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This work studies the policy of the Mexican State to eliminate poliomyelitis, from 1925 --the year in which the Mexican health authorities began to register cases of the disease-- to the present day. It argues that several stages can be distinguished in this effort: in the first, the so-called epidemic infantile paralysis had not yet reached the country, but it was already a concern of health professionals and health authorities; in the second, medical sciences lacked the means to prevent or treat the disease, but public health specialists gathered important epidemiological information; in the third, an attempt was made to prevent the disease by applying gamma globulin to children, for which purpose blood collections were held in many Mexican cities; in the fourth, the Salk killed virus vaccine first, and the Sabin attenuated virus vaccine later on; they were tested and then produced by the Mexican State; in the fifth stage, vaccination was massive and compulsory and achieved the elimination of the disease from the country; and in the sixth, or post-elimination period, for various reasons polio continues to be a present concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This narrative review aims to describe the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women and their children, as well as the immune response generated in the binomial with vaccination. For this purpose, a literature review was performed in different platforms. With the results obtained, it was observed that COVID-19 during pregnancy is associated with various maternal-fetal complications, which decrease with anti-COVID-19 vaccination. This immunization has shown, in addition to adequate safety, placental transfer of antibodies to the fetus and breast milk, offering protection to the newborn against hospitalization due to COVID-19. It is concluded that this data support anti-COVID-19 immunization during gestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with severe coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) have more spirometric alterations, especially a restrictive pattern characterized by low forced vital capacity (FVC). Some variables associated with this alteration in lung function have been described, such as hypoxemia, vaccination and hand strength, which in turn are related to the magnitude of lung damage. Objective: To analyze different clinical variables and their association with alterations in spirometry in survivors of severe COVID-19. Material and methods: Retrospective and observational study of survivors of severe COVID-19 sent for their first spirometry, hand dynamometry, and 6-minute walk (6MW) in a secondary care unit during 2021. Results: 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were protective factor (odds ratio [OR]: 0.36, 95% CI [95% CI]: 0.1-0.8, p = 0.02) and hospitalization (> 15 days) was a risk factor for spirometric alterations (FVC < 80% of predicted) (OR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.3-6.8, p = 0.00); hand weakness, SpO2 desaturation > 4% in 6MW, and days of hospitalization were associated with low FVC. Conclusions: A hospitalization > 15 days and having 2 doses of vaccination are risk and protective factors, respectively, of having a low FVC. Days of hospitalization, vaccination status, and FVC allowed to identify clusters of severe COVID-19 survivors with greater deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha acentuado las desigualdades sociales, económicas y relacionadas con la salud, afectando desproporcionadamente a las personas en situación de vulnerabilidad y perpetuando la inequidad en salud. En Argentina se implementó una campaña nacional gratuita de vacunación contra la COVID-19 con una perspectiva de equidad. Objetivo: identificar desigualdades territoriales en el acceso a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 en Quilmes. Métodos: se analizó la información referida a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 de personas residentes en el Municipio. Se efectuó la georreferenciación de cada vacunatorio y de cada persona a partir del domicilio declarado en el momento de la vacunación. Para caracterizar el grado de vulnerabilidad de las personas vacunadas, a cada una se le asignó el índice de carencias múltiples (ICM) correspondiente al radio censal de residencia Resultados: al menos el 82 % de la población completó el esquema primario de vacunación (dosis 1 y dosis 2), porcentaje que alcanzó el 97 % en los mayores de 65 años. Analizando la media de dosis aplicadas se observa algo similar con un gradiente hacia los quintiles más altos pero con una mínima diferencia entre sí, situación que también se corrobora en todos los grupos etarios. Discusión: no se observaron brechas significativas entre los diferentes niveles socioeconómicos. Si bien se observó un mínimo gradiente en el promedio de dosis recibidas, el tiempo de acceso a las diferentes vacunas y el porcentaje de esquemas primarios completos recibidos, las mismas tienen escasa relevancia clínica y sanitaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe the events supposedly attributable to immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech® COVID-19 vaccine in children aged 5 to 17 years in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out based on the analysis of reports of events supposedly attributable to immunization in children aged 5 to 17 years, who received the vaccine with the BNT162b2 mRNA platform for COVID-19, since January. to December 2022. Percentages, frequencies, averages, standard deviations and medians were used for statistical analysis. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23 program was implemented. Results: 1,993,373 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine were administered. 