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Purpose: Induction heating applications aided by power electronic control have become very attractive in the recent past. For cooking applications, power electronics circuits are very suitable to feed power to multi loads with an appropriate control technique. The purpose of this paper is to develop a three leg inverter to feed power to three loads simultaneously and independently. Design/methodology/approach: Pulse density modulation control technique is used to control the output power independently with constant switching frequency. Findings: Multi-load handling converter with independent power control is achieved with reduced number of switching devices (two switches/per load) with simple control strategy. Originality/value: The proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink, and the thermal analysis is carried out in COMSOL multi-physics software. The hardware realisation is performed for a 1 kW prototype with 20 kHz switching frequency and 10 kHz pulse density modulation frequency. PIC16F877A microcontroller is used to validate the experimental results for various values of control signals (DPDM). The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement and validates the developed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric transportation will assist in lowering emissions of greenhouse gases and mitigating the impact of rising petrol prices. To promote the widespread adoption of electric transportation, a diverse range of charging stations must be established in an atmosphere that is friendly to users. Wireless electric vehicle charging systems are a viable alternative technology that can charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. Wireless power transfer (WPT), which involves the transmission of electricity via an electromagnetic field despite the presence of an intervening area, holds out the possibility of new prospects for EVs to increase environmentally responsible mobility. This review article examines the WPT technology and how it might be applied to electric vehicles from both a technical and safety standpoint. The prime aim of this review is (1) to illustrate the current state of the art in terms of technological advances as well as research limitations in the field of WPT development and use within the field of transportation; (2) to organise the experimental the deployment of WPT EV systems in the actual world; and (3) to analyse the results over a sustainable period and to identify limitations as well as chances for growth. From a technical point of view, the progress that has been made on the selection of material for designing coils, different types of coils with a specific focus on the overall performance of the system. As a result, this study aims to provide an extensive overview focusing on the magnetic materials and the architectures of the transmitter and receiver pads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there has been a great interest in the changeover from cars powered by gasoline to electric vehicles, both within the automotive industry and among customers. The electric vehicle–grid (V2G) technology is a noteworthy innovation that enables the battery of an electric vehicle during idling conditions or parked can function as an energy source that can store or release energy whenever required. This results in energy exchange between the grid and EV batteries. This article reviews various bidirectional converter topologies used in the V2G system. Additionally, it can reduce the cost of charging for electric utilities, thus increasing profits for EV owners. Normally electric grid and the battery of an electric vehicle can be connected through power electronic converters, especially a bidirectional converter, which allows power to flow in both directions. The majority of research work is carried out over the converters for V2G applications and concerns utilizing two conversion stages, such as the AC-DC conversion stage used for correcting the power factor and the DC-DC conversion stage for matching the terminal voltage. Furthermore, a bidirectional conversion can be made for an active power transfer between grid–vehicle (G2V) and V2G effectively. This review explores and examines several topologies of bidirectional converters which make it possible for active power flow between the grid and the vehicle and vice versa. Moreover, different types of charging and discharging systems, such as integrated/non-integrated and on/off board, etc., which have been used for electric vehicle applications, are also discussed. A comparison study is carried out based on several other factors that have been suggested. The utilization of semiconductors in power converters and non-conventional resources in charging and discharging applications are the two improving technologies for electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of electricity employing an electromagnetic field that extends across an intervening region is called a wireless power transfer (WPT). This approach paves the way for electric vehicles (EVs) to use newly available options to reduce their environmental impact. This article is a review that examines the WPT technology for use in electric vehicle applications from both the technical aspect and the environmental impact. This review will attempt to accomplish the following objectives: (1) describe the present state of the technology behind the development and application of a WPT across the transportation industry; (2) substantiate the