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Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is ubiquitous to cell signaling across biology. While existing fluorescent sensors and reporters can detect activated cells with elevated Ca2+ levels, these approaches require implants to deliver light to deep tissue, precluding their noninvasive use in freely behaving animals. Here we engineered an enzyme-catalyzed approach that rapidly and biochemically tags cells with elevated Ca2+ in vivo. Ca2+-activated split-TurboID (CaST) labels activated cells within 10 min with an exogenously delivered biotin molecule. The enzymatic signal increases with Ca2+ concentration and biotin labeling time, demonstrating that CaST is a time-gated integrator of total Ca2+ activity. Furthermore, the CaST readout can be performed immediately after activity labeling, in contrast to transcriptional reporters that require hours to produce signal. These capabilities allowed us to apply CaST to tag prefrontal cortex neurons activated by psilocybin, and to correlate the CaST signal with psilocybin-induced head-twitch responses in untethered mice.

Studies conducted during 2014-15 revealed that karonda (Carissa carandas L.)flowers attracted wide variety of insect species belonging to 4 orders, 8 families, 12 genera and 15 species. Among them eight belonging to order Hymenoptera, four to Lepidoptera, two to Diptera and one to Coleoptera. Among all these insects, Papilio demoleus, Helicoverpa armigera, Apis florea and Polistes olivaceus were the dominant flower visitors. The other important insects visiting karonda flowers were Delta esuriens and Eurema hecabe, the latter group of insects mostly visited flowers at interrupted hours and not considered as the reliable pollinators. Peak abundance of major insect visitors recorded during mid - day hours as compared to morning and evening hours.

Beekeeping is a very good source of extra income to farmer and a very productive enterprise for landless farmers. Under Haryana condition there is unanimity among farmers and beekeepers regarding no. of frames to be kept while the season of honey production is about to start. Keeping this problem of farmers' in view present study was designed and implemented during 2014-15 and 2015-16 under semi-arid conditions of Haryana. Thirty six colonies with initially three (5, 10 and 15 frames) frame strength, twelve colonies in each were equalized (in terms of brood and food reserves) and transferred to experimental site. Strong colonies (15 frames) were observed superior in honey production (885.9 inches2), brood rearing (488.6 inches2 ) and pollen ( 129.2 inches2 ) reserves followed by medium strengths colonies having honey area 544.0 inches2 and lowest brood rearing and honey reserves ( 257.1 and 247.1 inches2 respectively) was observed in weakest colonies. Surviving with low strength weak colonies was observed with high egg area proportionate with strong and medium colonies. Observations were recorded throughout the major honey flow season for all growth parameters, average sealed honey area was recorded maximum in February (520.4 inches2) and a dip was observed in March (41.2 inches2 ) that is due to honey extraction and also due to end of honey flow season. Up and downs were observed in case of average total brood area but it keeps on decreasing after April and minimum on 31 May observation (286.8 inches2 ). Strong colonies with 15 frames was recorded with high brood area as compared to 5 and 10 frame colonies throughout the season which clearly indicates superiority of keeping good strength colonies at the start of honey flow season.

The application of in situ-generated mononuclear Ru(II)-organometallic complexes (1–7) i.e., [(η6-p-cymene)RuCl(L)], produced by the interaction of Ru dimer [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 with some polyfunctional amide ligands(L) as highly efficient catalystsin the oxidation of various benzyl alcohols (B-OLs) by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) oxidant to produce selectively the benzaldehydes (B-ALs) in high yields in CH3CN is described. The in situ-generated catalysts were found to be highly active than the [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 precursor (dimer) in the oxidation of B-OL to B-AL. The influence of various reaction parameters such as type of catalyst, reaction temperature, oxidant and solvent during the B-OL oxidation was systematically monitored to optimize the catalytic conditions. In order to confirm the formation of predicted in situ-generated mononuclear Ru(II) complex catalysts during the oxidation of B-OL, one of the Ru(II) complex (1) was synthesized and characterized by Elemental analysis (EA), Infrared (IR), Proton-NMR and Mass spectral techniques and its mono nuclear structure is proposed. Further, it was observed that the activity of in-situ generated and pre-synthesized Ru(II) catalyst was almost same in the oxidation of B-OL to B-AL.