52 events presumed to be attributable to vaccination or immunization were reported. An annual rate of 2.6 per 100,000 doses applied was estimated. The age distribution recorded a median of 10.50 years (SD: 3.53). There were 56% women and 44% men; The most frequent symptoms were: dizziness, nausea, vomiting and pain at the vaccine application site. 2 cases of seizures and 1 of flaccid paralysis were reported. Conclusions: The safety of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 requires an improvement in strategies for epidemiological surveillance (passive and active), with a more robust approach to guarantee safe vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the fight against COVID-19, the drive-thru vaccination strategy was one of the measures to accelerate the immunization of the population and the opening of the COVID-19 detection testing center (CTC) enhanced the performance of rapid tests. This study aims to analyze the performance of vaccination against COVID-19 in the drive-thru format and the profile of the public who used the testing center in the period 2021-2022. This is a quantitative cross-sectional analysis with data obtained from MonitoraCovid-19 and ConecteSUS. The results showed the accentuated search for vaccination in the period from July to August 2021 and a reduction in demand for vaccines as immunization progresses. The predominant profile of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 was: female (58.20%), aged between 21 and 30 years (22.16%), white skin color (47.65%), symptomatic (86.37%) did not have comorbidities (82.35%). Therefore, biosafety protocols combined with vaccination and testing to diagnose the disease were essential to contain the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The vaccination drive-thru was one of the forms of service that offered ease of access, speed, curbing crowds, convenience, and ensuring patient safety [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the efforts made by the coordinators and operators of Mexico's Universal Vaccination Program (PVU, in Spanish), at all levels, a complex and extensive program like this always encounters barriers that are a challenge to achieving and maintaining the expected success. Every PVU requires structural, functional and financial growth that guarantees the acquisition of enough vaccines and that they reach the target person, at the right time and with quality assurance. With the objective of identifying challenges of the PVU and propose improvement actions, the Undersecretary of Prevention and Health Promotion and the National Center for Child and Adolescent Health (Censia, in Spanish) requested the National Institute of Public Health (INSP, in Spanish) and the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), office of Representation in Mexico, to convene a group of independent national and international experts, to hold a dialogue and analysis with federal and state personnel who direct and operate the PVU. This manuscript describes a summary of the topics presented, relevant elements of the discussion and general recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the proportion of vaccinated subjects and associated factors in adults and older adults in Mexico. Materials and methods. Analysis of data obtained from the Ensanut Continua 2021-2023 and comparison with the proportion of vaccinated subjects in Ensanut 2012. Results. Given that only 6.8% of adults and older adults in Ensanut Continua 2021-2023 and 17.7% in Ensanut 2012 could accredit their vaccination status, the analysis is based on self-report. When comparing Ensanut Continua 2021-2023 with Ensanut 2012, the proportion of vaccinated subjects according to age group and biologic was as follows: adults aged 20-59 years, tetanus: 66.87 vs. 78.08%; women of childbearing age, tetanus: 71.1 vs. 82.0%; measles/rubella: 36.8 vs. 48.5%; older adults, tetanus: 59.5 vs. 65.86%; influenza: 58.7 vs. 51.9%; pneumococcus: 34.8 vs. 45.9%. Covid-19 vaccine coverage in younger and older adults was 86.6 and 89.2%, respectively. Incomplete schedules were more prevalent in men and in people without health insurance, among adults aged 20 to 59; and in people without health insurance, among adults aged 60 years or older. Discussion. A considerable proportion of adults and older adults are not protected against vaccinepreventable diseases in 2021-2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Describir los eventos supuestamente atribuibles a la inmunización por la vacuna COVID-19 Pfizer- BioNTech® en niños de 5 a 17 años del estado de Puebla, México. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo, llevado a cabo a partir del análisis de los informes de eventos supuestamente atribuibles a la inmunización en niños de 5 a 17 años, que recibieron la vacuna con la plataforma ARNm BNT162b2 para COVID-19, desde enero a diciembre de 2022. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron porcentajes, frecuencias, promedios, desviación estándar y medianas. Se implementó el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciencies 23. Resultados: Se aplicaron 1,993,373 dosis de la vacuna BNT162b2. Se informaron 52 eventos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación o inmunización. Se estimó una tasa anual de 2.6 por cada 100,000 dosis aplicadas. La distribución por edad registró una mediana de 10.50 años (DS: 3.53). Se registró un 56% de mujeres y 44% de hombres; los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: mareos, náuseas, vómito y dolor en el sitio de aplicación de la vacuna. Se reportaron 2 casos de crisis convulsiva y 1 de parálisis flácida. Conclusiones: La inocuidad de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 requiere una mejora en las estrategias para la vigilancia epidemiológica (pasiva y activa), con un enfoque más sólido para garantizar la vacunación segura. Palabras clave: Efectos adversos; Eventos adversos; Vacunación; Pfizer BioNTech®.