actual implementation of WPT EV systems; and (3) estimate the functioning of the autonomous system, as well as detect the potential stumbling blocks and openings for enhancement. The most recent advancements and implementation in compensating topologies, power electronics converters, and control techniques are dissected and debated scientifically to improve the system's performance. To evaluate the performance from a sustainable perspective, energy, environmental, and economic factors are utilized, and at the same time, policy drivers and health and safety problems are researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction heating (IH) applications aided power electronic control and becomes most attractive in recent years. Power control plays a vital role in any IH applications in which the stability of the converter is still a research hot spot due to variable frequency operation. In the proposed work, the stability of the converter is carried out based on the Floquet theory for dual-frequency half-bridge series inverter-fed multiload IH system. The dynamic behaviour of the converter is analyzed by developing a small-signal model of the converter. The system with a dynamic closed-loop controller results in poles and zeros lying outside the unit circle, which has poor closed-loop stability and up-down glitches in the frequency response plot. Hence, a proportional-integral (PI) compensator is used to mitigate the said issue, which results in a better response when compared with the open system and works satisfactorily. However, the system becomes unstable when the frequency is varied and the system also possesses a poor time domain response. Hence, the values of the controller gain are optimized with the Floquet theory, which is based on the Eigenvalues of the time domain model. For the optimized gains, the system possesses better stability for the variations in the switching frequency (20 kHz to 24 kHz), and also, the frequency response of the system is better with minimum time domain specifications. The performance of the system is simulated in MATLAB, and the response is noted for various switching frequencies in open loop, with a PI compensator, and with an optimized PI compensator. The output power is varied from 500 W to 18 W at load 1 and 250 W to 9 W at load 2. It is noted from the output response that the rise time is 0.0085 s, the peak time is 0.0001 s, and the peak overshoot is 0.1% with minimum steady-state error. Furthermore, the IH system is validated using a PIC16F877A microcontroller with the optimized PI controller, and the thermal image is recorded using a FLIR thermal imager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Induction heating applications aided by power electronic control have become very attractive in the recent past. For cooking applications, power electronics circuits need to feed power to multi loads with a suitable control technique. The induction heating system requires a superlative converter topology and independent control to deliver power to multi loads. The main idea of this research work is to develop a dual‐frequency half‐bridge series resonant high‐frequency inverter feeding power for multi loads independently. A pulse density modulation (PDM) control technique is used to control the output power independently. The inverter simultaneously powers both loads with constant switching frequency. The proposed system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and thermal analysis is carried out in COMSOL multi‐physics software. A 1 kW prototype experimental set up is developed to feed power to dual load with the switching frequencies of 20 and 80 kHz for load 1 and load 2, respectively. The experimental results are provided to validate the system performance for various duty cycles of the PDM signal. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement. The efficient power control is accomplished by varying the density of the switching pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The concept of induction heating is slowly entrenching as it has the traits of homogeneous heating, zero pollution and higher power density. To achieve these traits convincingly in reality, there is a need to develop energy efficient converter topologies, which aid in achieving power regulation of soft switching and very high frequency operation. This paper presents the salient features of converter topologies used for domestic and industrial heating applications with a focus on its stage‐wise power conversion, power density, load handling capacity, soft switching, reliability and size. The performance of these topologies is analysed in terms of converter switching frequency, power rating, modulation techniques, flicker, user performance and efficiency. Moreover, this review paper predicts the future trends associated with the adaptation of wide band‐gap power semiconductor materials, multi‐output topologies, variable frequency control scheme with minimum losses and filter design to improve source‐side power factor. The detailed technology review will be extremely useful for researchers, designers and engineers in choosing the appropriate topology for the chosen application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this work, a capacitor‐less self‐resonating coil‐based induction heating (IH) system with magnetic resonant coupling has been proposed. In the conventional heating system, the inclusion of additional capacitor for creating the resonance results in poor efficiency of overall system. To overcome this issue, a