29,405 results on '"VOLCANOES"'
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2. Conceptual Change and Relation to Knowledge: The Case of Volcanism at Primary School.
- Author
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Caillot, Michel and Chartrain, Jean-Louis
- Abstract
This paper tries to explain why all the students of a same class who have got the same teaching do not go so far in their conceptual change. Here we have studied the students' conceptual change about volcanoes in a French 5th grade. The different students' preconceptions before teaching have been categorized and related to the well-known historical and epistemological obstacles. After a specific teaching whose objectives were to overcome these obstacles, we have looked how the conceptual change has taken place for each student. In order to explain the diverse individual conceptual changes, we have introduced the concept of individual "relation to knowledge" and for each student this relation to knowledge had been determined. Those who undertake the largest conceptual change have the most positive relation to knowledge. (Author)
- Published
- 2001
3. How Do Volcanoes Affect Human Life? Integrated Unit.
- Author
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Dayton, Rebecca, Edwards, Carrie, and Sisler, Michelle
- Abstract
This packet contains a unit on teaching about volcanoes. The following question is addressed: How do volcanoes affect human life? The unit covers approximately three weeks of instruction and strives to present volcanoes in an holistic form. The five subject areas of art, language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies are integrated into the unit. Students are introduced to volcanoes as geographic features that are able to alter the functions of societies in close proximity to volcanoes. Focus questions include: (1) How may science fiction present volcanoes? (2) What are the layers of the Earth? (3) How do plate tectonics affect volcanic activity? (4) What is the historical significance of the eruption of Mount Saint Helens, Mount Pelee, and Mount Pinatubo? (5) What ate the types of volcanoes? (6) How are lava types different from one volcano to another? (7) How can we model volcanoes before and after eruptions? (8) How are people informed of volcanic eruptions? (9) What role does persuasive speech play in communicating safety issues surrounding volcanic eruptions? (10) Why are people concerned about volcanic eruptions? (11) What effects do volcanoes have on the environment? (12) How can you obtain information concerning professions in the study of volcanoes? and (13) How can volcano information be shared with the general public? (SAH)
- Published
- 2000
4. Island of the Sharks Activity Guide To Accompany the Large-Format Film.
- Author
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WGBH-TV, Boston, MA. and Gowell, Elizabeth Tayntor
- Abstract
This document targets upper elementary and middle school students and provides activities to understand what the ocean floor looks like, the interactions of ocean communities, and the true nature of sharks. The activities are developed at three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. The twelve activities include: (1) "Ocean Detectives"; (2) "Make a Mountain"; (3) "Ocean Motion"; (4) "Sea Around You"; (5) "Rock Reef Critters"; (6) "Ahoy! It's an Island"; (7) "Take a Dive"; (8) "Shark Parts"; (9) "A Dentist's Dream"; (10) "Smelly? Not!"; (11) "Fishing for Dinner"; and (12) "Shark Folklore." Career information and resources are also included. (YDS)
- Published
- 1999
5. Old as the Hills. Morrow Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7.
- Author
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North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parks and Recreation.
- Abstract
This curriculum packet was developed and designed to provide environmental education through a series of hands-on activities for the classroom and the outdoor setting of Morrow Mountain State Park, North Carolina to introduce students to the geology of the Uwharrie Mountains. Designed for grades 5 through 7, the packet meets the established curriculum objectives of the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Students are exposed to major concepts such as weathering, erosion, rock cycle, rock types, and geologic processes. The packet is divided into nine sections: (1) introduction to the North Carolina State Parks system, Morrow Mountain State Park, and the activity packet; (2) activity summary and correlation chart showing how each activity correlates with Department of Public Instruction objectives; (3) pre-visit activities on sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock formation; (4) on-site activities on rock types and characteristics of the Uwharrie Mountains; (5) post-visit activities to reinforce and review previous lessons; (6) vocabulary; (7) references; (8) an appendix summarizing the Uwharrie Mountains geology; and (9) a scheduling worksheet, permission form, and program evaluation form. All activities include curriculum objectives for each grade level, descriptions of location, group size, estimated time needed, materials needed, major concepts covered, and activity objectives, as well as background information for the educator, instructions, student information sheets, and worksheets. Most activities also include extensions and assessment tools. (PVD)
- Published
- 1998
6. Volcanoes! Teaching Guide.
- Author
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Geological Survey (Dept. of Interior), Reston, VA.
- Abstract
This document is an interdisciplinary set of materials for grades 4 through 8 that reflects the goals of the National Science Education Standards developed by the National Research Council (NRC). The activities in this packet incorporate a number of related subjects including other sciences, social studies, language arts, and mathematics. Contains a two-sided poster, teaching guide, six lesson plans with timed activities, and an evaluation sheet. Lesson topics include the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