Carta al editor donde se resumen los hallazgos de un estudio que exploró el conocimiento de padres de familia sobre el VPH.

Objetivo: Conocer, en la post-pandemia, la percepción de los usuarios de las farmacias sobre la repercusión en su salud y su actitud ante las medidas de prevención y futuros planes de revacunación. Método: Diseño: estudio observacional transversal, en farmacias de Galicia en julio-diciembre de 2022. Sujetos: usuarios ≥18 años que acuden a las farmacias participantes y consienten participar. Variables: demográficas y clínicas. Uso de medicamentos sin receta, vacunas recibidas y actitud ante la vacunación. Percepción de la situación y medidas de protección a adoptar. Percepción de soledad. Tamaño muestral: para conseguir una precisión del 5,0% en estimación de una proporción, asumiendo la máxima incertidumbre y un 10% de pérdidas, resultó de 427 participantes. El Comité de Ética de la Investigación de Galicia aprobó el estudio. Resultados: 515 cuestionarios. 343 (66,6%) mujeres. Media de edad 54,1 (DE=16,8) años. 97 (18,8%) participantes necesitaron nuevos medicamentos sin receta. 1,3 (DE=0,6)/participante. 512 estaban vacunados. 166 (32,4%) manifestaron sospecha de reacciones adversas. El total fue de 678, el 73% en mujeres, p=0,0123. Se vacunarán de próximas dosis 352 (68,8%). La preocupación respecto al comienzo de la pandemia es menor en 307(59,6%) participantes, igual 157 (30,5%). 454 (88,2%) creen que la pandemia no terminó. Se sintieron solos 201 (39,0%), 145, el 42,3% de mujeres y 56, el 32,6% de hombres, p=0,0304. Conclusiones: Los encuestados creían que la pandemia no había terminado y seguían preocupados. La intención de vacunarse de futuras dosis de refuerzo disminuyó. La sensación de soledad fue importante, mayor en mujeres y en mayores.