bifilar coil system is implemented, which leads to series resonance at a particular frequency. The key mechanism is self‐resonance wireless power transfer concept to IH system; hence, no capacitor is needed in the system. The coil has a series association of the coil inductance and capacitance at the resonant operating condition. A mathematical modeling and steady state analysis is performed for the conventional (solenoidal) coil and bifilar coil to estimate the actual value of the capacitance and inductance of the coil. The performance of the bifilar coil system is tested through COMSOL multiphysics simulation tool and parameters like eddy current, magnetic flux, and temperature distribution in the work piece are analyzed. The experimental setup of the bifilar coil‐aided IH system is implemented with PIC16F877A microcontroller, and FLIR thermal imager is used to analyze the temperature distribution on the work piece. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results, and the bifilar coil system provides a promising solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single switch inverter is a prevalently used topology for domestic induction heating (IH) applications because of its crisp structure, high efficiency and low cost. The inherent issue with this single switch topology is that it has to withstand the whole power of the load and the huge resonating voltage due to the load current during the energy transfer by the capacitor. This process in due course will reduce the performance and also the life of the system. The cumulative stress on the switch due to dynamic variations in AC mains will cause thermal runaway on the switch. Also, this nonlinear operation at the load results in input current distortions. In this work, a simple voltage-limiting control is proposed to reduce the voltage stress of the switch and to maintain a high power factor. The control circuitry and its logic are verified for 500- W IH prototype. The test results reveal that the suggested scheme is simple and efficient in mitigating voltage stress as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an efficient single-stage photovoltaic (PV) fed permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor water pumping system with grid power interface. The power conditioning system used in the conventional two-stage system is eliminated, and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme is incorporated within the inverter used for the electronic commutation of the BLDC motor. The BLDC motor pumping is advantageous than the conventional induction motor-aided water pumps. The proposed system is the first of its kind to employ a grid power export scheme utilizing the same inverter drive which in turn reduces the complexity of adding new inverter circuitry and thereby making the system economically viable. The BLDC pump and grid power export scheme is realized in both simulation and hardware environment for a power rating of 1 kW. The results reveal that the proposed system is highly viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction heating (IH) applications aided by power electronic control system have become very attractive in the recent past. The power electronics circuits succumb to severe switching loss, lower power density if proper switching methodology is not adhered. A state of uncertainty is indispensable in IH application as the power required by the load varies depending upon the nature of work piece. This uncertain issue makes the selection of the control algorithm and controller very vital. The mundane controllers may not be compatible to combat the uncertainties and leads to exhibit dynamic problems say transients, peak overshoot and poor response. Henceforth, the IH system requires a superlative converter topology and control scheme in order to have reduced switching loss and to improve the system performance there by negating the uncertainties. Here, in this work, a direct AC–AC boost resonant converter fed by pulse density modulation (PDM) is realized in a single stage mode. A fuzzy logic-based PDM control technique improves the efficiency and provides the versatile power control with reduced time domain specifications for dynamic changes in load. The proposed system has been studied using MATLAB/SIMULINK and validated using a hardware prototype employing dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller. The results reveal that efficient control over power can be accomplished by varying the density of the switching pulses, and thereby the efficiency is enhanced even with reduced component count. Also, the single-stage conversion is effective than its two-stage counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has been focussed on renewable energy due to the rising need for electrical energy. Renewable energy has a low environmental impact compared to other energy sources. As a result, renewable energy sources (RESs) are the best option for generating electricity. Solar photovoltaic is one of the largest renewable power generators. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is connected to the load via power electronic converters. Most PV installations need a two-stage conversion process consisting of a boost converter to increase the load voltage and an AC-to-DC voltage source inverter to power the load. The Z-source inverter (ZSI) can confront the shortcomings of VSI and two-stage conversions. ZSI connects the PV system to the load and is used to increase the system's performance. This paper discusses the performance of various topologies of ZSI, such as traditional Z-source inverters (XZSIs); for integrating a PV source into a load, switched inductor Z-source inverters (SIZSIs) and transient Z-source inverters (TZSIs) are used. Also, artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic controller (FLC), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based MPPT techniques are discussed for obtaining maximum power from PV panels. Based on the maximum power, the shoot-through duty ratio has been adjusted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles could be a significant aid in lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Even though extensive study has been done on the features and traits of electric vehicles and the nature of their charging infrastructure, network modeling for electric vehicle manufacturing has been limited and unchanging. The necessity of wireless electric vehicle charging, based on magnetic resonance coupling, drove the primary aims for this review work. Herein, we examined the basic theoretical framework for wireless power transmission systems for EV charging and performed a software-in-the-loop analysis, in addition to carrying out a performance analysis of an EV charging system based on magnetic resonance. This study also covered power pad designs and created workable remedies for the following issues: (i) how power pad positioning affected the function of wireless charging systems and (ii) how to develop strategies to keep power efficiency at its highest level. Moreover, safety features of wireless charging systems, owing to interruption from foreign objects and/or living objects, were analyzed, and solutions were proposed to ensure such systems would operate as safely and optimally as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to cutting-edge innovations in industry and academia, research is more centered around multilevel inverters (MLIs), which play a significant role in different high/medium voltage and high-power applications when contrasted with traditional inverters. Relative analysis of the reduced DC source count and switch inverter topologies highlight its significant benefits, which include control complexity, switch count, source count, reliability, efficiency, cost, voltage stress, total harmonic distortion (THD), and power quality. When switched-capacitor technology is deployed, it is seen that with the assistance of 14 switches, a 53 level result is accomplished, and the THD is just around 1.41%, which is kept up with as per the IEEE 519-2014 norms. Whenever cascaded MLI topology is employed, the inversion efficiency is more prominent, and is about 99.06%. Hence, this review focuses on a few of the late-evolved MLIs utilized, and the benefits and drawbacks for different topologies are examined. To assist with current modern research in this field and the decision of the proper inverter for various applications, a novel topology of an MLI can be planned later on. Different setups of MLIs have been exhaustively covered and reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario, power electronic device-based induction heating (IH) technologies are widely employed in domestic cooking, industrial melting and medical applications. These IH applications are designed using different converter topologies, modulation and control techniques. This review article mainly focuses on the modelling of half-bridge series resonant inverter, electrical and thermal model of IH load. This review also analyses the performance of the converter topologies based on the power conversion stages, switching frequency, power rating, power density, control range, modulation techniques, load handling capacity and efficiency. Moreover, this paper provides insight into the future of IH application, with respect to the adaptation of wide band-gap power semiconductor materials, multi-output topologies, variable-frequency control schemes with minimum losses and filters designed to improve source-side power factor. With the identified research gap in the literature, an attempt has also been made to develop a new hybrid modulation technique, to achieve a wide range of power control with high efficiency. A 100 W full-bridge inverter prototype is realised both in simulation and hardware, with various modulation schemes using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The results are compared with existing techniques and the comparisons reveal that the proposed scheme is highly viable and effective for the rendered applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, induction heating (IH) applications aided by electronic power control have gained significance. Particularly, for cooking applications, an appropriate control technique is required to feed power from a single source to multiple loads with minimum switching losses. Additionally, when multiple loads are used, it requires independent control and operation for each of the loads. The main idea of this work is to develop a single-stage AC-AC converter topology to feed power to multiple loads independently with a single source, with a reduced number of switching devices and with minimum switching losses. The proposed topology uses a frequency bifurcation concept to feed power to multiple loads by placing the transmitting coil and work coil at a distance of 3 cm. The source is resonated at a 25 kHz switching frequency, with the designed bifurcated frequencies of 20 kHz and 33 kHz. The resonant capacitors are appropriately chosen to operate at those frequencies. For real-time applications, simultaneous