7. Forces of the Wild. Nature. Teacher's Guide.
- Author
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Thirteen WNET, New York, NY., Public Broadcasting Service, Washington, DC. PBS Elementary/Secondary Service., and Brown, Jordan
- Abstract
This curriculum guide was developed for use with public television's Nature series. The materials in the guide are designed to help students actively participate in the study and experience of nature. Students are encouraged to view the programs as a scientist would, observing natural phenomena and drawing conclusions. Each lesson in the Teacher's Resource Guide includes: (1) a "Program Overview" that presents background information and brief synopses of the program to be viewed; (2) "Objectives" that provide the teacher with measurement goals; (3) a "Before Viewing Activity" that familiarizes students with the subject and allows them to set purposes for viewing; (4) "Vocabulary" that features definitions of unfamiliar words used in each program; (5) "Discussion Questions" that help students assess the main points of the program; (6) "Suggested Reading" for students who may want to learn more about the topic; and (7) a "Naturalist's Guide" (student worksheet) to be duplicated and distributed to students. The programs highlighted in this guide focus on the powerful natural forces that change the earth and how these forces affect the vast variety of life forms covering the planet. Program titles include "In the Beginning,""Perpetual Motion,""Heavenly Partners,""Living Dangerously," and "Playing with Fire." (WRM)
- Published
- 1998
8. I Invite You To Know the Earth I. Elementary School 2nd to 4th Grade Teacher's Guidebook [and] Text for Elementary School 2nd to 4th Grade.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
- Abstract
This student text is designed for grades 2-4 and explores various earth science topics. A cartoon character named Tommy Tsumi explains earth facts and concepts throughout the text. Activities, materials, and learning objectives for each unit in the textbook are provided in the teacher's guide. Units in both include: (1) "What Does Our Earth Look Like?"; (2) "I Invite You to Know the Inside of the Earth"; (3) "Earthquakes and Tsunamis"; (4) "What is a Natural Hazard?"; and (5) "Basic Prevention Rules in Case of Natural Hazards". (WRM)
- Published
- 1998
9. I Invite You To Know the Earth II. 5th to 8th Grade of Preparatory School Teacher's Guide [and] 5th to 8th Grade of Preparatory School Textbook.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. and United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
- Abstract
The student textbook is designed for grades 5-8 and explores various earth science topics. A cartoon character named Tommy Tsumi explores earth facts and concepts throughout the text. Activities, materials, and learning objectives for each unit in the textbook are presented in the teacher's guide. Units in both books include: (1) "The Outside of the Earth"; (2) "The Interior of the Earth"; (3) "Earthquakes and Volcanoes"; (4) "Tsunamis"; and (5) "Tsunami Protection Measures". (WRM)
- Published
- 1998
10. NOVA Fall 1998 Teacher's Guide.
- Author
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WGBH-TV, Boston, MA. and Colombo, Luann
- Abstract
This teacher's guide is designed to accompany the PBS television program "NOVA." Six science activities correspond to: (1) "Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude,, which researches and charts the shortest course to circumnavigate the globe; (2) "Chasing El Nino," which formulates a question and designs an experiment to evaluate the accuracy of weather folklore; (3) "Terror in Space," which explores the concept of center of mass and experiments with how altering the location of an object's center of mass can affect its motion; (4) "Special Effects: Titanic and Beyond," which investigates how geometry plays a role in perspective; (5) "Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius," which collects data and create maps to observe the relationship between volcanoes, earthquakes, and lithospheric plates; and (6) "Ice Mummies," which investigates the rate of microbial growth at different temperatures, and analyzes and interprets information in order to locate an archaeological site. All activities include a list of the National Science Education Standards addressed. (YDS)
- Published
- 1998
11. Earthquakes and Tsunamis. Pre-Elementary School Teacher's Guidebook [and] Pre-Elementary School Textbook.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
- Abstract
This teacher's guide and student text present basic information about the causes and effects of earthquakes and tsunamis. The teacher's guide contains suggested activities, materials, and educational objectives for the text. Chapters in both texts are: (1) "Shapes and Movements of the Water"; (2) "Permeability and Buoyancy"; (3) "Life Styles at Different Settings"; (4) "Earthquakes and Tsunamis"; and (5) "Hazards Prevention." (WRM)
- Published
- 1996
12. Simulating a Volcanic Crisis in the Classroom.
- Author
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Harpp, Karen S. and Sweeney, William J.
- Abstract
Reports on the design of a multi-week cooperative learning activity for an undergraduate introductory volcanology class which culminates in the simulation of a volcanic monitoring crisis. Suggests that this activity creates an effective and exciting learning environment in which students have the opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to a more realistic situation than is achieved in conventional classroom exercises. (Author/MM)
- Published
- 2002
13. Modeling Olympus Mons from the Earth.
- Author
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Lebofsky, Nancy R. and Lebofsky, Larry A.
- Abstract
Presents a science activity using cubes for constructing the "Olympus Mons" model, the largest known volcano in the solar system. Uses the Catalina Mountains as a real-life comparison and builds a scale-proportionate model. (YDS)
- Published
- 2002
14. Plate Tectonics: The Way the Earth Works. Teacher's Guide. LHS GEMS.
- Author
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California Univ., Berkeley. Lawrence Hall of Science. and Cuff, Kevin
- Abstract
This teacher guide presents a unit on plate tectonics and introduces hands-on activities for students in grades 6-8. In each unit, students act as real scientists and gather evidence by using science process skills such as observing, graphing, analyzing data, designing and making models, visualizing, communicating, theorizing, and drawing conclusions. The units presented in this guide meet the National Science Education Standards as well as state frameworks and district guidelines. There are seven sessions focusing on different concepts in the guide. Sessions include: (1) "Geologic Time and Processes That Form the Earth's Crust"; (2) "Field Work of California"; (3) "Investigating Viscosity and Volcanic Rocks"; (4) "Field Work in Hawaii"; (5) "Field Work in Japan"; (6) "Field Work in Nepal"; and (7) "Field Work in Iceland". (YDS)
- Published
- 2002
15. The Galapagos.
- Author
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Schiller, Nancy A. and Herreid, Clyde F.