During pregnancy, physiological changes in the immune response make pregnant women more susceptible to serious infection, increasing the risk for the mother as well as the foetus, newborn and infant. All women should be correctly and fully vaccinated as they enter their reproductive years, especially against diseases such as tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, rubella and varicella. In addition to the recommended vaccines, in risk situations, inactivated vaccines could be administered to women who were not correctly vaccinated before, while attenuated vaccines are contraindicated.Despite the fact that vaccination during pregnancy is a very important preventive measure and the existing recommendations from public health authorities, scientific societies and health professionals, the vaccination coverage could clearly be improved, especially against influenza and SARS-CoV-2, so any health professional involved in the care of pregnant women should proactively recommend these vaccines.The Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP), through its Advisory Committee on Vaccines, and the Spanish Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SEGO) recommend vaccination against the following diseases during pregnancy: against influenza and COVID-19, in any trimester of pregnancy and during the postpartum period (up to 6 months post birth) in women not vaccinated during pregnancy; against pertussis, with the Tdap vaccine, between weeks 27 and 36 of gestation (in the CAV-AEP recommendations, preferably between weeks 27 and 28); and against RSV, with RSVPreF, between weeks 24 and 36 of gestation, preferably between weeks 32 and 36. Resumen: Durante el embarazo, los cambios fisiológicos en la respuesta inmunitaria favorecen que las gestantes sean más susceptibles a infecciones graves, tanto para ellas como para el feto, recién nacido y lactante. Todas las mujeres deberían entrar en el período reproductivo con su calendario vacunal correctamente cumplimentado, sobre todo en lo que respecta a enfermedades como tétanos, hepatitis B, sarampión, rubeola y varicela. Además de las vacunas recomendadas, en situaciones de riesgo las vacunas inactivadas podrían ser administradas en aquellas mujeres que no estuvieran correctamente inmunizadas con anterioridad, mientras que las atenuadas están contraindicadas.A pesar de que la vacunación durante el embarazo es una medida preventiva muy importante, y de las recomendaciones de autoridades sanitarias, sociedades científicas y profesionales sanitarios, las coberturas vacunales son claramente mejorables, especialmente en lo que respecta a gripe y COVID-19, por lo que todo profesional sanitario que atienda a la embarazada debe ser proactivo en aconsejarlas.La Asociación Española de Pediatría, a través de su Comité Asesor de Vacunas, y la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia recomiendan las siguientes vacunaciones durante la gestación: frente a gripe y COVID-19, en cualquier trimestre del embarazo, y durante el puerperio (hasta los 6 meses) en aquellas que no hubieran sido vacunadas durante la gestación; frente a tosferina con Tdpa, entre las 27 y 36 semanas de gestación (el CAV-AEP da preferencia entre las 27 y 28 semanas); y frente al VRS con RSVPreF, entre las 24 y 36 semanas de gestación, de preferencia entre las 32 y 36 semanas.

Introducción. El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una infección viral más habitual del aparato reproductor y causa diversos trastornos, tanto en hombres como en mujeres, y se considera como el principal agente para el desarrollo del cáncer cervicouterino. Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre el VPH de las alumnas del segundo año de las diferentes carreras de la Universidad del Pacífico Sede Asunción en el año 2023. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal en alumnas del segundo año de las diferentes carreras de la Universidad del Pacifico en el 2023, mediante una encuesta de conocimiento, influencia y métodos para evitar el contagio del VPH. Se aplicó la estadística descriptiva utilizando el programa EpiDat 4.2. Resultados. Participaron 95 alumnas, el 49,92% conoce que el VPH es una infección viral, el 87,37% que su síntoma más común son las verrugas genitales, el 91,58% sabe que la infección por VPH afecta a ambos sexos, el 90,53% que se puede transmitir por vía sexual, 71,58% sabe que puede producir cáncer de cuello uterino y el 86,32% conoce que la vacunación es la principal medida de prevención. El 48% de las estudiantes tuvieron un buen nivel de conocimiento global sobre el VPH. Conclusión. El nivel insuficiente de conocimiento sobre VHP refleja la necesidad de realizar fortalecer el programa educativo universitario y campañas educativas con respecto al VPH y el cáncer de cuello uterino.