and independent power control are inevitable in multi load-fed IH applications. This is achieved through a pulse density modulation scheme with minimum switching losses. The simulation of the proposed system is performed in MATLAB/Simulink, and also the 1 kW system is validated using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The real-time thermal variation in the load is also recorded using a FLIR thermal imager. The experimental and simulation results are observed, and the obtained efficiency of the system is plotted for various duty cycles of pulse density modulation control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the constantly rising energy demand, Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-equipped vehicles are being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs). The other advantage of using EVs is that the batteries can be utilised as an energy storage device to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources. Integrating EVs with the grid is one of the recent advancements in EVs using Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. A bidirectional technique enables power transfer between the grid and the EV batteries. Moreover, the Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer (BWPT) method can support consumers in automating the power transfer process without human intervention. However, an effective BWPT requires a proper vehicle and grid coordination with reasonable control and compensation networks. Various compensation techniques have been proposed in the literature, both on the transmitter and receiver sides. Selecting suitable compensation techniques is a critical task affecting the various design parameters. In this study, the basic compensation topologies of the Series–Series (SS), Series–Parallel (SP), Parallel–Parallel (PP), Parallel–Series (SP), and hybrid compensation topology design requirements are investigated. In addition, the typical control techniques for bidirectional converters, such as Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID), sliding mode, fuzzy logic control, model predictive, and digital control, are discussed. In addition, different switching modulation schemes, including Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control, PWM + Phase Shift control, Single-Phase Shift, Dual-Phase Shift, and Triple-Phase Shift methods, are discussed. The characteristics and control strategies of each are presented, concerning the typical applications. Based on the review analysis, the low-power (Level 1/Level 2) charging applications demand a simple SS compensation topology with a PID controller and a Single-Phase Shift switching method. However, for the medium- or high-power applications (Level 3/Level 4), the dual-side LCC compensation with an advanced controller and a Dual-Side Phase-Shift switching pattern is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As non-renewable energy sources are in the verge of exhaustion, the entire world turns towards renewable sources to fill its energy demand. In the near future, solar energy will be a major contributor of renewable energy, but the integration of unreliable solar energy sources directly into the grid makes the existing system complex. To reduce the complexity, a microgrid system is a better solution. Solar energy forecasting models improve the reliability of the solar plant in microgrid operations. Uncertainty in solar energy prediction is the challenge in generating reliable energy. Employing, understanding, training, and evaluating several forecasting models with available meteorological data will ensure the selection of an appropriate forecast model for any particular location. New strategies and approaches emerge day by day to increase the model accuracy, with an ultimate objective of minimizing uncertainty in forecasting. Conventional methods include a lot of differential mathematical calculations. Large data availability at solar stations make use of various Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for computing, forecasting, and predicting solar radiation energy. The recent evolution of ensemble and hybrid models predicts solar radiation accurately compared to all the models. This paper reviews various models in solar irradiance and power estimation which are tabulated by classification types mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has been extensively researched in the realm of electric cars, offering a convenient method. Nonetheless, there has been a scarcity of experiments conducted on low-power electric vehicles. To establish a wireless power transfer system for an electric vehicle, optimal power and transmission efficiency necessitate arranging the coils coaxially. In wireless charging systems, coils often experience angular and lateral misalignments. In this paper, a new alignment strategy is introduced to tackle the misalignment problem between the transmitter and receiver coils in the wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The study involves the design and analysis of a coil, considering factors such as mutual inductance and efficiency. Wireless coils with angular misalignment are modelled in Ansys Maxwell simulation software. The proposed practical EV system aims to align the coils using angular motion, effectively reducing misalignment during the parking of two-wheelers. This is achieved by tilting the transmitter coil in the desired direction. Furthermore, micro sensing coils are employed to identify misalignment and facilitate automatic alignment. Additionally, adopting