‐2000iV RIs can be used to interpret results from the Sysmex XN‐V analyzer for most variables except red cell distribution width and reticulocyte variables. The RI for platelet variables could not be evaluated because of platelet clumps. Changes in the Sysmex XN‐V measurements after storage at 4 and 24°C were similar to those described for the Sysmex XT‐2000iV analyzer. Conclusions: The performance of the Sysmex XN‐V analyzer was good and compared favorably with the Sysmex XT‐2000iV analyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although donkeys and horses share many similarities, their clinical presentations of disease and other physiological attributes can be quite different. Veterinarians working on donkeys can find it quite challenging to definitively diagnose their disease condition based on physical examination findings alone and must frequently rely on clinical pathology data from bloodwork. This study aimed to utilize healthy adult captive and free-roaming donkeys from across the United States to create robust reference intervals for complete blood count and serum biochemistry values. The findings from this study will help veterinarians with the interpretation of these common clinical pathology diagnostic tests in this unique equid species. Previous hematologic and serum biochemistry reference interval (RI) values have been established for donkeys in various geographic regions, life-stages, or for specific donkey breeds. The last extensive investigation establishing RIs for adult donkeys in the United States (U.S.) was published over three decades ago. We aimed to establish updated robust RIs using a reference population of apparently healthy adult donkeys from across the U.S. Standard sized (n = 102), miniature (n = 17), and mammoth (n = 1) donkeys from four different states were enrolled, with 20% of the study population including donkeys captured directly from the wild in Death Valley National Park, CA. RIs were established in accordance with the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The findings will assist practitioners with the interpretation of their complete blood count and biochemistry panel results in U.S. donkeys. This study also highlights a comparison of results for some important analytes in U.S. donkeys compared to U.S. horses and previously established donkey RIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical metrics of baseline health in sentinel seabird species can offer insight into marine ecosystem dynamics, individual and population health, and assist in wildlife rehabilitation and conservation efforts. Protein electrophoresis is useful for detecting changes in acute phase proteins and immunoglobulin levels that may indicate subtle inflammatory responses and/or infectious disease. Serum biochemistry can highlight nutritional status, metabolic derangements, and organ injury and function. However, baseline values for such health parameters are largely unknown for many seabird species. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish baseline clinical health reference intervals for serum protein electrophoresis, acute phase proteins including serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, and biochemistry parameters in the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), a key sentinel species in the North Pacific. From 2013 to 2019, 178 wild, apparently healthy breeding adult rhinoceros auklets were captured across four breeding colonies in British Columbia, Canada (Lucy Island, Pine Island, Triangle Islands, and SGang Gwaay) and from one colony in Washington, United States (Protection Island). Reference intervals were calculated for protein electrophoresis fractions and acute phase proteins (n = 163), and serum biochemistry (n = 35) following established guidelines by the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Animals were also assessed for the presence of antibodies to the influenza A virus. Approximately 48% (70/147) of sampled birds were seropositive for influenza A virus, with a prevalence of 50% (6/12) in 2013, 75% (47/63) in 2014, and 24% (17/72) in 2019. This work provides clinical baseline health metrics of a key North Pacific sentinel species to help inform marine ecosystem monitoring, recovery, and rehabilitation efforts in the Pacific Northwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This veterinary clinical and pathology case report describes a severe clinical case of theileriosis in adult cattle with prolonged recumbency and terminal wasting because of complications due to chronic theileriosis in two adult (2-year-old) Jersey-Friesian Cross. The case was referred to the large animal clinic of the University Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The animals were presented as recumbent, dull, depressed, hypothermic, dehydrated, and cachexic. There were poor responses of the patients to fluid therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatments, and they both died within 24 hrs of clinical presentation. Haematology (complete blood count and serum biochemistry) results revealed haemoconcentration and faecal examinations were negative for liver fluke infestation and blood smear examination was positive for intraerythrocytic piroplasms of Theileria (0.01% parasitaemia). Post-mortem examination further revealed advanced cachexia, generalised serous atrophy of fat, hepatomegaly, hepatic congestion, pulmonary congestion, and pulmonary oedema. Histological findings revealed atrophy of the hepatic cord, hepatic congestion, splenic hemosiderosis, pulmonary oedema and congestion. The clinicopathological findings