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Since its emergence in the latter half of the twentieth century, public history has engendered ongoing transformations in the creation and dissemination of knowledge. Its aims, as well as efforts undertaken as part of its praxis, are reminders that collaborative engagements with individuals and communities can simultaneously serve to commemorate, educate and empower. Recent scholarship that examines pop-up events underscores both their significance to public history and the innovative potential they represent in celebrating LGBT+ lives and experiences. In particular, the extent to which they encourage considerations of space that are more attentive to localities and pluralities is indicative of the disruptive significance of small-scale events. Among other possibilities that lend themselves to expanding the reach of public history, particularly by adopting new modes of interpretation that place a premium on active engagement, creative arts programming provides a pathway to stimulating interest in exploring and understanding the past. The work of OUTing the Past, a UK-based organisation, effectively reflects aspirations associated with public history, with the logistical benefits of pop-up events and the contributions of creative productions finding purchase in its programming. Documenting the commitments it makes to re/centring history and the frameworks it has strategically developed in realising these provides the impetus for this critical study of a multifaceted approach to promoting small-scale LGBT+ celebrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the alteration of the manuscript of "Flatland," by Edwin A. Abbott to adapt to changes in ideologies. Comment of Abbot to his publisher on his assessment; Consideration of the change as an intellectual achievement; Examination of history to reconcile competing perspectives on the world.

Access to sterile syringes can prevent transmission of blood-borne diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C. We conducted a survey of attitudes of pharmacists to aid, in development of the Expanded. Syringe Access Demonstration Program (ESAP) in New York State. ESAP is an HIV prevention initiative that authorizes nonprescription sale of hypodermic needles and syringes by registered pharmacies in New York State beginning January 1, 2001. As part of planning for program implementation, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), in collaboration with the New York State Education Department, conducted a mailed survey of all 4,392 licensed pharmacies in New York State during the summer of 2000. Some surveys (171) were returned as undeliverable. Of the 4,221 eligible respondents, 874 (20.7%) completed surveys were received, of which 574 (65.7%) indicated that their pharmacy would likely participate in ESAP. An additional 11.0% were not sure. Only 139 (15.9%) indicated that they would definitely not participate; 7.4% left this question blank. There were 608 responses to questions on safe disposal practices. Of these, 315 (51.8%) respondents indicated that their pharmacy sold sharps containers, and an additional 29 made them available at no cost. Only 133 (21.9%) respondents to this question did not offer sharps containers and were not interested in doing so. In all, 54 responses indicated that they accepted used hypodernmic needles and syringesfor disposal. Some (170, 28%) that did not accept shaprs for disposal were interested in doing so. More than half (382, 63.0%) did not wish to do so. NYSDOH considered respondent suggestions and minimized ESAP requirements. By March 31, 2001, only 3 months after ESAP became effective, more than half of all licensed pharmacies in New York State were registered for ESAP. Survey results provided useful information to NYSDOH and a good indication of likelihood of registration. The high level of pharmacy participation in ESAP may be reflective of NYSDOH attention to issues raised by pharmacists, as well as the direct effects of outreach to pharmacy chains regarding ESAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a report concerning the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a living organ donor in New York City in 2009 which was published in a 2011 issue of "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" (MMWR). It relates the case of a hemodialysis-dependent renal failure patient who was tested HIV-positive within the year that the patient was transplanted with a kidney from a living donor. The donor has been tested negative for HIV infection, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis prior to the surgery yet has had a history of syphilis and sex with fellow men. A public health investigation has been conducted in response to concerns over the possibility of transplant-transmitted HIV infection. INSETS: CDC recommendations for prevention and screening of HIV...;What is already known on this topic?.