a power control technique becomes essential to achieve both constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) modes during battery charging. Integrating CC and CV modes is crucial for efficiently charging lithium-ion batteries, ensuring prolonged lifespan and optimal capacity utilization. The developed system can improve the efficiency of the wireless charging system to 90.3% with a 24 V, 16 Ah Lithium Ion Phosphate (LiFePO4) battery at a 160 mm distance between the coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, induction heating applications assisted by electronic power control have been very appealing. For melting applications, induction heating is widely used as it seems to be appropriate and provides higher efficiency, zero pollutants, non-contamination of material, etc. in comparison with conventional heating. The conventional variable frequency control scheme is not sufficient for melting applications because of its high switching loss, low efficiency, and lower heat rate. A superlative control technique is required to control the output power smoothly, for a high heating rate with minimum power loss, and to lower the number of components. In this paper, a capacitorless self-resonating bifilar coil is proposed for induction surface melting applications. The performance of the system in terms of modular losses, heat rate, and efficiency is analyzed for various power methods such as pulse duty cycle control, phase shift control, pulse density modulation control, and asymmetric duty cycle control. An experimental validation is performed for the 1 kW prototype, and the heating rate, efficiency, and modular losses are calculated. The control technique is digitally validated using a PIC16F877A microcontroller with 30 kHz switching frequency. The temperature distribution is analyzed using a FLIR thermal imager. Among the tested methods, pulse density modulation-based control provides smooth and varied power control from 0% to 100% with minimum modular losses. The efficiency of the system is 89% at a rated output power and is greater than 85% for pulse density modulation control with a fast heating rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) can be challenging due to the nonlinearity of its dynamics, which makes it difficult to design control strategies that are both robust and effective. To address this challenge, this paper presents a novel control strategy rooted in the concept of passivity that combines field‐oriented control (FOC). This strategy compels the PMSM to accurately follow velocity and electrical torque trajectories. The approach, known as passivity‐based control (PBC), entails reshaping the inherent system energy while introducing the necessary damping to attain the desired objectives. A crucial aspect involves identifying workless force terms within the process model. Despite their presence, these terms do not impact the energy balance and stability properties. As a result, eliminating these terms is unnecessary. This simplicity in control architecture not only preserves system stability but also bolsters overall robustness. The system's overall stability and the current tracking error's exponential convergence have both been demonstrated analytically. In order to maintain stability, the controller accounts for the nonlinearities of the plant and approximates the unstructured dynamics of the PMSM. The proposed control is designed using the dq model of the PMSM, which avoids the model's structure destruction due to singularities, since the dq model does not depend explicitly on the rotor angular position. Experimental results shown further, illustrate speed and position control with a desired pair calculated by a filter or a proportional‐integral (PI) controller for speed control and a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller for position control. Also the correlation between practical and theoretical results is given as well as the robustness test in relation to the uncertainties of the PMSM's inertia moment. The results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in controlling the PMSM under different operating conditions, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial attention has been drawn over the past few years by high step-up dc-dc converters owing to their applications in a wide range. Apart from renewable energy applications, high voltage/ high pulse converters are efficiently used in water treatment applications. The converter suggested a combination of Quadratic and SEPIC converters with a diode-capacitor cell. This topology generates high-voltage repetitive pulses with a single semiconductor switch and reduced component count. The stress across the components is less than the high-gain converters reported in the literature. The topology has an extendable feature by increasing the number of diode-capacitor cells without affecting the stress. The superiority of the high pulse generating topology is validated with a similar converter in the literature. This paper discusses the nL5 simulator results for the proposed rated topology required for water treatment. A scaled-down 50 W prototype is tested for various input voltages to generate high voltage pulse, and the analytical study is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of proliferated distributed renewable energy sources, high-gain DC–DC converters dragged much attention among the researchers. But there is a concern that high-gain converters have less efficiency and high switching stresses. The converter topology