supported an aetiological diagnosis of a severe clinical case of Theileriosis with terminal wasting because of complications due to chronic Theileriosis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a laboratory marker that may be used to evaluate animal welfare. The scientific literature has documented its increase in infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, there is no information on the frequency of an increased ESR in veterinary clinical practice, as well as on the possible association with different conditions in the canine patients. To fill this gap, the ESR was measured using the automated instrument MINI-PET (DIESSE Diagnostica Senese) and compared with other hematological parameters, using anticoagulated blood from dogs submitted to the clinical pathology laboratory of the veterinary teaching hospital of the University of Milan. Samples were divided according to the clinical presentation in a control group and in groups with other diseases or conditions known to be potentially characterized by an increased ESR. The highest ESR values were found in samples from dogs with chronic kidney disease and acute/subacute inflammation, followed by those from dogs with mild chronic disorders, severe/acute diseases, tumors (including dogs undergoing chemotherapy), and urinary disorders. In these conditions, the ESR increased in dogs with low hematocrit or high leukocyte counts, suggesting that anemia and acute phase reaction, even if not associated with clinically evident inflammation, may increase the ESR. (1) Background: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has been reported to increase in some infectious or inflammatory diseases in dogs, but no information on the frequency of increases in a routine clinical setting exists. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of an increased ESR in dogs and to investigate its possible association with hematologic changes; (2) Methods: A total of 295 EDTA blood samples were randomly selected from the routine caseload of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Samples were grouped in controls and in pathologic groups based on the clinical presentation. A routine hemogram was performed, then the ESR was measured using the instrument MINI-PET; (3) Results: compared with controls, the ESR was significantly higher in all the pathologic groups, except for the hematological disorders group. The highest ESR was found in samples from dogs with chronic kidney disease or inflammation, followed by those from dogs with mild chronic disorders, severe/acute diseases, tumors and urinary disorders. The ESR negatively correlated with hematocrit and positively with neutrophil counts. (4) Conclusions: The ESR increases more frequently in dogs with clinically evident inflammation or CKD, but also in several other conditions, likely as a consequence of anemia and acute phase response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various studies conducted in the field of veterinary medicine. The studies cover a range of topics including the optimal storage conditions for detecting immunoglobulin in horses, the impact of different preparation methods on the release of growth factors in canine platelet lysate, and the use of platelet-rich plasma for regenerative medicine in dogs. Other studies explore the effects of hyperadrenocorticism on platelet function in dogs, the use of furosemide in diagnosing renal disease in reptiles, and the association between pesticide exposure and parasitemia in amphibians. These studies provide valuable insights into different aspects of veterinary medicine and highlight the importance of further research in these areas. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Disruption of acid–base homeostasis can lead to many clinical problems. Ammonia excretion by the kidneys is critical to maintaining acid–base homeostasis through bicarbonate production. Measurement of ammonia excretion may help determine if the kidneys are properly functioning in maintaining acid–base balance. Reference intervals are essential tools for clinical decision‐making but do not currently exist for urinary ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) in feline patients. Objective: This study aimed to generate a reference interval (RI) for UACR in healthy adult cats. Methods: The study used samples from client‐owned adult healthy cats that presented to the University of Florida Primary Care and Dentistry service (n = 92). Physical examination, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, urine ammonia, and creatinine concentrations were measured. Cats were excluded if there were significant abnormalities in their urinalysis or biochemistry panel. The RI for UACR was calculated according to the recommendation of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. The UACR was evaluated for correlation with serum bicarbonate, weight, age, and sex. Results: The RI for UACR was 3.4–20.7 with 90% confidence intervals for the lower and upper limits of (3.0–3.7) and (16.0–23.7), respectively. No significant correlation with age, sex, or weight was found. There was no discernable relationship between serum bicarbonate and UACR. Conclusions: Establishing an RI for UACR in healthy adult cats will allow further studies to determine if changes in UACR are observed during specific disease states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the importance of bile cytology in diagnosing hepatobiliary diseases. Bile cytology has become a key component of diagnostic workups at Tufts University's Foster Hospital for Small Animals. The article highlights various cytologic findings from bilious samples, including the detection of biliary flukes and protozoal zoites. Bile cytology can also identify bacteria, mucus, calcified material, and biliary microliths. The authors emphasize the need for standardized fixation and staining methods to optimize the accuracy of bile cytology and call for further research to establish clear correlations between cytologic findings and specific pathologies. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the effects of selling weaned beef calves through an auction market on physiological stress indicators. The study found that calves that passed through the market showed higher levels of creatine phosphokinase activity and rectal temperatures compared to those transported directly between farms. However, the study acknowledges that these findings are preliminary and more research is needed with larger sample sizes and different conditions to validate these results. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae), is an endemic species of the Caatinga region in Brazil. With only a few free‐living individuals that are constantly under threat from agricultural clearance, hunting, and trapping, A. leari is classified as "endangered" by the Red Book of Endangered Brazilian Fauna and by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. At the same time, the number of individuals in captivity has been growing due to the efforts of biologists and veterinarians in zoological parks to reproduce this species. Thus, having species‐specific reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical measurands is essential to assess the health status of these captive and wild birds and guarantee their reproductive success. Objectives: This study aimed to determine reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical measurands for A. leari kept in captivity in São Paulo Zoo, Brazil. Methods: Blood samples from 32 individuals were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only samples from adults and healthy individuals were included in this study. All statistical analyses were performed according to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and available literature. Results: Reference values and reference intervals were determined for the captive population of Anodorhynchus leari. Conclusions: This is the first study to establish reference intervals for A. leari, which can aid the veterinarian in the interpretation of laboratory test results, helping in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases of this endangered species of Brazilian fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adherence to traditional 24‐h fasting periods for serum gastrin concentration in dogs can be challenging and may delay the institution of therapies for suspected hypergastrinemia. Peer‐reviewed publications regarding serum gastrin reference intervals (RI) are lacking. Hypercalcemia is associated with hypergastrinemia in people; limited data exist in dogs. Objective: The objective of the study was to generate a RI for a 12‐h fasted serum gastrin concentration in dogs and to investigate whether correlations exist with age, weight, sex, and total calcium concentration. Methods: Fifty‐five healthy adult dogs (>1 year of age). The screening included: medical history, physical examination, CBC (15 dogs), and serum chemistry (55 dogs). Gastrin was measured via a commercial radioimmunoassay. The RI for 12‐h fasted serum gastrin concentration was calculated according to the recommendations of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Additionally, data were evaluated for correlation with selected variables. Results: The RI for serum gastrin following a 12‐h fasting period was 15.1–78.9 ng/L with 90% confidence intervals for the lower and upper limits of 14.0–22.9 and 68.3–83.0 ng/L, respectively. A generalized linear model did not detect significant relationships between gastrin and age (P = 0.48), sex (P = 0.30), weight (P = 0.93), or total calcium concentration (P = 0.84). Conclusions: A 12‐h fasted serum gastrin concentration RI has been established. Given the limited range of serum calcium concentrations in our healthy study population, additional investigations are needed to determine the effects of hypercalcemia on serum gastrin concentrations in dogs and for any potential clinical consequences thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a widely used diagnostic assay in human medicine but nowadays poorly applied in veterinary medicine. This test measures the speed (millimeters per hour) at which red blood cells settle in a whole anticoagulated blood tube. In human medicine, high ESR values are associated with various disorders, including infections, rheumatoid arthritis, oncologic diseases, and other inflammatory conditions. The ESR can also be influenced by some factors such as age and gender. In veterinary medicine, the ESR with the Westergren manual method was almost forgotten over the years due to blood consumption and long turn-around time. The instrument MINI-PET, using a modified Westergren method, does not require blood consumption or release waste product and recently has been applied in canine medicine. The aims of the study in the horse were as follows: to establish the appropriate time to read the ESR with the Westergren reference method; to compare the MINI-PET ESR results with the reference technique; to assess the ESR reference intervals with MINI-PET; and to establish the ESR stability from collection at different time points by MINI-PET. Using 150 horses, we established 60 minutes as the appropriate time for