- Abstract
Uses a problem-based teaching approach to teach about the geological origins of the Galapagos Islands, colonization, species formation, and threats to biodiversity. Discusses finches, tortoises, and sea cucumbers and provides instructions for student discussions. (YDS)
- Published
- 2000
16. Classroom Volcanology.
- Author
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Thomas, Gregory C.
- Abstract
Explains the use of a constructivist model for engaging students in the curriculum. The student end of the model is characterized by the knowledge, personal experience, degree of motivation, and level of interest that a student brings to a learning situation. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
17. Global Change: How Humans and Nature Impact Our Planet. Self-Directed Study Units for Grades K-8.
- Author
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Brown, Mary
- Abstract
This book consists of two complete units on global change. The first unit is created for lower elementary students and the second one is for upper elementary grade levels. The units are designed for gifted students and encourage students to be responsible for their own education. Each unit is based on an interdisciplinary approach. Suggestions for adaptation of the units are also included. (YDS)
- Published
- 1998
18. Volcano!: An Event-Based Science Module. Teacher's Guide. Geology Module.
- Author
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Wright, Russell G. and Wright, Russell G.
- Abstract
This book is designed for middle school earth science teachers to help their students learn scientific literacy through event-based science. Unlike traditional curricula, the event-based earth science module is a student-centered, interdisciplinary, inquiry-oriented program that emphasizes cooperative learning, teamwork, independent research, hands-on investigations, and exploration of authentic tasks. Students use this book to work in cooperative teams and play the roles of producer, special effects expert, camera operator, volcanologist, and geologist. The module in this book can be used to build a whole curriculum or fit into current lesson plans to add interest. (KHR)
- Published
- 1997
19. Volcano!: An Event-Based Science Module. Student Edition. Geology Module.
- Author
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Wright, Russell G. and Wright, Russell G.
- Abstract
This book is designed for middle school students to learn scientific literacy through event-based science. Unlike traditional curricula, the event-based earth science module is a student-centered, interdisciplinary, inquiry-oriented program that emphasizes cooperative learning, teamwork, independent research, hands-on investigations, and exploration of authentic tasks. Each unit is centered around a volcanic event that had a catastrophic impact on people and the environment. Students use this book to work in cooperative teams and play the roles of producer, special effects expert, camera operator, volcanologist, and geologist. (KHR)
- Published
- 1997
20. Exploring Geology on the World-Wide Web--Volcanoes and Volcanism.
- Author
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Schimmrich, Steven Henry and Gore, Pamela J. W.
- Abstract
Focuses on sites on the World Wide Web that offer information about volcanoes. Web sites are classified into areas of Global Volcano Information, Volcanoes in Hawaii, Volcanoes in Alaska, Volcanoes in the Cascades, European and Icelandic Volcanoes, Extraterrestrial Volcanism, Volcanic Ash and Weather, and Volcano Resource Directories. Suggestions for classroom activities using the Web sites are included. (PVD)
- Published
- 1996
21. Volcanoes in the Classroom--an Explosive Learning Experience.
- Author
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Thompson, Susan A. and Thompson, Keith S.
- Abstract
Presents a unit on volcanoes for third- and fourth-grade students. Includes demonstrations; video presentations; building a volcano model; and inviting a scientist, preferably a vulcanologist, to share his or her expertise with students. (JRH)
- Published
- 1996
22. Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and the Information Superhighway.
- Author
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Slattery, William
- Abstract
Provides examples of using real time data sources from the Internet and the World Wide Web to enable students to collect the data that leads scientists to scientific paradigms, expand the scope of instruction to regional and global perspectives, and integrate science with other curriculum areas. (DDR)
- Published
- 1996
23. Digging into Minnesota Minerals.
- Author
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Minnesota State Dept. of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
- Abstract
This publication presents students with facts about geology and several learning activities. Topics covered include rocks and minerals, volcanoes and earthquakes, fossils, exploration geology, mining in Minnesota, environmental issues related to mining, mineral uses, mining history, and the geology of Minnesota's state parks. A geologic timetable relates the earth's eras with rocks in Minnesota, events in Minnesota, and characteristic life of the periods. This timetable is accompanied by an activity demonstrating the formation of sedimentary rocks. An article about fossils is accompanied by an activity that allows students to make their own fossils from clay and plaster of Paris. Activities demonstrating drill core sampling and the difficulty of mining through a chocolate chip cookie are related to various articles on mining in Minnesota. A feature about the Hull Rust Mahoning mine in Hibbing, Minnesota, discusses taconite, a low-grade iron ore. This feature includes a sidebar explaining mines and the mining industry in Minnesota. Other activities in this publication consist of word games, quizzes, and mazes. (PVD)
- Published
- 1995
24. Incorporating Terrestrial Planet Volcanic Data in the Classroom.
- Author
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Howe, Robert C. and Patrick, Randy R.