has two quasi-impedance source network and a voltage multiplier cell unit to facilitate very high-gain output voltage. This work also suggests using a non-linear carrier controller which embodies two loops within it: one facilitates the input variations and the other loop assists load regulations. The input variations due to varying irradiation of photovoltaic are alleviated by employing the perturb and observe maximum power point tracking mechanism. The simulation of the work is realized in MATLAB/Simulink arena, and hardware circuits are validated using the dsPIC30F4011 controller. This paper proposes a new two-loop control embedded high-gain DC–DC converter fed by photovoltaic source which aims at encouraging the project-driven engineering education teaching and thereby inherently complying to the standards set for academic excellence through Bloom's taxonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered as the leading-edge form of mobility. However, the integration of electric vehicles with charging stations is a contentious issue. Managing the available grid power and bus voltage regulation is addressed through renewable energy. This work proposes a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-powered EV charging station with converter control technique. The controller unit is interfaced with the renewable energy source, bidirectional converter, and local energy storage unit (ESU). The bidirectional converter provides a regulated output with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) during charging and discharging. The fuzzy control is implemented to maintain a decentralized power distribution between the microgrid DC-link and ESU. The PV coupled to the DC microgrid of the charging station is variable in nature. Hence, the microgrid-based charging is examined under a range of realistic scenarios, including low, total PV power output and different state of charge (SOC) levels of ESU. In order to accomplish the effective charging of EV, a decentralized energy management system is created to control the energy flow among the PV system, the battery, and the grid. The proposed controller's effectiveness is validated using a simulation have been analyzed using MATLAB under various microgrid situations. Additionally, the experimental results are validated under various modes of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An induction motor is generally used in industrial applications because it is reliable, robust, and low cost. Reliability is one of the essential parameters based on which the motor is selected, and the induction motor primarily comes into force. The well-founded induction motor gives good results under various operating states. To achieve this, the values of the motor are kept in mind. Dynamic simulation plays a significant part in evaluating the model's design process to eliminate design errors in typical construction types and when testing the motor drive system. The induction motor is modeled in a synchronously revolving rotor flux-oriented frame, which is used as a reference. For sensorless vector control and induction motor control methods, accurate knowledge of a few induction motor parameters is necessary. The presentation of the drive will degrade if the original data in the motor do not match the values utilized in the controller. Various mechanisms have been developed to calculate the online and offline parameters of the induction machine for its application in high-performance drives. The foremost grail of this review paper is to present dynamic modeling and other considerable approaches used for estimating the induction motor parameter. This paper also constitutes some simulation examples related to dynamic modeling and parameter estimation techniques, which may be useful for specialists in the field of electric drive control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial shading has a negative impact on photovoltaic systems by forcing the connected modules to generate lower power, creating severe unexpected power losses. To resolve this issue, numerous solutions have been proposed, among which configuration modification has recently attracted a greater audience. The preliminary approach to module reconfiguration was based on the alteration of electrical connections through switches, which introduces lag due to the large number of switches and sensors, complex algorithms, and impractical application. Hence, static techniques are considered to be a cost-effective, low-complexity and easy-to-adopt solution for efficiently reducing the losses due to shading. Hence, this paper proposes a two-step module replacement approach that is validated under multiple partial shading conditions, and the performance is compared with various conventional and hybrid configurations and a static electrical reconfiguration technique using mathematical analysis, comparative parameters and power curves analysis. The validation was performed using the MATLAB platform for two system sizes—6 × 6 and 18 × 3—proving its applicability for arbitrary system sizes. On the basis of the depth investigation, an average power increase of 17.49%, 14.47%, and 14.12% for the two-step approach compared to the conventional, hybrid and electrical reconfiguration was observed in the partial shading cases considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, researchers focus on the modular multilevel converter (MMC), due to its modularity structure, effective sharing of voltages among the submodule switches, and betterment in the quality of the