ESR reading with the Westergren method. Moreover, ESR results obtained in 8 minutes with MINI-PET showed a good correlation with the Westergren ESR. Reference intervals (RIs) with MINI-PET were established in mm/h for the healthy horses (geldings 18.6–100.1; stallions, 13.8–55.7; and mares 1–73.7) according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. In addition, the ESR stability from the blood collection time was evaluated in the MINI-PET on 15 horses: at room temperature, ESR is stable up to 8 hours and at 4°C up to 24 hours. In conclusion, MINI-PET represents a rapid and reliable tool for measuring ESR in horses, offering a valid option to replace the traditional manual technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects long‐term (months) glycemic control and has been previously investigated as a monitoring and diagnostic tool in diabetic cats. However, a standardized, reliable, and globally available test and reference intervals (RIs) have not been established. A novel dried‐blood‐spot card system (A1Care, Baycom Diagnostics) allows for easy collection and evaluation of HbA1c levels in feline patients. Objective: We aimed to establish an RI for HbA1c values in healthy adult cats using the A1Care (Baycom Diagnostics) dried‐blood‐spot card system. Methods: Forty‐one healthy client‐owned adult cats were enrolled in this study. The RI for HbA1c was calculated according to the recommendation of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Results: The A1Care HbA1c RI for cats was determined to be 1.9%‐3.1%. In healthy cats, A1Care HbA1c values were positively correlated with age (Spearman rho = 0.4 [95% CI 0.1 to 0.6], P = 0.01). In 50% of anemic cats, the A1Care HbA1c value was above 3.1%. There was a weak negative correlation between the A1Care HbA1c value and PCV (Spearman rho = −0.4 [95% CI −0.6 to −0.1]). Conclusions: This study established an RI for HbA1c in healthy adult cats similar to previously reported RIs. Future clinical studies are necessary to substantiate that this RI can differentiate diabetic from nondiabetic cats. Further long‐term clinical studies will be valuable to determine if HbA1c values can be used as a screening test for prediabetes in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2024 Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (ACVP) and American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) will take place in Seattle, WA from November 16 to November 19, 2024. The meeting will feature a range of scientific sessions covering various topics in veterinary pathology, including clinical pathology, diagnostic pathology, experimental disease, industrial and toxicologic pathology, and natural disease. There will also be pre-meeting workshops, a plenary session on liquid biopsy, and special sessions on emerging trends in digital and computational pathology. The meeting will include poster viewing sessions and opportunities for networking. Award categories for veterinary pathology residents, graduate students, and veterinary students will also be available. [Extracted from the article]

Hereditary ataxias are a large group of neurodegenerative diseases that have cerebellar or spinocerebellar dysfunction as core feature, occurring as an isolated sign or as part of a syndrome. Based on neuropathology, this group of diseases has so far been classified into cerebellar cortical degenerations, spinocerebellar degenerations, cerebellar ataxias without substantial neurodegeneration, canine multiple system degeneration, and episodic ataxia. Several new hereditary ataxia syndromes are described, but most of these diseases have similar clinical signs and unspecific diagnostic findings, wherefore achieving a definitive diagnosis in these dogs is challenging. Eighteen new genetic variants associated with these diseases have been discovered in the last decade, allowing clinicians to reach a definitive diagnosis for most of these conditions, and allowing breeding schemes to adapt to prevent breeding of affected puppies. This review summarizes the current knowledge about hereditary ataxias in dogs, and proposes to add a "multifocal degenerations with predominant (spino)cerebellar component" category regrouping canine multiple system degeneration, new hereditary ataxia syndromes that do not fit in 1 of the previous categories, as well as specific neuroaxonal dystrophies and lysosomal storage diseases that cause major (spino)cerebellar dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapajus libidinosus is a New World primate belonging to the Cebidae family that lives in the caatinga and cerrado, which are known Brazilian biomes. It is currently classified as near threatened, almost endangered, by the main animal protection organizations. Knowledge of biochemistry, the C-reactive protein, and the proteinogram are important for the preservation of this species. Our study established reference intervals for several biochemical variables and the proteinogram. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 50 S. libidinosus monkeys (25 males and 25 females) kept in captivity at the Brazilian state of Paraíba. Descriptive analysis and reference intervals were estimated following the guidelines of the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, using the Reference Value Advisor 2.1 software. In the overall population (n=50), significant differences (P < 0.05) were noted for creatinine and total proteins when considering the age factor (higher in adults), as well as for albumin and indirect bilirubin (higher in juveniles). Sex-associated differences (females versus males, P < 0.05) were reported for serum urea and creatinine (higher in males), as well as for albumin and Beta-Globulins (higher in females). In conclusion, to the authors' best knowledge, the present results are innovative and can be used as reference intervals for assessing the animals' health status. Moreover, it is also pioneer in determining the C-reactive protein in this species. It is important to emphasize that gender and age categories can have an influence and should be considered when interpreting the tests results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess bicarbonate is expelled via alveolar ventilation as carbon dioxide, causing a reduction in plasma bicarbonate concentration. gl Let us provide a slightly more complex example. Acid trip: Let's retire the terms "disproportionate hyper/hypochloremia" for electrolyte-based acid-base derangements The serum chemistry analysis now reveals a low bicarbonate concentration, not as a cause of the metabolic acidosis, but because of the hyponatremia and subsequent low SID acidosis (Figure 2B). With this, the dominant paradigm in acid-base physiology shifted to a bicarbonate-carbon dioxide model, where it remained for many decades.[1] The idea of electrolyte anions and cations as determinants of acid-base was all but forgotten. [Extracted from the article]

Determining reference intervals (RI) is a valuable asset for assessing the health of wildlife species. This is the first study to establish serum biochemical RIs in Siberian weasels. Forty-two healthy free-ranging Siberian weasels were captured live and brought to Seoul Wildlife Center between June 2021 and August 2022. Blood samples from 42 healthy Siberian weasels of both sexes were used to calculate RIs. An automated analyser was used to perform serum biochemistry profiles. The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology recommendations were used to calculate a nonparametric RI with 90% confidence intervals. The RIs of albumin, total protein, globulin, calcium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus, amylase, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and creatine kinase were determined. The RIs established in this study will serve as a good starting point for analysing serum biochemical data in Siberian weasels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results were divided into three groups: dogs with confirmed Ehrlichiosis, dogs with confirmed Babesiosis and dogs with concurrent Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis. The mean CHr was 24.07 in non-infected non-anemic dogs, 24.22 in non-infected anemic dogs, 24.21 in infected dogs and 24.69 in infected non-anemic animals. B Objective: b To set up a species-independent immunoassay procedure for detecting interference in serum samples, use it to screen a cross-section of dog samples from an animal hospital for interference, and to determine if the detected interference could be neutralized by using an immunoassay based on non-mammalian reagents. Poster Presentations: Abstracts 27-51 B 1 b Evaluation of dipstick for measuring urine pH in sheep and dogs B Labrini V. Athanasiou b SP 1 sp B , Panagiotis D. Katsoulos b SP 2 sp B , Eleni G. Katsogiannou b SP 1 sp B , Zoe S. Polizopoulou b SP 4 sp B , Myrto Diamantaki b SP 1 sp B , Constantinos Kamatsos b SP 1 sp B , Georgios Christodoulopoulos b SP 1 1 sp Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Greece; SP 2 sp Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; SP 3 sp Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece B 2 b Needles used for measuring and interpreting results trace elements in liver biopsy samples cannot be used to measure chromium and nickel B G.H.M. Counotte, S. Carp-van Dijken, M. Holzhauer, Y. van Buuren-Kelder b GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands B 3 b Measuring and interpreting results of uptake and storage of trace elements in cows B G.H.M. Counotte, S.G.A. van der Drift b GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands. B Results: b SDMA concentrations were increased in 17% control dogs and 29% sick dogs (24% of stage II dogs, 33% of stage III dogs and 83% of stage IV dogs). [Extracted from the article]

14 Storage-related changes in equine leukocyte morphology and Advia 120 automated differential c... Ashley Parsley, Erika Gruber North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA B Background b : To minimize storage-related artifacts in leukocyte morphology and counts, EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood should be evaluated promptly or refrigerated at 4°C, a challenge for equine ambulatory practice. Automated and manual differential WBC percentages were compared for the ProCyte Dx, which displayed interpretable WBC scattergrams. 24 WBC scattergrams in immunodeficient mice: Examine the blood film Catherine Layssol Lamour 1,2, Fanny Granat 2,3, Catherine Trumel 1,2, Nathalie Bourges Abe... 1 CREFRE Anexplo, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, ENVT, Toulouse, France; 2 Ecole Nation... B Background: b In immunodeficient mice, laser-based hematology analyzers validated for murine species; provide white blood counts (WBC) consistent with leukopenia with both normal and abnormal leukocyte scattergrams. [Extracted from the article]