Inborn metabolic errors (IME) and cortical developmental malformations are uncommon etiologies of neonatal seizures, however they may represent treatable causes of refractory epilepsy and for this reason must be considered as possible etiological factors. This case report aims to demonstrate the importance of neuroimaging studies in one patient with neonatal seizures, even when there are clues pointing to a metabolic disorder. CASE REPORT: A previously healthy 14 day-old child started presenting reiterated focal motor seizures (FMS) which evolved to status epilepticus. Exams showed high serum levels of ammonia and no other abnormalities. A metabolic investigation was conducted with normal results. During follow-up, the patient presented developmental delay and left side hemiparesia. Seizures remained controlled with anti-epileptic drugs for four months, followed by relapse with repetitive FMS on the left side. Temporary improvement was obtained with anti-epileptic drug adjustment. At the age of 6 months, during a new episode of status epilepticus, high ammonia levels were detected. Other metabolic exams remained normal. The child was referred to a video-electroencephalographic monitoring and continuous epileptiform discharges were recorded over the right parasagittal and midline regions, with predominance over the posterior quadrant. A new neuroimaging study was performed and displayed a malformation of cortical development. Our case illustrates that because newborns are prone to present metabolic disarrangement, an unbalance such as hyperammonemia may be a consequence of acute events and conduct to a misdiagnosis of IME.

Abstract The impact of leucine supplementation and resistance exercise (RE) on plasma lipid profile was evaluated in adult rats treated with dexamethasone, an experimental model of dyslipidemia. Total cholesterol did not differ among groups. Furthermore, leucine supplementation did not promote improvement in the plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c of the animals. However, plasma TG and VLDL-c were significantly decreased and HDL-c increased after 7 days of leucine supplementation combined with RE. In conclusion, leucine supplementation combined with RE, but not isolated, improved the plasma lipid profile of dexamethasone-induced dyslipidemic rats.

pH-responsive hydrogels have numerous applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and diagnostics. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a biocompatible, semi-synthetic polymer prepared from gelatin. When combined with aqueous solvents, GelMA forms hydrogels that have extensive applications in biomedical engineering. GelMA can be produced with different degrees of methacryloyl substitution; however, the synthesis of this polymer has not been tuned towards producing selectively modified materials for single-component pH-responsive hydrogels. In this work, we have explored two different synthetic routes targeting different gelatin functional groups (amine, hydroxyl, and/or carboxyl) to produce two GelMA analogs: gelatin A methacryloyl glycerylester (polymer A) and gelatin B methacrylamide (polymer B). Polymers A and B were used to fabricate pH-responsive hydrogel microspheres in a flow-focusing microfluidic device. At neutral pH, polymer A and B microspheres displayed an average diameter of ~40 µm. At pH 6, microspheres from polymer A showed a swelling ratio of 159.1 ± 11.5%, while at pH 10, a 288.6 ± 11.6% swelling ratio was recorded for polymer B particles.

Correctly diagnosing and classifying seizures and epilepsies is vital to ensure a tailored approach to patients with epilepsy. The ILAE seizure classification consists of two main groups: focal and generalized. Establishing if a seizure is focal or generalized is essential to classify the epilepsy type and the epilepsy syndrome, providing more personalized treatment and counseling about prognosis. EEG is one of the most essential tools for this classification process and further localization of the epileptogenic focus. However, some EEG findings are misleading and may postpone the correct diagnosis and proper treatment. Knowing the most common EEG pitfalls in focal and generalized epilepsies is valuable for clinical practice, avoiding misinterpretations. Some atypical features can be challenging in focal epilepsies, such as secondary bilateral synchrony, focal epileptiform activity induced by hyperventilation and photic stimulation, and non-focal slowing. On the other hand, more than 60 % of persons with idiopathic generalized epilepsies have at least one type of atypical abnormality. In this manuscript, we describe and illustrate some of the most common EEG findings that can make even experienced epileptologists question not only where the epileptogenic focus is but also if the patient has focal or generalized epilepsy. This review summarizes the perils and provide some pearls to assist EEG readers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Limited guidance exists regarding the assessment and management of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) in children. Our aim was to develop consensus-based recommendations to fill this gap. The members of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Pediatric Psychiatric Issues conducted a scoping review adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SR) standards. This was supplemented with a Delphi process sent to pediatric PNES experts. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement. The systematic search identified 77 studies, the majority (55%) of which were retrospective (only one randomized clinical trial). The primary means of PNES identification was video electroencephalography (vEEG) in 84% of studies. Better outcome was associated with access to counseling/psychological intervention. Children with PNES have more frequent psychiatric disorders than controls. The Delphi resulted in 22 recommendations: Assessment-There was consensus on the importance of (1) taking a comprehensive developmental history; (2) obtaining a description of the events; (3) asking about potential stressors; (4) the need to use vEEG if available parent, self, and school reports and video recordings can contribute to a "probable" diagnosis; and (5) that invasive provocation techniques or deceit should not be employed. Management-There was consensus about the (1) need for a professional with expertise in epilepsy to remain involved for a period after PNES diagnosis; (2) provision of appropriate educational materials to the child and caregivers; and (3) that the decision on treatment modality for PNES in children should consider the child's age, cognitive ability, and family factors. Comorbidities-There was consensus that all children with PNES should be screened for mental health and neurodevelopmental difficulties. Recommendations to facilitate the assessment and management of PNES in children were developed. Future directions to fill knowledge gaps were proposed., (© 2023 International League Against Epilepsy.)