We present a spintronic device based hardware implementation of UNet for segmentation tasks. Our approach involves designing hardware for convolution, deconvolution, rectified activation function (ReLU), and max pooling layers of the UNet architecture. We designed the convolution and deconvolution layers of the network using the synaptic behavior of the domain wall MTJ. We also construct the ReLU and max pooling functions of the network utilizing the spin hall driven orthogonal current injected MTJ. To incorporate the diverse physics of spin-transport, magnetization dynamics, and CMOS elements in our UNet design, we employ a hybrid simulation setup that couples micromagnetic simulation, non-equilibrium Green’s function, and SPICE simulation along with network implementation. We evaluate our UNet design on the CamVid dataset and achieve segmentation accuracies of 83.71% on test data, on par with the software implementation with 821 mJ of energy consumption for on-chip training over 150 epochs. We further demonstrate nearly one order of magnitude (10×) improvement in the energy requirement of the network using unstable ferromagnet (Δ = 4.58) over the stable ferromagnet (Δ = 45) based ReLU and max pooling functions while maintaining similar accuracy. The hybrid architecture comprising domain wall MTJ and unstable FM-based MTJ leads to an on-chip energy consumption of 85.79 mJ during training, with a testing energy cost of 1.55 µJ.

Background and Objectives: Thin-section CT (TSCT) is currently the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting bronchiectasis. However, conventional TSCT or HRCT may overlook subtle lung involvement such as alveolar and interstitial changes. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based analysis offers the potential to identify novel information on lung parenchymal involvement that is not easily detectable with traditional imaging techniques. This study aimed to assess lung involvement in patients with bronchiectasis using the Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score (BRICS) and AI-based quantitative lung texture analysis software (IMBIO, Version 2.2.0). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 subjects diagnosed with bronchiectasis. The BRICS severity score was used to classify the severity of bronchiectasis into four categories: Mild, Moderate, Severe, and tractional bronchiectasis. Lung texture mapping using the IMBIO AI software tool was performed to identify abnormal lung textures, specifically focusing on detecting alveolar and interstitial involvement. Results: Based on the Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score (BRICS), the severity of bronchiectasis was classified as Mild in 4 (8.9%) participants, Moderate in 14 (31.1%), Severe in 11 (24.4%), and tractional in 16 (35.6%). AI-based lung texture analysis using IMBIO identified significant alveolar and interstitial abnormalities, offering insights beyond conventional HRCT findings. This study revealed trends in lung hyperlucency, ground-glass opacity, reticular changes, and honeycombing across severity levels, with advanced disease stages showing more pronounced structural and vascular alterations. Elevated pulmonary vascular volume (PVV) was noted in cases with higher BRICSs, suggesting increased vascular remodeling in severe and tractional types. Conclusions: AI-based lung texture analysis provides valuable insights into lung parenchymal involvement in bronchiectasis that may not be detectable through conventional HRCT. Identifying significant alveolar and interstitial abnormalities underscores the potential impact of AI on improving the understanding of disease pathology and disease progression, and guiding future therapeutic strategies.

The genus Allium is the most diverse, with cultivated crops such as onion, garlic, bunching onion, chives, leeks, and shallots, and several wild and semi-domesticated Allium species utilized as minor vegetables. These minor species are the genetic resources for various abiotic and biotic stresses. To employ underutilized species in breeding programmes, the magnitude of the genetic background of cultivated and semi-domesticated alliums, the phylogeny and diversity of the population must be known. In this study, nineteen SSR markers were employed to study the divergence and population structure of 95 Allium accessions which includes species, varieties, and interspecific hybrids, yielded 92 polymorphic loci, averaging 4.84 loci per SSR. PIC values range between 0.24 (ACM 018) and 0.98 (ACM 099). The cross transferability of ACM markers among Allium species ranges from 1.33 to 10.53 per cent, which is relatively low. The genotypes investigated were clustered into four primary clusters A, B, C, and D with 13 sub clusters I-XIII, conferring to the clustering results. The population structure investigations also found that K is a peak at value 4, implying that the population is predominantly segregated into four distinct groups, which associates the clustering pattern. The employed SSR markers adeptly unravel the complexities of diversity within alliums, holding promise for refining future breeding programs targeting elite progenies.