The article is a review of the book "Differential Diagnosis of Body Fluids in Small Animal Cytology" by Francesco Cian and Paola Monti. The book provides a systematic approach to analyzing body fluids and is aimed at veterinary cytologists, clinicians, and students. It covers various body fluids encountered in veterinary practice, including pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, cerebrospinal, and joint fluids, as well as respiratory, urogenital, and ocular fluids. The book incorporates recent advances in technology and diagnostic techniques, equipping readers with contemporary tools to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Overall, it is a valuable resource for anyone involved in the diagnosis of small animal diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in goats and sheep, is highly prevalent worldwide and is characterized by economic losses in small ruminant production. Currently available techniques for clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the disease lack market availability and/or sensitivity, and therefore, infected animals can remain in the herd, serving as a source of infection for other animals. The present study aimed to verify hematological and clinical biochemistry changes in goats naturally infected by C. pseudotuberculosis. One hundred seventy-three Canindé goats were included in this study, from which blood samples and caseous lesions were collected. The animals were classified as uninfected, asymptomatic, and symptomatic according to microbiological isolation and serological assays. A high dissemination of the infection was observed in the herd, with 86.13% of positive animals, being 74.57% asymptomatic and 11.56% symptomatic. In the hemogram and clinical biochemistry analyses, the only statistical difference found was a higher level of serum urea in asymptomatic individuals than in non-infected animals. In addition, this study points to the possibility of chronic CLA being potentially reflected in hepatic and renal biochemical markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications for acute phase reactants (APRs) in nondomesticated mammals include identifying inflammatory disease, monitoring the course of specific disease processes and recovery during rehabilitation, detecting preclinical or subclinical disease, being used as bioindicators for monitoring population and ecosystem health, and as markers of stress and animal welfare. Serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, C‐reactive protein, fibrinogen, albumin, and iron are most commonly measured. The procedure for evaluating an APR in a nondomesticated mammalian species should follow a stepwise approach beginning with an assessment of analytical performance, followed by an evaluation of overlap performance, clinical performance, and impact on patient outcomes and management. The lack of species‐specific standards and antibodies for nondomesticated mammals presents a challenge, and more attention needs to be focused on assessing cross‐reactivity and ensuring adequate analytical performance of APR assays. Sample selection for the initial evaluation of APRs should consider preanalytical influences and should originate from animals with confirmed inflammatory disease and healthy animals. Reference intervals should be generated according to published guidelines. Further evaluation should focus on assessing the diagnostic utility of APRs in specific disease scenarios relevant to a species. Greater attention should be paid to assay performance and uniformity of methods when using APRs for population and ecosystem surveillance. Veterinary clinical pathologists should work closely with zoo veterinarians and wildlife researchers to optimize the accuracy and utility of APR measurements in these various conservation medicine scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Benzimidazoles (BZs) are commonly used for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections in veterinary clinics; however, misuse and overdosing of BZs will cause residual problems and have the potential to damage human health through the food chain. Thus, the existence of BZs in foods needs more attention. This study aims to establish a broad-spectrum immunoassay for rapid detection and to simultaneously monitor BZs in milk. Materials and Methods Based on structure analysis, a 'zero epitope loss' strategy, which introduced a spacer arm into the imino group of the imidazole ring of albendazole, was first adopted for hapten modification to obtain an ultra-sensitive and broad-spectrum antibody. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for the detection of 18 BZs in milk sample with a single-step pretreatment. A quantitative structure–activity relationship model was constructed to interpret and predict the recognition. Results The antibody could recognize 20 BZs and the half-inhibitory concentrations ranged from 0.054 to 417.58 ng/mL, the limits of detection of icELISA ranged from 0.4 to 89.4 ng/mL, and the mean recovery rates ranged from 76.49% to 120.40%, with a coefficient of variation <20%. Substituent R1 of BZs was considered to be the main influencing factor for recognition, and the comparative molecular field analysis model (q 2=0.724, r 2=0.998) was finally chosen for further prediction. Conclusions The results indicated that the established icELISA could simultaneously identify 18 BZs, with good accuracy and precision, which was suitable for rapid detection of BZs in milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) are small, nocturnal, arboreal marsupials native to New Guinea and Australia, and are increasingly popular pets in Taiwan and the United States. Symptoms of common sugar glider diseases are often non-specific; therefore, blood tests, including hematology and plasma biochemistry, are important diagnostic tools for veterinarians. However, previous studies on this topic are rare. The goal of this study was to establish reference