The goals of this research focused on the assessment of vaccine conspiracy beliefs and the impact of trust in science, knowledge about the nature of science, grade level and gender on them. A quantitative ex post facto cross-sectional research was conducted. A total of 301 students (148 girls and 153 boys) from three different grades of Spanish secondary education (8th, 9th, and 11th grades, between 13 and 17 years old) participated in this study. A questionnaire on vaccine conspiracy beliefs, a questionnaire on trust in science, and a questionnaire on nature of science, were administered to participants. Scores obtained and correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analyses suggest that: a) students' beliefs about vaccines were generally quite satisfactory, and gender had no significant effect on them; b) the variable that most influenced the variability of these beliefs was trust in science; and c) trust in science played a mediating role between knowledge about the nature of science and grade level, and beliefs, which showed the indirect and significant effects of both variables on these beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: To achieve optimal vaccination coverage against COVID-19, it is necessary to identify and address its determinants. The aim of the study was to analyze the sociodemographic-clinical characteristics and the level of basic knowledge about the disease associated with COVID-19 vaccination status. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical observational study was conducted with 379 users of a health center. Sociodemographic-clinical variables and vaccination status were recorded on a card, and basic knowledge about COVID-19 was measured with the KNOW-PCOVID-19 Scale. The Chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: 83.38% of participants had had full doses of the COVID-19 vaccine; 15.30% had incomplete doses and 1.32% had received no doses. The characteristics associated with a higher possibility of incomplete vaccination were having the occupation of housewife (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.94; 95%CI:1.01-9.61) and Christian religious affiliation (OR 3.38; 95%CI:0.51-7.43); while being an adult (aOR 0.39; 95%CI: 0.19-0.79) and older adult (aOR 0.13; 95%CI: 0.03-0.51), female sex (aOR 0.38; 95%CI: 0.15 - 0.95) and not being pregnant (aOR 0.21; 95%CI: 0.08-0.57) were associated with a lower propensity for incomplete vaccination. No association was found regarding basic knowledge about the disease. Conclusion: The percentage of users fully vaccinated against COVID-19 was high. Occupation, religion, age, sex, and non-pregnancy were characteristics associated with vaccination status. These variables should be considered in the planning and design of specific and relevant strategies to increase vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Humana is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Universidad Ricardo Palma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Describir la estrategia CoVIDA “la vacuna es de todos”, desarrollada para contribuir al cumplimiento del plan nacional de vacunación contra la COVID-19 mediante la instalación de puntos fijos e itinerantes de vacunación durante 2021, en tres localidades de Bogotá, capital de Colombia, que presentaban bajas tasas de vacunación, elevados índices de contagio y en la que habitaba población con vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y acceso limitado al PNV. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una intervención en salud pública en tres localidades de Bogotá en 2021, basada en jornadas de vacunación soportada en tres ejes: epidemiológico y salud pública, comunicaciones, y logística. Resultados: CoVIDA “la vacuna es de todos”, aplicó 110 388 dosis de las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en 75 días, contribuyendo con el 2% de la vacunación total de la ciudad en 2021. En promedio se administraron 490 vacunas diarias por punto de vacunación, 400 dosis más del promedio de Bogotá en el mismo periodo y 150 más que el promedio nacional. Conclusión: “CoVIDA La vacuna es de todos” fue una alianza publico privada que se materializó en un programa pionero y que podría ser replicada en diferentes escenarios de salud pública.

Los objetivos del presente estudio se centraron en evaluar las creencias conspirativas sobre vacunas y el impacto que tienen sobre ellas la confianza en la ciencia, el conocimiento de la naturaleza de la ciencia, el nivel académico y el género. Se llevó a cabo una investigación cuantitativa ex post facto de carácter transversal. Participaron en esta investigación 301 estudiantes de educación secundaria (148 mujeres y 153 hombres), de 2º y 3º de ESO, y 1º de Bachillerato (13-17 años). A todo el alumnado se le administró un cuestionario de creencias conspirativas sobre vacunas, un cuestionario sobre confianza en la ciencia, y un cuestionario sobre conocimientos de la naturaleza de la ciencia. Las puntuaciones obtenidas y los análisis de correlaciones, de regresión múltiple y de mediación sugieren que: a) las creencias sobre vacunas del estudiantado fueron bastante satisfactorias, y sobre ellas no tuvo efecto significativo el género; b) la variable que más influyó en la variabilidad de estas creencias fue la confianza en la ciencia; y c) la confianza en la ciencia ejerció un papel de mediadora entre conocimiento de naturaleza de la ciencia y nivel académico, y las creencias, mostrando los efectos indirectos y significativos de ambas variables sobre dichas creencias.