Sr0.2Zn0.8TiO3 (SZT) ternary nanopowders of perovskite structure samples were prepared by conventional solid state reaction technique using ultra-pure metal oxide powders. SrCO3, ZnO and TiO2 powders were used as a source of Strontium, Zinc, and Titanium. The calcination temperature of the samples is 820 °C and sintered at different temperatures ranging from 850 °C to 1000 °C in conventional and microwave furnaces for 2 hours and 30 min., respectively. The synthesized nano-powders were characterized using XRD, SEM, XPS and their dielectric properties were studied by temperature dependent LCR meter. The dielectric constant increases with an increase in sintering temperature until 950 °C and it decreases with a further increase of frequency.

With growing populations and pressing environmental problems, future economies will be increasingly plant-based. Now is the time to reimagine plant science as a critical component of fundamental science, agriculture, environmental stewardship, energy, technology and healthcare. This effort requires a conceptual and technological framework to identify and map all cell types, and to comprehensively annotate the localization and organization of molecules at cellular and tissue levels. This framework, called the Plant Cell Atlas (PCA), will be critical for understanding and engineering plant development, physiology and environmental responses. A workshop was convened to discuss the purpose and utility of such an initiative, resulting in a roadmap that acknowledges the current knowledge gaps and technical challenges, and underscores how the PCA initiative can help to overcome them.

We present a detailed investigation of various routes to optimize the power consumption of the spintronic-based devices for implementing rectified linear activation (ReLU) and max-pooling functions. We examine the influence of various spin Hall effect layers, and their input resistances on the power consumption of the ReLU-max pooling functions, we also access the impact of the thermal stability factor of the free-ferromagnet layer on the power consumption and accuracy of the device. The design for ReLU-max pooling relies on the continuous rotation of magnetization, which is accomplished by applying orthogonal spin current to the free-FM layer. We also demonstrate the non-trivial power-resistance relation, where the power consumption decreases with an increase in SHE resistance. We utilize the hybrid spintronic-CMOS simulation platform that combines Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) with Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonzewski (LLGS) equations and the HSPICE circuit simulator to evaluate our network. Our design takes 0.343 μW of power for ReLU emulation and 17.86 μW of power for ReLU-max pooling network implementation at a thermal stability factor of 4.58, all while maintaining reliable results. We validate the efficiency of our design by implementing a convolutional neural network that classifies the handwritten-MNIST and fashion-MNIST datasets. This implementation illustrates that the classification accuracies achieved are on par with those attained using the ideal software ReLU-max pooling functions, with an energy consumption of 167.31 pJ per sample.

AbstractThis paper has focused on the study of flow characteristics of a steady conductive fluid through a circular pipe in the presence of an applied transverse uniform magnetic field. A numerical simulation of the fluid flow was performed using a multi-physics computational tool. The radial velocity distribution due to the effect of the tangential component of induced magnetic flux density and electric fields at various axial positions is examined in metallic and non-metallic surfaces of the circular pipe. This simulation study helps to analyse the effect of drag force on the variation in axial velocity close to the metallic and non-metallic walls. The induced electric potential is directed along the normal to the Laplacian tangential surface of the pipe. In addition to that, sigmoidal-shaped field profiles are observed when the fluid flow crosses from the upstream to downstream of the magnet edge and vice versa along the axial length of the circular pipe. Simultaneously, it is observed that the average velocity of the fluid flow decreases for a laminar and increases for turbulent Reynolds number. Streamline plots pertinent flow variable such as flow velocity are presented for non-conducting and conducting walls.