- Published
- 1995
25. The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers: Volcanic Activity.
- Author
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Metzger, Ellen Pletcher
- Abstract
Describes resources for information and activities involving volcanoes. Includes an activity that helps students become familiar with the principal types of volcanoes and explores how the viscosity of magma affects the way a volcano erupts. (MKR)
- Published
- 1995
26. SSMILes: Investigating Various Volcanic Eruptions and Volcano Heights.
- Author
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Wagner-Pine, Linda and Keith, Donna Graham
- Abstract
Presents an integrated math/science activity that shows students the differences among the three types of volcanoes using observation, classification, graphing, sorting, problem solving, measurement, averages, pattern relationships, calculators, computers, and research skills. Includes reproducible student worksheet. Lists 13 teacher resources. (MKR)
- Published
- 1994
27. Rock Cycle Sagas: The STRATegy COLUMN for Precollege Science Teachers.
- Author
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Metzger, Ellen Pletcher
- Abstract
Reviews The Best of BAESI: Earth Science Activities & Recommended Resources from the Bay Area Earth Science Institute. The Best of BAESI is divided into two parts. Part I contains 19 classroom activities on topographic maps, rocks and minerals, earthquakes, volcanoes, and plate tectonics. Part II describes resources and identifies government agencies and organizations for earth-science teachers. (AIM)
- Published
- 1994
28. Geoflicks Reviewed--Films about Hawaiian Volcanoes.
- Author
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Bykerk-Kauffman, Ann
- Abstract
Reviews 11 films on volcanic eruptions in the United States. Films are given a one- to five-star rating and the film's year, length, source and price are listed. Top films include "Inside Hawaiian Volcanoes" and "Kilauea: Close up of an Active Volcano." (AIM)
- Published
- 1994
29. Belief Systems as Barrier To Learning in Geological Education.
- Author
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Bezzi, Alfredo and Happs, John C.
- Abstract
Presents the results of a survey on volcanism completed by secondary students (N=1000) in Northern Italy. Findings indicate that these students, who live in a non-volcanic area, firmly believe that their area is volcanic. (DDR)
- Published
- 1994
30. Demonstrating Allotropic Modifications of Sulfur.
- Author
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McCarty, Jillian L. and Dragojlovic, Veljko
- Abstract
Shows how a common demonstration that consists of slowly heating sulfur powder in a test tube to illustrate sulfur's allotropic modifications can convince students of conclusions about the moon Io which they often find surprising. Describes the demonstration in full. (Author/MM)
- Published
- 2002
31. Unlocking Creativity.
- Author
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Antonietti, Alessandro
- Abstract
Debunks five misconceptions about improving creative thinking. To encourage students to think creatively, instructional techniques should reflect an integrated set of mental skills, use materials mimicking real-life situations, consider students' beliefs and tendencies toward creative thinking, show metacognitive sensibility, and foster a creative mind-set. One program helps students develop innovative thinking while unlocking a volcano's secret. (MLH)
- Published
- 1997
32. Living with Volcanoes: Year Eleven Teaching Resource Unit.
- Author
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Le Heron, Kiri, Andrews, Jill, Hooks, Stacey, Larnder, Michele, and Le Heron, Richard
- Abstract
Presents a unit on volcanoes and experiences with volcanoes that helps students develop geography skills. Focuses on four volcanoes: (1) Rangitoto Island; (2) Lake Pupuke; (3) Mount Smart; and (4) One Tree Hill. Includes an answer sheet and resources to use with the unit. (CMK)
- Published
- 2000
33. GETIT--Geoscience Education through Interactive Technology[TM]. [CD-ROM].
- Abstract
This CD-ROM uses catastrophic events to teach the fundamentals of the earth's dynamism. Topics discussed include earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, plate tectonics, and many subjects that have to do with energy transfer. It contains 63 interactive, inquiry-based activities that closely simulate real life scientific practice. Students work with actual data collected from 45,000 seismological events in order to recognize that science is not a seamless fabric of established facts but a complex network of ideas and processes. Using an electronic notebook, students are able to record their ideas and answer questions. Teachers are also able to track students' progress using the integrated class management module. The teacher guide provides class management hints, goals, assessment criteria, scientific content, references to hands-on activities, and Blackline Masters. A Web-based bulletin board allows teachers to share experiences and activities. (SAH)
- Published
- 2000
34. Geology: The Active Earth.
- Author
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National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC. and Braus, Judy
- Abstract
Ranger Rick's NatureScope is a creative education series dedicated to inspiring in children an understanding and appreciation of the natural world while developing the skills they will need to make responsible decisions about the environment. The topic of this issue is "Geology: The Active Earth." Contents are organized into the following sections: (1) "Earth on the Move," describing information and activities on the structure of the Earth, the theory of plate tectonics, and earthquakes and volcanoes; (2) "Rocks and Minerals," giving information and activities on rock and mineral composition, formation, and classification; (3) "Shaping the Landscape," providing information and activities on forces that wear down landforms and forces that build them up; (4) "Secrets of the Past," offering information and activities on how and where fossils form, what they tell about the past, and how scientists determine the ages of fossils; (5) "People and Geology," providing information and activities on the origins and uses of rocks, minerals, and fossil fuels, and some of the problems caused by their use; and (6) "Appendix," featuring bibliographic and other reference information. (WRM)
- Published
- 1987
35. Secrets of Science. Videos 1-13. [Videotape.]
- Author
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Walt Disney Publishing Group, Burbank, CA. Discover Magazine.