values of the aforementioned blood tests for pet sugar gliders. A total of 42 healthy pet sugar gliders were recruited, and hematological and plasma biochemical reference values were calculated. The influence of factors including age, gender, season and raising management were also analyzed. The information presented in this study can be beneficial for the future veterinary care of sugar gliders. Hematological and plasma biochemical examination are crucial in the veterinary care of sugar gliders, which are increasingly popular in Taiwan and the United States. However, published research of the species' reference interval and related influencing factors were rare. The objectives of this study were to establish the hematological and plasma biochemical reference values for captive sugar gliders in Taiwan and to evaluate the influence of factors including age, gender, neuter status, location, season, diet, caging arrangement, and other pets in the household. A total of 42 clinically healthy pet sugar gliders were recruited. Morphometrical measurements and physiological data were collected, and hematological and plasma biochemical examinations were performed. The reference value of each index was calculated using Reference Value Advisor (RVA) software, following the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines. Normality of data distribution was tested, and data transformation was conducted. The parametric method and robust method were used to determine reference limits. Univariate analysis was performed, and multiple regression models were built for each hematological and plasma biochemical parameter. Red blood cell, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels were higher in males, compared to females, while they were lower in the neutered group, compared to the intact group. Relative neutrophil counts were higher in elder sugar gliders, while relative lymphocyte counts were lower. Aspartate transaminase levels were higher in elder sugar gliders, while albumin levels were lower. Blood urea nitrogen levels were highest in spring. The blood profile and related effects presented in this study can provide useful information for veterinary care in pet sugar gliders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quality control (QC) validation is an important step in the laboratory harmonization process. This includes the application of statistical QC requirements, procedures, and control rules to identify and maintain ongoing stable analytical performance. This provides confidence in the production of patient results that are suitable for clinical interpretation across a network of veterinary laboratories. Objectives: To determine that a higher probability of error detection (Ped) and lower probability of false rejection (Pfr) using a simple control rule and one level of quality control material (QCM) could be achieved using observed analytical performance than by using the manufacturer's acceptable ranges for QCM on the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzers for veterinary use. We also determined whether Westgard Sigma Rules could be sufficient to monitor and maintain a sufficiently high level of analytical performance to support harmonization. Methods: EZRules3 was used to investigate candidate QC rules and determine the Ped and Pfr of manufacturer's acceptable limits and also analyzer‐specific observed analytical performance for each of the six Sysmex analyzers within our laboratory system using the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP)‐recommended or internal expert opinion quality goals (expressed as total allowable error, TEa) as the quality requirement. The internal expert quality goals were generated by consensus of the Quality, Education, Planning, and Implementation (QEPI) group comprised of five clinical pathologists and seven laboratory technicians and managers. Sigma metrics, which are a useful monitoring tool and can be used in conjunction with Westgard Sigma Rules, were also calculated. Results: The QC validation using the manufacturer's acceptable limits for analyzer 1 showed only 3/10 measurands reached acceptable Ped for veterinary laboratories (>0.85). For QC validation based on observed analyzer performance, the Ped was >0.94 using a 1‐2.5s QC rule for the majority of observations (57/60) across the group of analyzers at the recommended TEa. We found little variation in Pfr between manufacturer acceptable limits and individual analyzer observed performance as this is a characteristic of the rule used, not the analyzer performance. Conclusions: An improved probability of error detection and probability of false rejection using a 1‐2.5s QC rule for individual analyzer QC was achieved compared with the use of the manufacturers' acceptable limits for hematology in veterinary laboratories. A validated QC rule (1‐2.5s) in conjunction with sigma metrics (>5.5), desirable bias, and desirable CV based on biologic variation was successful to evaluate stable analytical performance supporting continued harmonization across the network of analyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous literature pertaining to biochemical RIs of domestic chickens has primarily focused on commercial production flocks and not backyard birds. Objective: We aimed to establish biochemistry RIs for privately‐owned backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) using reference laboratory equipment. Methods: Samples were collected from 123 presumably healthy adult chickens between 2017 and 2019 from 22 different flocks in Colorado. Heparinized blood was obtained, and a biochemistry