Prior to clinical trials, preclinical testing of oncology drug candidates is performed by evaluating drug candidates with in vitro and in vivo platforms. For in vivo testing, animal models are used to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. However, animal models often display poor translational results as many drugs that pass preclinical testing fail when tested with humans, with oncology drugs exhibiting especially poor acceptance rates. The FDA Modernization Act 2.0 promotes alternative preclinical testing techniques, presenting the opportunity to use higher complexity in vitro models as an alternative to in vivo testing, including three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. Three-dimensional tissue cultures address many of the shortcomings of 2D cultures by more closely replicating the tumour microenvironment through a combination of physiologically relevant drug diffusion, paracrine signalling, cellular phenotype, and vascularization that can better mimic native human tissue. This review will discuss the common forms of 3D cell culture, including cell spheroids, organoids, organs-on-a-chip, and 3D bioprinted tissues. Their advantages and limitations will be presented, aiming to discuss the use of these 3D models to accurately represent human tissue and as an alternative to animal testing. The use of 3D culture platforms for preclinical drug development is expected to accelerate as these platforms continue to improve in complexity, reliability, and translational predictivity.

Clinical interest in using psychological interventions for people with epilepsy (PWE) aiming at decreasing mental health difficulties, improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and seizure-related outcomes, continues to grow. This article summarizes the 2020 update of the 2017 Cochrane Review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions for PWE, highlighting the reasons for major methodological modifications such as the recategorization of interventions and expanded risk of bias assessment. A 2020 literature search yielded 36 RCTs (n=3526) investigating psychological treatments for PWE with a validated HRQOL measure as an outcome. Twenty-seven trials were skills-based psychological interventions, whilst nine studies were education-only interventions. Among skills-based psychological interventions, 11 studies (n=643) used the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) or other QOLIE inventories convertible to QOLIE-31 as an outcome measure and were pooled for meta-analysis. Significant mean changes were observed for the QOLIE-31 total score (mean improvement of 5.23 points; p< 0.001) and in six out of seven subscales (emotional well-being, energy and fatigue, overall QoL, seizure worry, medication and cognitive functioning). The mean changes in the QOLIE-31 total score and the overall QoL subscale exceeded the threshold of minimally important change (MIC), indicating clinically meaningful post-intervention improvement. These results provide moderate evidence that psychological treatments for adults and adolescents with epilepsy enhance HRQOL. In addition to the summary of the Cochrane review, we provide a detailed characterization of the interventions and patient populations of the meta-analyzed studies.