Fundamento: la COVID-19 ha tenido un fuerte impacto en la Salud Pública mundial y ha suscitado un amplio debate sobre cómo se perciben y abordan las medidas preventivas, por ejemplo, la vacunación. Objetivo: determinar la efectividad de una intervención educativa sobre la percepción y actitud de estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud respecto a la vacunación contra la COVID-19. Método: se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, tipo antes-después sin grupo de control en una muestra de 150 estudiantes matriculados en el primer año de Ciencias de la Salud en la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes. Se realizaron entrevistas antes y después de la intervención y se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica de McNemar para comparar muestras relacionadas. La intervención consistió en una charla educativa y un video instructivo. Resultados: previo a la intervención se encontró que el 43,3 % de los estudiantes se posicionó en contra de la vacunación, las principales casusas fueron: el escepticismo por infodemia e información sesgada (33,7 %) y el temor sobre la seguridad de la vacuna debido a la corta duración de los ensayos clínicos (22,1 %). Posterior a la intervención se encontró que el 84 % de los estudiantes apoyaron la vacunación resultados que mostraron una variación estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: la desinformación y los temores referentes a la eficacia de las vacunas constituyen factores determinantes para una posición negativa frente a la vacunación contra la COVID-19. Una información oportuna, personalizada, al nivel sociocultural de las poblaciones resultó ser una estrategia efectiva en el cambio de opinión ante la vacunación.

The aim of the study is to describe the images that accompanied information about the Covid-19 pandemic, vaccination and treatment of the virus in the following digital news media: ABC, Deia, EITB.eus, El Correo, elDiario.es, El Mundo, La Razón, La Vanguardia, Naiz and Público (20202022). A sample of 15,654 single images was studied, of which 15 clusters were identified with Artificial Intelligence techniques, including the algorithm Inception V3. The analysis is based on the combined use of a series of innovative techniques within the field of Communication. This methodology involves a large data set of images, along with the use of AI techniques such as embeddings. We opted for an unsupervised strategy, typical of exploratory and inductive research. Among the results, the identification of different typologies of images used by the medical and health-oriented media, representations of death and of the human drama caused by the pandemic, linked to the more political and economic dimension of the vaccination campaign, stands out. The images analyzed are part of 'political communication': a communication model that seeks and reinforces the relationship between the government and the media, and vice versa, to generate confidence in the management and in the system itself. The diversity of approaches observed is a positive value as it contributes to establish a more multifaceted and richer operational social reality. The media show different preferences when it comes to visually representing the issues, which translates into an unequal distribution of the same. The study has identified the different narratives revealing different uses of emotionally charged images that pose a complex scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to report the experience of the nursing team regarding immunization in times of pandemic. This is an experience report, with a qualitative approach, carried out between March 2021 and March 2022 in the municipality of Iguatu- Ce, based on the researcher's experience as a resident nurse in the Family Health and Community. Initially, the target audience for vaccination was adults over 18 years of age, with vaccination being expanded to teenagers from the second half of 2021. Vaccination occurred in a centralized and decentralized manner, in health units, as a priority initially and at decreasing ages. It was possible to participate in assistance and organizational activities in different sectors and households. The difficulty of access for those who did not have technological means and the enrichment of experiences of the resident professional stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the impact of a vaccination campaign that administered five different technologies in a middleincome country with one of the largest Covid-19 epidemics. Materials and methods. Using data from Mexico's Epidemiological Surveillance System for Viral Respiratory Disease (Sisver) and the design of the vaccine policy in Mexico as a natural experiment, we applied difference-in-differences econometric methods to assess the strategy's effectiveness on transmission, hospitalizations, and mortality rates among adults 60 to 64 years old in Mexico between April and June 2021. Results. We estimated average effectiveness levels of 60.9% against confirmed cases of Covid-19. Vaccination also decreased hospitalizations and deaths by 62.7 and 62.6%, respectively. After adjusting for vaccination coverage, we found an impact of 79.1, 80.9, and 81.3% reduction in new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among the vaccinated. Conclusion. Despite the significant progress in our knowledge of Covid-19 vaccination effectiveness, the available evidence relies mostly on experiences from high-income countries. This study contributes to the scientific literature of Covid-19 vaccination effectiveness in a middle-income country with a multi-vaccine scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Países como Perú y Ecuador han mostrado un descenso progresivo en la cobertura de vacunación de BCG, requiriendo una urgente priorización en la prevención de la tuberculosis. Asimismo, los países con coberturas que alcanzan el 95% presentaron menor incidencia y mortalidad por tuberculosis.