- Abstract
Discoveries in science and technology are being made at such a rapid pace that it is often difficult for many teachers to stay abreast of new and relevant information. To assist teachers in keeping their students well informed of new discoveries in science, Discover Magazine developed a 13-part video series entitled "Secrets of Science." In each of these videos, new discoveries have been gradually integrated with existing knowledge of a variety of scientific concepts: VIDEO 1: "From the Beginning" (Program 1: "How Life Began" and "The Evolution of Man"; Program 2: "The Origin of Species" and "A Human Being is Born"); VIDEO 2: "Life's Building Blocks" (Program 1: "Blood and Our Bodies" and "DNA and Diversity"; Program 2: "The Complex Cell" and "Understanding Viruses"); VIDEO 3:"Brain Power" (Program 1: "The Sense of Sight" and "The Human Brain"; Program 2: "Civilization's Progress" and "The Written Word"); VIDEO 4: "The Life Around Us": (Program 1: "The Animal Kingdom" and "The World of Insects"; Program 2: "The Busy Bees" and "A Planet of Plants"); VIDEO 5: "Planet Earth, Our Home" (Program 1: "There's No Place Like Home" and "Polluting Our Atmosphere"; Program 2: "Wasting Our Planet" and "When the Ground Quakes"); VIDEO 6: "Earth's Extremes" (Program 1: "When Lava Flows" and "Glaciers: The Cold Facts"; Program 2: "The Antarctic: A Frozen World" and "The Torrid Tropics"); VIDEO 7: "Our Sea and Sky" (Program 1: "An Ocean Overview" and "Life Beneath the Waves"; Program 2: "Creating our Climate" and "Comets: Spectacles in the Sky"); VIDEO 8: "Into Outer Space" (Program 1: "Space Travel" and "Landing on the Moon"; Program 2: "Exploratory Space Probes" and "Star Bright"); VIDEO 9: "Our Sun and Solar System" (Program 1: "The Four Fundamental Forces" and "Our Solar System"; Program 2: "The Sun: Source of Life" and "What is Light?"); VIDEO 10: "The Mysteries of Motion and Power" (Program 1: "Considering Kinematics" and "Newton's Laws"; Program 2: "Electricity: A Current Affair" and "The Physics of Force"); VIDEO 11: "Exploring Energy" (Program 1: "Elementary Energy" and "Nuclear Energy"; Program 2: "The Combustion Engine" and "Power From Petroleum"); VIDEO 12: "Of Wheels and Wings"; (Program 1: "Rolling on Land" and "Sailing on Water"; Program 2: "Flying Through the Air" and "The Magic of Flight"); VIDEO 13: "Through the Looking Glass" (Program 1:"About Telescopes" and "Focus on Photography" and "Looking Into Deep Space"; Program 2: "On Television" and "Surrounded by Satellites"). (ZWH/WTB)
- Published
- 1994
36. Teaching the Basics about Volcanoes to K-16 Students.
- Author
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Mattox, Stephen Ross
- Abstract
Presents a lesson on volcanoes that evaluates student knowledge and misconceptions and provides factual information. (YDS)
- Published
- 2000
37. Pure and Applied Physics and Chemistry.
- Author
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Winkel, Lois
- Abstract
Argues that K-12 students in the United States will continue to lack essential science knowledge until teachers are more knowledgeable about science, science curricula are restructured, and more varied science books are available. Highlights print and Web resources dealing with earthquakes and volcanoes, the heart, science experiments at home, and the Franklin Institute Science Museum (Philadelphia). (PEN)
- Published
- 1998
38. Express Electrolysis.
- Author
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Smithenry, Dennis, Gassman, Christopher, Goodridge, Brandon, and Petersen, Tom
- Abstract
Explains the process of student and teacher collaboration on a project to develop a faster electrolysis mechanism. Provides a good example of the problem-based approach to science instruction and curriculum. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
39. Project LAVA.
- Author
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Nelson, Cheryl
- Abstract
Describes a summer program for teachers in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in which teachers share in hands-on activities that demonstrate volcanic processes including volcanic hazards, plate tectonics, and earthquakes. (DDR)
- Published
- 1998
40. Jiffy Pop Volcanoes.
- Author
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Cruz, Irene
- Abstract
Pans of popcorn are popped to varying degrees in order to compare them to the earth's surface with volcanic pressure building up in this demonstration. Volcanic activity is also related to bodily functions to help students make connections. For example, the release of gas through burping after drinking soda pop is related to the release of pressure in a volcano. (PVD)
- Published
- 1998
41. From 2e− to 4e− pathway in the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction on Au(100): Kinetic circumvention of the volcano curve.
- Author
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Li, Yuke, Liu, Bing-Yu, Chen, Yanxia, and Liu, Zhi-Feng
- Subjects
- *
OXYGEN reduction , *ACTIVATION energy , *STANDARD hydrogen electrode , *VOLCANOES , *CHARGE exchange , *CURVES - Abstract
We report the free energy barriers for the elementary reactions in the 2e− and 4e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) steps on Au(100) in an alkaline solution. Due to the weak adsorption energy of O2 on Au(100), the barrier for the association channel is very low, and the 2e− pathway is clearly favored, while the barrier for the O–O dissociation channel is significantly higher at 0.5 eV. Above 0.7 V reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the association channel becomes thermodynamically unfavorable, which opens up the O–O dissociation channel, leading to the 4e− pathway. The low adsorption energy of oxygenated species on Au is now an advantage, and residue ORR current can be observed up to the 1.0–1.2 V region (RHE). In contrast, the O–O dissociation barrier on Au(111) is significantly higher, at close to 0.9 eV, due to coupling with surface reorganization, which explains the lower ORR activity on Au(111) than that on Au(100). In combination with the previously suggested outer sphere electron transfer to O2 for its initial adsorption, these results provide a consistent explanation for the features in the experimentally measured polarization curve for the alkaline ORR on Au(100) and demonstrate an ORR mechanism distinct from that on Pt(111). It also highlights the importance to consider the spin state of O2 in ORR and to understand the activation barriers, in addition to the adsorption energies, to account for the features observed in electrochemical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Site U1595.