Purpose: To investigate the opinions of physicians on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in patients with epilepsy (PWE) worldwide., Methods: Online survey addressed to neurologists and psychiatrists from different countries., Results: Totally, 1112 physicians from 25 countries (different world region: Europe, North America, South America, Middle-East, Africa, Former Soviet Union Republics) participated; 804 (72.3%) believed that CAM might be helpful in PWE. The most commonly endorsed CAM included meditation (41%) and yoga (39%). Female sex, psychiatry specialization, and working in North and South America were associated with the belief that CAM is helpful in PWE. Two-hundred and forty five out of 1098 participants (22.3%) used/prescribed CAM to PWE; among them, 174 (71%) people perceived CAM to be less effective and 114 (46.5%) people found CAM to be safer than conventional antiseizure medications (ASMs). The most common reasons to prescribe CAM for PWE were: to satisfy the patient (49.9%), dissatisfaction with the efficacy (35.6%), and dissatisfaction with the adverse effects (31.2%) of conventional therapies., Conclusion: Although the evidence supporting the use of CAM for the treatment of epilepsy is extremely sparse, most physicians worldwide believe that it could be integrated with the use of conventional ASMs, at least in some patients. High-quality controlled trials are warranted to provide robust evidence on the usefulness of CAM options in PWE., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZVS) denotes the neurologic and developmental sequelae of congenital infection of the Zika virus. While prior studies have detailed the associated clinical phenotypes, new findings continue to be identified. Abnormal postures and movements have been previously described in children with CZVS, but not in detail., Objective: To examine a cohort of infants with CZVS and characterize the spectrum of motor abnormalities, especially movement disorders., Design: Cross-sectional prospective study of 21 infants with confirmed CZVS., Setting: Single-center cohort of 32 patients with serologically confirmed CZVS cared for in a referral center in Brazil., Participants: 21 children (67% female), evaluated by two child neurologists and one movement disorders specialist, with clinical and laboratory diagnosis of CZVS aged between 16 and 30 months, with a mean age of 16 months at the time of the last examination., Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Prospective neurologic examination by a team of three neurologists, including one movement disorders specialist. Sixteen (76.2%) children had a longitudinal evaluation with a six-month interval. The same team of experts analyzed recorded videos of all patients to characterize motor abnormalities and movement disorders. Neuroimaging findings were also analyzed to correlate with clinical findings., Results: Twenty (95.2%) patients presented with dystonic postures, including "125" posture of the fingers in 17 (80.1%), "swan neck" posture of the fingers in three (18.8%), oromandibular dystonia in nine (42.9%), extensor axial hypertonia in eight (38.1%) and internal rotation of the shoulder posture in two (9.5%). Four (19%) patients had tremor. All children had malformations of cortical development, and in 13 (61.9%), the pattern was consistent with a severe and diffuse gyral simplification. Seventeen children (81%) had calcification in the transition of grey and white matter, whereas 11 (52.4%) patients had basal ganglia calcifications., Conclusion and Relevance: In our series, dystonic postures and other extrapyramidal signs were frequent and potentially disabling. Although children with CZVS are assessed and treated for spasticity, dystonia and other movement disorders remain neglected. This study emphasizes that extrapyramidal findings may potentially influence optimal strategies for rehabilitation and management., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Given the significant impact epilepsy may have on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of individuals with epilepsy and their families, there is increasing clinical interest in evidence-based psychological treatments, aimed at enhancing psychological and seizure-related outcomes for this group. This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review published in Issue 10, 2017., Objectives: To assess the impact of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy on HRQOL outcomes., Search Methods: For this update, we searched the following databases on 12 August 2019, without language restrictions: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), which includes randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials from the Specialized Registers of Cochrane Review Groups including Epilepsy, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 09 August 2019), and PsycINFO (EBSCOhost, 1887 onwards), and from PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We screened the references from included studies and relevant reviews, and contacted researchers in the field for unpublished studies., Selection Criteria: We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs for this