profile was evaluated, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, AST, CK, glucose, cholesterol, and total protein. Reference values were created according to current American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology recommendations. Results: Differences in measurand intervals compared with previous literature were found for sodium, calcium, total protein, potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, and glucose. Hens were found to have higher median calcium (17.9 mg/dL vs 11.2 mg/dL [P =.0001]), total protein (5.2 g/dL vs 4.8 g/dL [P =.0046]), and potassium (3.80 mEq/L vs 3.48 mEq/L [P =.0267]) concentrations, as well as lower sodium (155 mEq/L vs 158 mEq/L [P =.0046]) concentrations, calculated osmolalities (310 mOsm/kg vs 314 mOsm/kg [P =.0249]), and AST (165 U/L vs 194 U/L [P =.0121]) activities, than roosters. Seasonal variation was found between summer and winter samples for median sodium (144 mEq/L vs 148 mEq/L [P =.0008]), chloride (111.8 mEq/L vs 113.5 mEq/L [P =.0033]) concentrations, calculated osmolalities (306 mOsm/kg vs 311 mOsm/kg [P = <.0001]), and AST (185 U/L vs 159 U/L [P =.0053]) and CK (1098 U/L vs 770 U/L [P =.0007]) activities. Conclusions: This study presents biochemical reference values for backyard chickens in Colorado that can be a basis for evaluations in similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines recommend that hematology reference intervals (RIs) should be established based on specific animals in specific regions. However, the information on hematology RIs is still lacking for Chinese dairy cows, which account for a total number of more than 3 million. Thus, the aim of this study is to establish hematology RIs for Chinese dairy cows using a large sample size. After the collection of blood samples from 786 Holstein cows, we generated hematology RIs according to overall animals, different ages, different parities and different lactation stages. Our results provide important hematologic information for both clinicians and researchers to approach the health surveillance of Holstein cows in southern China. Hematology RIs help clinicians and researchers determine whether a hematology parameter is abnormal, which plays an important role in animal health surveillance. China is one of the largest dairy producers in the world, with millions of Holstein cows. However, there has been no published data on hematology RIs for dairy cows in China yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish updated and accurate RIs for Holstein cows in southern China. To increase the accuracy of the RIs, we collected blood samples from 786 Holstein cows and analyzed 25 hematologic variables. The RIs for Holstein cows were established using the 95% percentile RIs according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. The effects of different ages, parities and lactation stages were also checked in this study. The data of 21, 22 and 19 out of 25 hematology parameters were significantly different between different ages, parities and lactation stages, respectively. Furthermore, the hematology RIs of separate subclasses according to different ages, parities and lactation stages were generated. Hematology RIs according to ages and lactation stages, as well as parities and lactation stages, were also assessed. Together, our results confirm that hematology RIs for cows vary by ages, parities and lactation stages. The present study helps to fill the gap in hematology RIs for Holstein cows in southern China, and our data may serve as a very useful tool for monitoring the health and welfare of dairy cattle in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a widely used point‐of‐care (POC) cardiac biomarker in human medicine. Canine NT‐proBNP is used less in veterinary medicine, possibly due to the lack of a POC canine NT‐proBNP assay resulting in temporal delay, increased degradation in transport, and high reported variability in the available assay. A new quantitative POC analyzer allows fast, onsite measurement of NT‐proBNP, minimizing preanalytical error and reducing variability. Objective: We aimed to analytically validate an NT‐proBNP assay (Vcheck) according to American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) specifications. Methods: Archived and prospective plasma and serum samples were collected from male and female, client‐owned dogs of various breeds with cardiac abnormalities (n = 81) and a healthy control population (n = 225). Precision, accuracy, analytical sensitivity, and specificity, and other statistical analyses were performed. Results: Imprecision was considered acceptable with a coefficient of variation ranging from 9% at 4000 pmol/L to 20% at 600 pmol/L. The lower limit of quantitation was 650 pmol/L based on repetitive measures evaluation. Comparison of the Vcheck assay with the Cardiopet NT‐proBNP assay revealed an excellent correlation with minimal bias when preanalytical factors were controlled. Significant degradation of NT‐proBNP occurred when current methods were used at refrigerated and room temperatures, which could change diagnostic and prognostic decision‐making. Age‐partitioned reference intervals have high reference values of 750 pmol/L and 1280 pmol/L for juvenile and adult dogs, respectively. Conclusions: The Vcheck NT‐ProBNP assay provides analytically acceptable results. Onsite testing can minimize variability related to preanalytical error and provide clinically useful contemporaneous results. Samples should be centrifuged immediately and analyzed within 2 hours of collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]