- Author
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Druitt, H., Kutterolf, S., Ronge, T. A., Beethe, S., Bernard, A., Berthod, C., Chen, H., Chiyonobu, S., Clark, A., DeBari, S., Fernandez Perez, T. I., Gertisser, R., Hübscher, C., Johnston, R. M., Jones, C., Joshi, K. B., Kletetschka, G., Koukousioura, O., Li, X., and Manga, M.
- Subjects
SEA level ,VOLCANOES ,LANDFORMS - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Carbon cycling during the India-Asia collision revealed by δ26Mg–δ66Zn–δ98Mo evidence from ultrapotassic volcanoes in NW Tibet.
- Author
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Jian Wang, Tappe, Sebastian, Qiang Wang, Jie Li, Zongqi Zou, and Gong-Jian Tang
- Subjects
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CARBON cycle , *METASOMATISM , *VOLCANOES , *CONTINENTAL crust , *VOLCANIC gases , *PLATE tectonics , *ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen , *SIDEROPHILE elements - Abstract
India-Asia continental collision–induced volcanic gas emissions are thought to have played an important role in driving Cenozoic atmospheric CO2 variations, yet the details of how the deep carbon cycle may influence volcanic CO2 degassing are not understood. We present a novel study employing Mg-Zn-Mo isotopic compositions of Cenozoic ultrapotassic lavas from NW Tibet. The negative Mg-Zn isotope correlation (δ26Mg = −0.39‰ to −0.19‰; δ66Zn = +0.27‰ to +0.36‰), bolstered by petrographic analysis of mantle-derived xenoliths from these lavas, demonstrates that the ultrapotassic magmas originated from a lithospheric mantle source that had been enriched by recycled carbonate-bearing sediments rich in calcite and dolomite. Very low δ98Mo values (−0.78‰ to 0‰) relative to the average continental crust (δ98Mo = +0.10‰ to +0.35‰) further indicate that the sedimentary components were derived from the subducted Indian continental crust after its dehydration. Monte Carlo modeling estimates that the input flux of carbon (elemental C) from such sediments into the lithospheric mantle is ∼5.6 Mt/yr, with a predicted CO2 emission rate of ∼15.5 Mt/yr. We suggest that the still ongoing subduction of the Indian tectonic plate has played a crucial role in introducing substantial quantities of carbonate-rich sediments into the Tibetan lithospheric mantle, leading to the sequestration of large amounts of CO2 via carbonatite metasomatism. Hence, partial melting of such a carbon-rich mantle reservoir in an orogenic setting provides the positive feedback mechanism that can explain the high flux of volcanic CO2 during IndiaAsia collision. These findings not only highlight the importance of continental subduction, sediment recycling, and mantle metasomatism by carbon-rich melts/fluids in the generation of Tibetan ultrapotassic volcanism, but they also show how the deep carbon cycle influences volcanic CO2 degassing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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44. Structure of the mantle transition zone in the central and western parts of the North China Craton using the receiver function 3D Kirchhoff migration method.
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Zhu, Min, Wu, Qingju, Ning, Jieyuan, and Zhang, Ruiqing
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STAGNATION point , *P-waves (Seismology) , *SLABS (Structural geology) , *SURFACE waves (Seismic waves) , *DISCONTINUITIES (Geology) , *SUBDUCTION zones , *LAND subsidence , *OROGENIC belts , *VOLCANOES - Abstract
Using data from the regional broadband dense temporary array deployed by the ChinArray project, we applied the three-dimensional (3D) Kirchhoff migration method of the teleseismic P-wave receiver function to investigate discontinuity structures of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) in the central and western parts of the North China Craton (NCC) using a high-resolution 3D velocity model of the East Asian region. The results show that the 410-km discontinuity beneath the Datong Volcano is depressed by ∼10 km, indicating the presence of a high-temperature anomaly near the depth of 410 km, which is likely related to small-scale mantle upwelling caused by the dehydration of the stagnant Pacific Plate in the MTZ. The upwelling of hot material provides a heat source for surface magmatic activity. Beneath the Bohai Bay Basin, significant subsidence of the 660-km discontinuity is observed, and the transition zone here is extensively thickened. It's suggested that the anomalies in this region are related to the stagnation of the Pacific slab in the MTZ. Although the thickness of the transition zone west of the North-South Gravity Lineament appears normal, we propose that the subducting front of the Pacific slab did not cross the gravity lineament in the NCC. In comparison, the small-scale subsidence of the 660-km discontinuity and the thickening of the MTZ observed north of the Hannuoba Volcano likely indicate that the slab crossed the gravity lineament at its turning point and remained in the MTZ. Furthermore, a local thickening of the MTZ is observed in the Dabie orogenic belt of the Qinling Mountains. This is believed to be a combined effect of lithospheric delamination into the transition zone in the lower Yangtze region and the stagnation of the Pacific Plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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45. Geochronological and stratigraphical characterization of lower Jurassic tectonically-controlled felsic tuff ring volcanism in Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina.