review. HRQOL was the main outcome. For the operational definition of 'psychological treatments', we included a broad range of skills-based psychological treatments and education-only interventions designed to improve HRQOL, seizure frequency and severity, as well as psychiatric and behavioral health comorbidities for adults and children with epilepsy. These psychological treatments were compared to treatment as usual (TAU), an active control group (such as social support group), or antidepressant pharmacotherapy., Data Collection and Analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane., Main Results: We included 36 completed RCTs, with a total of 3526 participants. Of these studies, 27 investigated skills-based psychological interventions. The remaining nine studies were education-only interventions. Six studies investigated interventions for children and adolescents, three studies investigated interventions for adolescents and adults, and the remaining studies investigated interventions for adults. Based on satisfactory clinical and methodological homogeneity, we pooled data from 11 studies (643 participants) that used the Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) or other QOLIE inventories (such as QOLIE-89 or QOLIE-31-P) convertible to QOLIE-31. We found significant mean changes for the QOLIE-31 total score and six subscales (emotional well-being, energy and fatigue, overall QoL, seizure worry, medication effects, and cognitive functioning). The mean changes in the QOLIE-31 total score (mean improvement of 5.23 points, 95% CI 3.02 to 7.44; P < 0.001), and the overall QoL score (mean improvement of 5.95 points, 95% CI 3.05 to 8.85; P < 0.001) exceeded the threshold of minimally important change (MIC: total score: 4.73 points; QoL score: 5.22 points), indicating a clinically meaningful postintervention improvement in HRQOL. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence provided by the meta-analysis due to serious risks of bias in some of the included studies. Consequently, these results provided moderate-certainty evidence that psychological treatments for adults with epilepsy may enhance overall HRQOL., Authors' Conclusions: Implications for practice: Skills-based psychological interventions improve HRQOL in adults and adolescents with epilepsy. Adjunctive use of skills-based psychological treatments for adults and adolescents with epilepsy may provide additional benefits in HRQOL when these are incorporated into patient-centered management. We judge the evidence to be of moderate certainty., Implications for Research: Investigators should strictly adhere to the CONSORT guidelines to improve the quality of reporting on their interventions. A thorough description of intervention protocols is necessary to ensure reproducibility. When examining the effectiveness of psychological treatments for people with epilepsy, the use of standardized HRQOL inventories, such as the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventories (QOLIE-31, QOLIE-31-P, and QOLIE-89) would increase comparability. Unfortunately, there is a critical gap in pediatric RCTs and RCTs including people with epilepsy and intellectual disabilities. Finally, in order to increase the overall quality of RCT study designs, adequate randomization with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment should be pursued. As attrition is often high in research that requires active participation, an intention-to-treat analysis should be carried out. Treatment fidelity and treatment competence should also be assessed. These important dimensions, which are related to 'Risk of bias' assessment, should always be reported., (Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZVS) is associated with severe neurological deficits. Clinical characteristics of epilepsy and the electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern in CZVS were documented in infancy. In this study, we aimed to describe the EEG findings observed during the follow-up of children with CZVS. Seventy-six EEGs of 55 children (60% female; mean age = 50 months) with confirmed CZVS were analyzed, considering the background, interictal, and ictal epileptiform discharges. Continuous (or almost continuous) epileptiform discharges during non-rapid eye movement sleep were identified in 22 (40%) patients. In 20 (90.1%) patients, the pattern was symmetrical, with an anterior predominance of the epileptiform activity. All patients with this pattern had epilepsy, which was severe in 15 (68.2%) and demanded polytherapy in 19 (86.4%). Subcortical calcifications (77.3%) and multifocal EEGs (72.8%) in earlier ages occurred more often in patients with this pattern. Other unspecific interictal EEG patterns were focal epileptiform discharges in 23 (41.8%) and multifocal activity in six (10.9%). In CZVS, continuous (or almost continuous) epileptiform discharges during sleep emerge as a pattern after the second year of life. This was associated with severe and drug-resistant epilepsy, but not necessarily with an apparent regression. Subcortical calcifications and multifocal epileptiform discharges in infancy are associated with this pattern., (© 2020 International League Against Epilepsy.)