Introducción: La vacunación en poblaciones expuestas a mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave y muerte consecuentes a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, ha generado un gran impacto en la salud pública mundial. Indudablemente, el beneficio ha sido evidenciado mayormente en personas con comorbilidades crónicas, donde la artritis reumatoide (AR) juega un rol importante. Objetivo: Analizar la vacunación contra Sars-CoV-2 en pacientes paraguayos con AR, durante la pandemia COVID19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, en el que se analizó transversalmente a una cohorte de pacientes con AR, durante el periodo de octubre a diciembre del año 2022. Para el estudio se registraron variables clínico-epidemiológicas y relacionadas con la vacunación (i.e. acceso a la vacunación, tipo, número de dosis). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables con el software R-4.3.2. Resultados: Se incluyeron 568 pacientes, 84,1% eran mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 55,5±13,9 años. El 88,7% (504) pacientes, recibieron al menos una dosis de vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2. 85% (483) recibieron dos dosis, mientras que el 60,9% (344) pacientes recibieron el primer refuerzo, y 21,2% el segundo refuerzo. Conclusiones: En esta serie de pacientes paraguayos con AR el porcentaje de vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 fue más elevado que el registrado en la población general del país. Esto podría estar relacionado con la prioridad de esta población para acceder a las vacunas y a la insistencia de sus médicos en completar el esquema de vacunación.

Resumen En términos económicos y preventivos, la vacunación se ha demostrado como la medida más eficaz y rentable para prevenir enfermedades infecciosas inmunoprevenibles, tanto a nivel individual como comunitario. La gestión de los riesgos biológicos en el entorno laboral requiere de un sistema integral de gestión del riesgo, donde la vacunación juega un papel fundamental como elemento clave de protección personal. Se considera como un Equipo de Protección Individual (EPI) específico, y su suministro y uso obligatorio están regulados por normas legislativas que establecen la responsabilidad del empleador en su entrega, así como la capacitación en prevención y su utilización por parte del trabajador. Las vacunas también constituyen la medida más efectiva en términos de salud pública y aportan grandes beneficios a la humanidad en la prevención de enfermedades. Este hecho ha sido evidente durante la reciente pandemia del COVID-19. La vacunación abarca una amplia gama de objetivos estratégicos que deben abordarse, como las enfermedades transmisibles, las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, los accidentes, los factores de riesgo, la equidad, el fortalecimiento del sector de la salud, la calidad de la atención y los desastres, las emergencias y las epidemias. Por lo tanto, es fundamental aprovechar todos los recursos disponibles en el ámbito de la salud para garantizar la mayor cobertura vacunal posible en la población. Además, es crucial contar con un registro adecuado para no perder información relevante en relación con el proceso de vacunación. De esta manera, se puede asegurar una protección efectiva contra enfermedades y promover la salud y el bienestar de la sociedad en su conjunto.

The number of people with immunosuppression is increasing considerably due to their greater survival and the use of new immunosuppressive treatments for various chronic diseases. This is a heterogeneous group of patients in whom vaccination as a preventive measure is one of the basic pillars of their wellbeing, given their increased risk of contracting infections. This consensus, developed jointly by the Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases) and the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Asociación Española de Pediatría (Spanish Association of Paediatrics), provides guidelines for the development of a personalised vaccination schedule for patients in special situations, including general recommendations and specific recommendations for vaccination of bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients, children with inborn errors of immunity, oncologic patients, patients with chronic or systemic diseases and immunosuppressed travellers. Resumen: El número de personas con inmunodepresión está aumentando considerablemente debido a su mayor supervivencia y al empleo de nuevas terapias inmunosupresoras en diversas patologías crónicas. Se trata de un grupo heterogéneo de pacientes en los que la vacunación como arma preventiva supone uno de los pilares básicos de su bienestar, por su elevado riesgo a padecer infecciones. Este consenso, elaborado conjuntamente entre la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP) y el Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP), aporta unas directrices para programar un calendario adaptado a cada paciente en situaciones especiales que incluye recomendaciones generales, vacunación en pacientes con trasplante de médula y trasplante de órgano sólido, vacunación en niños con errores innatos de la inmunidad, vacunación en el paciente oncológico, vacunación en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas o sistémicas y vacunación en niños viajeros inmunodeprimidos.

La vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2 no está exenta de efectos adversos. Se presenta dos casos de afectación endocrina asociada a la vacunación por la COVID-19. Mujer de 46 años que, luego de la primera dosis, presentó fiebre persistente y signos de tirotoxicosis, tras el diagnóstico de tiroiditis subaguda asociada a vacunación por la COVID-19, el cuadro remitió con el uso de corticoides. Varón de 71 años, que luego de la vacunación por la COVID-19, presentó hipoglicemias hiperinsulinemicas, con resultado positivo de anticuerpos antiinsulina. Se le diagnosticó con una hipoglicemia autoinmune asociada a la vacunación por la COVID-19 y recibió tratamiento con prednisona, controlando los episodios de hipoglicemia. En conclusión, las enfermedades endocrinas asociadas a vacunación por la COVID-19 son extremadamente raras y su detección oportuna permite su tratamiento adecuado.

Introducción: la población en hemodiálisis crónica tiene una mayor exposición y riesgo al virus de la hepatitis B, por lo cual la inmunoprofilaxis mediante el esquema de doble dosis (40mcg) en los días 0-30-60-180, con aplicación de esta pauta por segunda vez extra en los no respondedores, es una práctica habitual en esta población. Caso clínico: Se trata de un paciente masculino de 67 años, etnia afro-ecuatoriana, con inicio de hemodiálisis (HD) en agosto 2023 por enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) secundaria a nefropatía diabética. Al iniciar HD presentaba serología negativa para hepatitis y negatividad del HBsAg. Por este motivo recibe su primera dosis de vacunación el 29 de noviembre de 2023 y el 15 diciembre presenta positivización de HBsAg con valores de 4.14 S/CO (≥1 positivo), con niveles de Ac-ANTI-HBSAG < 2 UI/L. Manejo: Ante los hallazgos se decide aislar al paciente con control de función hepática el cual es normal, y nuevo control en 15 días de los niveles de HBsAg, los cuales fueron negativos posteriormente. Conclusión: Con este caso queremos recordar la existencia de la falsa positivización del HBsAg tras la vacunación en los pacientes de hemodiálisis, situación asociada a la vacuna compuesta de virus vivos atenuados o partículas recombinantes de las proteínas de superficie.

In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the development of new vaccines and their efficacy in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases has been a target to investigate. The objective of this study is to evaluate the vaccine response rate in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases under treatment with immunomodulators, including rituximab (RTX), as well as the influence of possible factors involved in the vaccination response in these patients. A single-centre, prospective cohort study was conducted in 130 patients with immune-mediated rheumatic disease on treatment with immunomodulators, including RTX, who received the full course of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna/Lonza, AstraZeneca, or Janssen between April and October 2021. Demographic factors such as age, sex, type of immune-mediated disease, immunomodulatory treatment and type of vaccine were analysed, as well as serological markers including anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels measured one and six months after vaccination, CD19 + lymphocyte levels and the presence or absence of hypogammaglobulinemia. A statistical analysis was performed to assess the influence of the different variables collected in the study on the antibody titres. A sample of 130 patients was studied, 41 under treatment with RTX and 89 with other immunomodulators. A lower vaccination response rate was observed in patients with RTX (12/34, 36.7%) one month after the primary vaccination compared to 96.5% (82/85) of patients who did not receive this drug and did respond. In the analysis of secondary variables, hypogammaglobulinemia was significantly associated with lack of development of a vaccine response. The administration of the last RTX cycle in the 6 months prior to vaccination and low CD19 + levels (< 20 mg/dL) also had a negative influence on the development of a vaccine response. In the group of patients who were not receiving RTX treatment, the vaccination response was like that observed in the general population. We did not observe statistically significant differences in the vaccine response based on immunomodulatory treatment other than RTX, concomitant corticosteroid treatment, type of immune-mediated pathology, age, or sex. In patients with rheumatic diseases receiving immunomodulatory treatment, the response to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is comparable to the general population, except in the case of patients receiving RTX, who have a lower response rate (around 36.7%) which is associated with factors such as hypogammaglobulinemia, pre-vaccination CD19 + lymphocyte levels, and a period between vaccination and the last dose of RTX of less than 6 months. It is important to take these factors into consideration to optimize vaccination in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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