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Stremel, Agustín J., Benedini, Leonardo, Strazzere, Leonardo, Gregori, Daniel A., Bahía, Marcos E., Geraldes, Mauro C., Pavón Pivetta, Cecilia, Barros, Mercedes, and dos Santos, Anderson Costa
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VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc. , *BACK-arc basins , *VOLCANISM , *VOLCANIC eruptions , *LITHOFACIES , *CALDERAS , *VOLCANOES ,GONDWANA (Continent) - Abstract
The early Jurassic syn-rift phase generated a significant set of half-grabens, calderas, and pull-apart basins along the southwestern margin of South America. In particular, the Loncon Complex, located in the western Extra-Andean region of North Patagonia (∼40°S), forms part of such structures. In the present contribution, we characterize and define the Early Jurassic extensional architecture of the Loncon Complex, constituted of a small-scale pull-apart basin associated with polygenetic volcanism, based on outcrop-scale kinematic data from strike-slip faults, and stratigraphic analysis. Lithofacies analysis, texture, componentry, and structural data allow us to distinguish four stages during the evolution of the Complex; the three early stages are followed by a deformational phase, and crowned by a limited felsic monogenetic volcano; stages consist of a) A continental alluvial to fluvial sedimentation related with an early pull-apart basin phase; b) local phreatomagmatic explosions with syn-eruptive sedimentation periods of a medium life cycle (~104-105 years), b) effusive andesitic stage generated by strike-slip transtension, resulting in partial deformation and development of a local unconformity, and c) a final short-term silicic tuff ring volcano construction (days to months' time span). The measured faulting pattern is synchronous with the Loncon Complex's sedimentation and volcanism. Kinematic data allow us to characterize the Loncon Complex evolution under NNE-NNW minimum horizontal stress (SHmin). This local NNE-oriented extension is interpreted as a consequence of a regional process, in a similar way to the report for the Neuquén Basin and the surrounding region in Patagonia. New U-Pb data indicate the onset of volcanism began in the Sinemurian (193.08 ± 1.13 Ma) also supporting an equivalent timing with the vicinity half-grabens areas of the North Patagonia region and the Neuquén Basin (Figure S1a). The process that occurred during the Sinemurian, and probably during the Pliensbachian, affected the entire back-arc basin developed along the southwestern border of Gondwana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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46. Monitoring the Hunga Volcano (Kingdom of Tonga) starting from the unrests of 2014/2015 to the 2021/2022 explosion with the Sentinel 1-2 and Landsat 8-9 satellites.
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Braitenberg, Carla, Spinetti, Claudia, and Ciancia, Emanuele
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LANDSAT satellites ,SYNTHETIC aperture radar ,VOLCANOES ,MULTISPECTRAL imaging ,EXPLOSIONS ,REMOTE sensing ,VOLCANIC eruptions - Abstract
This study explores the dynamic evolution of the Hunga Volcano in the Kingdom of Tonga and covers two volcanic unrests, focusing on the creation and subsequent disappearance of a new island between Hunga Tonga (HT) and Hunga Ha'apai (HH) between 2013 and 2023. The island expanded in 2015 and vanished in January 2022 due to a massive eruption (VEI = 6), featuring a 57 km high volcanic cloud and generating multiple tsunamis that caused damage across the Pacific Ocean. Utilizing remote sensing techniques, including multispectral imaging from Sentinel 2, Landsat 8-9, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging from Sentinel 1, the research employs a supervised random forest classification algorithm to individuate the changing subaerial surface area of the volcano. This approach documents size variations in the islands, particularly during weeks surrounding two volcanic unrests. The classifier, trained on nearly cloud-free multispectral images, automatically delineates surface area changes over the years. The temporal resolution of area change, limited to images with less than 5% cloudiness, encompasses about 50% of Landsat and 20% of Sentinel 2 images between 2013 and 2023, selected from 739 available images. The multispectral observations are complemented by 215 Sentinel 1 SAR images, penetrating clouds, though with limited bands. Despite higher noise, the classifier on Sentinel 1 successfully distinguishes land from ocean. Sentinel 1 observations, starting in 2014, cover the volcano unrest of 2014/2015. Earth Engine, a cloud computing data facility, is used for processing. Analysis indicates a slight decrease in the area change post-2015 island formation and identifies the disappearance of the island bridge connecting HT and HH, along with two smaller islands south of HT and HH in 2022. The 2022 explosion is preceded by an increase in island area in the weeks before the eruption. Global satellite coverage could automatically detect changes in oceanic areas and distinguish water from new volcanic islands, offering a means of identifying volcanic unrests and documenting their evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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47. Sustained Co‐Eruptive Increase in Seismic Velocity Below Great Sitkin Volcano Due To Magma Extrusion.
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Kupres, Cody A., Yang, Xiaotao, Haney, Matthew, and Roman, Diana C.