Objectives: This International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Report: (a) summarizes the literature about "driving and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)"; (b) presents the views of international experts; and (c) proposes an approach to assessing the ability of persons with PNES (PwPNES) to drive., Methods: Phase 1: Systematic literature review. Phase 2: Collection of international expert opinion using SurveyMonkey®. Experts included the members of the ILAE PNES Task Force and individuals with relevant publications since 2000. Phase 3: Joint analysis of the findings and refinement of conclusions by all participants using email. As an ILAE Report, the resulting text was reviewed by the Psychiatry Commission, the ILAE Task Force on Driving Guidelines, and Executive Committee., Results: Eight studies identified by the systematic review process failed to provide a firm evidence base for PNES-related driving regulations, but suggest that most health professionals think restrictions are appropriate. Twenty-six experts responded to the survey. Most held the view that decisions about driving privileges should consider individual patient and PNES characteristics and take account of whether permits are sought for private or commercial driving. Most felt that those with active PNES should not be allowed to drive unless certain criteria were met and that PNES should be thought of as "active" if the last psychogenic seizure had occurred within 6 months., Significance: Recommendations on whether PwPNES can drive should be made at the individual patient level. Until future research has determined the risk of accidents in PwPNES a proposed algorithm may guide decisions about driving advice., Competing Interests: Ali A. Asadi‐Pooya received honoraria from Cobel Daruo, Raymand Rad, Tekaje; royalty: Oxford University Press (Book publication); and grants from the National Institute for Medical Research Development. Timothy Nicholson is funded by a UK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist Award. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. Susannah Pick has no conflict of interest. Benjamin Tolchin has received research funding from a US Veteran Administration (VA)'s VISN1 Career Development Award; the VA Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Center of Innovation; and the CG Swebilius Trust. He has received honoraria from Columbia University Medical Center and the American Academy of Neurology. Selim Benbadis is consultant for Bioserenity (DigiTrace), Brain Sentinel, Cavion, Ceribell, Eisai, Greenwich, Growhealthy, LivaNova, Neuropace, SK biopharmaceuticals, Sunovion; speakers bureau for Eisai, Greenwich, LivaNova, Sunovion; member for Epilepsy Study Consortium; grant support from Cavion, LivaNova, Greenwich, SK biopharmaceuticals, Sunovion, Takeda, UCB; royalties as an author or Editor for Emedicine‐Medscape‐WebMD, UpToDate; and editorial Board for Emedicine‐Medscape‐WebMD, Epileptic Disorders, Epilepsy and Behavior, and Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. Dr Dworetzky is a consultant for Digitrace and BestDoctors. She receives royalties from Oxford University Press (book publication), and from UCB for the Padsevonil trial. She is on the editorial board for Epilepsy Currents and is on the professional advisory board for the Epilepsy Foundation of New England. Dr Szaflarski has received research funding from National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Department of Defense, Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research, Eisai, Epilepsy Foundation of America, Food and Drug Administration, Serina Therapeutics, UCB Pharmaceuticals, Xenon Pharmaceuticals, Compumedics Neuroscan, Inc, State of Alabama, and the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). He serves as an associate editor of the journals Journal of Epileptology and Epilepsy and Behavior Reports and on editorial boards of the journals Epilepsy & Behavior, Folia Medica Copernicana, and Journal of Medical Science and as a contributing editor for Epilepsy Currents. Dr Perez has received funding from the NIH and Sidney R. Baer Jr Foundation, and honoraria from Harvard Medical School, Movement Disorder Society, American Academy of Neurology, and Toronto Western Hospital. Stoyan Popkirov has received a speaking fee from Novartis. Dr Brigo received travel support from Eisai; he acted as consultant for Eisai, LivaNova, and UCB Pharma; he serves on the editorial board of the journal Epilepsy & Behavior and is Co‐Chair of the ILAE Guidelines Taskforce and editor of the Cochrane Epilepsy Group. Dr Stone reports personal fees from UptoDate, outside the submitted work; Dr Stone runs a self‐help Web site for patients with functional neurological disorders. www.neurosymptoms.org. It is free and has no advertising. Dr Stone carries out expert testimony work in personal injury and negligence cases involving functional disorders. Dr Baslet receives royalties from Oxford University Press. Dr LaFrance has served on the editorial boards of Epilepsia, Epilepsy & Behavior; Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, and Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences; receives editor's royalties from the publication of Gates and Rowan's Nonepileptic Seizures, 3rd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and 4th ed. (2018); author's royalties for Taking Control of Your Seizures: Workbook and Therapist Guide (Oxford University Press, 2015); has received research support from the Department of Defense (DoD W81XWH‐17‐0169), NIH (NINDS 5K23NS45902 [PI]), Providence VAMC, Center for Neurorestoration and Neurorehabilitation, Rhode Island Hospital, the American Epilepsy Society (AES), the Epilepsy Foundation (EF), Brown University and the Siravo Foundation; serves on the Epilepsy Foundation New England Professional Advisory Board; has received honoraria for the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting Annual Course; has served as a clinic development consultant at University of Colorado Denver, Cleveland Clinic, Spectrum Health and Emory University; and has provided medico‐legal expert testimony. Markus Reuber received educational grant from UCB, speaker fees from UCB, Eisai and LivaNova, and honoraria from Elsevier and Oxford University Press. Others have no conflict of interest. We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines., (© 2020 The Authors. Epilepsia Open published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)