voltage and current waveforms. First, the conventional unified power quality conditioner is developed with two level voltage source converters connected back-to-back, which are proposed to mitigate both the voltage and current related power quality problems. Later, to improve the performances (voltage sag, swell, current harmonics, etc.) of the conventional method, multilevel inverters are used. In this paper, a modified unified power quality conditioner based on a modular multilevel converter is implemented to mitigate the voltage and current related power quality issues. The design of the MMC is very simple with a modular structure, and it also improves the performance of the system compared to the conventional methods. In this proposed topology, the voltage related compensation is implemented with a seven-level MMC, and the current compensation is achieved with a reduced four switch voltage source inverter. The developed system is simulated in the MATLAB platform, and results are validated by hardware implementation with a FPGA controller. It is observed that the developed system has less % of total harmonic distortion and reduction in voltage sag as per the prescribed IEEE 519–2014 standards and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high frequency induction heating systems, the effective load parameters change during the different operating conditions. It is necessary to maintain constant input voltage to the induction heating load to improve the quality of the heating. The resonant based high frequency converter is generally used for these applications for the reduction of switching losses. The resonant condition is also affected during the variation in load parameters. The controller should provide a good voltage regulation with less response time and less overshoot during the loading conditions. In this paper, a load adaptive fuzzy logic control scheme is proposed to perform the voltage control of the high frequency inverter under variable load conditions. A frequency tracking control system is also employed for the inverter system using the phase lock loop. The phase lock loop ensures the resonant frequency operation of the inverter during the change in load parameters. The state space model of the system is discussed to study the inverter during different operating conditions. The fuzzy logic controller based closed loop control scheme is developed using the MATLAB simulation tool. The responses of the conventional and fuzzy logic controllers are studied for load voltage regulation and the effectiveness of the control schemes is verified. The dynamic behavior of the system is studied under no load and loaded conditions with the two controllers. The fuzzy based closed loop control scheme improves the dynamic response of the system compared to the conventional controller. The response of the induction heating system is validated with a hardware prototype. The results are presented in order to confirm the proposed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, an Enhanced SSA (ESSA) has been proposed where the parameter of the SSA technique, which balances the exploration and exploitation phases, has been modified. Additionally, the variable scaling factor is engaged to regulate the salp's position during the search procedure to minimize the random movement of salps. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the enhanced SSA (ESSA), a set of multimodal test functions are engaged. The statistical outcomes demonstrate that ESSA profits from local optima evasion and quick convergence speed, which aids the proposed ESSA algorithm to outclass the standard SSA and other recent algorithms. The fair analysis displays that ESSA delivers very promising results and outclass current methods. Next, frequency control of power systems is executed by designing a Combined Fuzzy PID (CFPID) controller with the projected ESSA method. Next, a Partially Distributed CFPID (PD-CFPID) controller is designed for a distributed power system (DPS). It is shown that the ESSA method outclasses the SSA method in engineering problems. It is also noted that the ESSA-based PD-CFPID scheme has become more operative in monitoring the frequency than similar structured centralized fuzzy PID (CFPID) as well as PID controller. Finally, the outcomes of the PD-CFPID controller are equated with CFPID and PID for various uncertain situations to validate the benefit of the proposed control approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPTs) are power electronic conditioners used in photovoltaic (PV) system to ensure that PV structures feed maximum power for the given ambient temperature and sun’s irradiation. When the PV panels are shaded by a fraction due to any environment hindrances then, conventional MPPT trackers may fail in tracking the appropriate peak power as there will be multi power peaks. In this work, a shuffled frog leap algorithm (SFLA) is proposed and it successfully identifies the global maximum power point among other local maxima. The SFLA MPPT is compared with a well-entrenched conventional perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm and a global search particle swarm optimisation (PSO) MPPT. The simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is highly advantageous than P&O, as it tracks nearly 30% more power for a given shading pattern. The credible nature of the proposed SFLA is ensured when it outplays PSO MPPT in convergence. The whole system is realised in MATLAB/Simulink environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]