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SEISMIC wave velocity , *ISLAND arcs , *VOLCANIC eruptions , *CRACK closure , *VOLCANOES - Abstract
Volcanic eruptions carry essential information on the dynamics of volcanic systems. Studies have documented variable eruption styles and eruptive surface deformation. However, co‐eruptive subsurface structural changes remain poorly understood. Here we characterize the seismic velocity changes from July 2019 to July 2023 at Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc, using single‐station ambient noise interferometry at five three‐component seismic stations. Coincident with the lava effusion since late July 2021, about two months after the explosive eruption on 26 May 2021, we observe a sustained velocity increase, most prominently to the northwest of the caldera. We attribute this velocity increase to the structural changes with magma extrusion, with the spatial variation controlled by the geometry of the magma system or the property of shallow volcaniclastics. Our findings offer insights into understanding co‐eruptive structural modifications at active volcanoes. Plain Language Summary: Volcanic eruptions provide important insights into how volcanoes work and the potential risks they pose. This study looks at the ongoing eruption at Great Sitkin Volcano in the central Aleutian volcanic arc to better understand the changes happening beneath the surface. We measure the changes in the velocity of seismic waves, with data from five seismometers on the island. We collected data from July 2019 to July 2023, covering different eruptive stages and multiple lava effusion episodes during the eruption that started on 26 May 2021. Coincident with the lava effusion since late July 2021, we notice a significant increase in seismic velocities, most prominently at a station northwest of the volcano's central crater. We conclude that this increase reflects the structural change in the shallow subsurface due to magma extrusion, with deflation of the edifice and closure of cracks. The findings in this study help to improve our understanding of how volcanoes behave during eruptions. Key Points: We observe prominent, spatially variable increases in seismic velocity during lava effusions at Great Sitkin Volcano since late July 2021The sustained co‐eruptive increase in seismic velocity reflects structural changes with crack closures as the consequence of magma extrusionThe distinct spatial variation of the velocity increase may be controlled by reservoir geometry or the strength of shallow volcaniclastics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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48. Case study of a cluster of simple and complex monogenetic volcanoes in the north‐east part of the Michoacan–Guanajuato Volcanic Field, Central Mexico: Nomenclature implications.
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Kshirsagar, Pooja, Aviles, Raúl Miranda, Puy y Alquiza, María Jésus, Chako Tchamabe, Boris, and Dominguez, Andrés Josué Campos
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VOLCANIC fields , *PETROLOGY , *VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc. , *VOLCANOES , *GEOCHEMISTRY - Abstract
With the advent of new terminologies to categorize and characterize the simple and complex monogenetic volcanoes, also came the semantic issues, which caused a predicament for the usage of terms like simple, complex, polycyclic, polymagmatic, complex monogenetic volcanoes with polygenetic inheritance. To analyse and validate this nomenclature, we studied an overlapping volcanic structure located south of the present‐day town of Irapuato, Central Mexico, that appears to be a monogenetic complex at first sight. Field observations, tephra stratigraphy, petrography and geochemistry of the tephra deposits confirms that the structure is in fact a cluster of three simple (San Joaquin tuff ring and two scoria mounds) and one complex, polycyclic, polymagmatic (La Sanabria‐San Roque tuff ring) monogenetic volcanoes formed by independent events, governed by distinct conduits and magma bodies of different origin (subduction‐related, OIB and E‐MORB origin) and separated by different tephra sequences of dissimilar components and depositional characteristics. We estimate the magma volumes (using the juvenile content and their vesicularity percentage) to be at 0.40–1.31 × 108, 0.25 × 108 and 0.42–0.90 × 108 m3 for San Joaquin, La Sanabria and San Roque, reckoning an eruption duration of 77 and 48 and 81 days, respectively (considering an average eruption rate of 6 m3/s from the well‐documented shallow crater (<30 m), Ukinrek maars in Alaska) occurring within the age range of 40–70 k years (crater diameter and depth ratio). This study not only aided to validate the above‐mentioned terms for monogenetic volcanoes, but also reconsider a few of them and avoid confusion with the polygenetic counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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49. Metal variability in small pelagic fish Scomber colias as influenced by volcanic events in the Canary Islands.
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Lozano-Bilbao, Enrique, Delgado-Suárez, Indira, Lorenzo, José M., González, José A., Hardisson, Arturo, González-Weller, Dailos, Paz, Soraya, Rubio, Carmen, and Gutiérrez, Ángel J.
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TRACE metals ,PELAGIC fishes ,VOLCANOES ,MARINE biology ,MACKERELS - Abstract
Offshore volcanic activity occurs when an underwater volcano erupts. These volcanoes can be located underwater or on land and can be very dangerous to marine life. The aim of this study is to examine whether the influence of two volcanoes has an effect on the concentrations of metals and trace elements in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber colias in the Canary Islands. For the study, ten specimens of S. colias were obtained from each sampling area in March 2022. Metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES). The specimens of Scomber colias from the area affected by the Tajogaite volcano (La Palma) showed higher concentrations of all metals and trace elements analyzed than those from the other study areas. The specimens from the area of influence of the Tagoro Volcano (El Hierro) showed the second highest concentration of the elements studied, although this volcanic process is in a state of degassing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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50. A Characteristic Electrostatic Structure of Eruptive Plumes Emitted by Large Explosive Eruptions of Shiveluch and Bezymianny Volcanoes, Kamchatka.
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Akbashev, R. R., Malkin, E. I., and Cherneva, N. V.
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ELECTROSTATIC fields , *ELECTRIC fields , *VOLCANOES , *WEATHER , *ELECTRIFICATION , *EXPLOSIVE volcanic eruptions , *VOLCANIC eruptions - Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of recorded variations (anomalies) in the potential gradient of electrical field in the atmosphere caused by the propagation of eruption plumes discharged by eruptions of Shiveluch and Bezymianny volcanoes in Kamchatka. The anomalies were recorded at various distances from eruption centers and under different conditions of atmospheric stratification. These conditions have enabled us to show that the eruption plumes of Shiveluch and Bezymianny possessed a 3D electrostatic structure that is consistent with a known phenomenological model derived on the basis of surveys conducted on various volcanoes worldwide. According to this model, the top of an eruption plume contains a positive volumetric electrostatic charge, while the respective charges are negative in the middle, and positive in the lower part of the plume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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