Search

Long-Term Space Sustainability and Space Traffic Management are two highly complex and critical topics for the state of space environment issues that, for now, remain as mere concepts rather than real tools powered by global commitment and engagement fostering order, transparency, certainty and predictability of operations in space.

The article identifies challenges of public administration of the production of short-range ballistic missiles under current conditions. It is emphasized that Ukraine has created good legislative conditions for the start of design, testing and acceptance of weapons. The authors propose that the Government of Ukraine should provide state guarantees to rocket and space industry entities for loans from banks and for attracted investments that will be used for the development and testing of short-range ballistic missiles. The authors reveal a positive role of private entities in the rocket and space industry, which brings a positive competition to this area and reduces the cost of developing and producing of Ukrainian short-range ballistic missiles for the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

The article has covered a legal essence of a plan as a legal tool for developing space industries in the USA and Ukraine. The article has concluded that the plan is an objective occurrence because none of the successful space projects was implemented without it. The conclusion has been made that more effective plans are those which have the major task. Such specialized plans are the priority in the USA. Whereas complex plans for the development of the space industry are prevailing in Ukraine. They have shown their low efficacy. The form of a plan’s approval does not mean much for its effective execution. The article suggests applying space planning for the program of missile system of double duty in Ukraine. This program should be implemented upon the principals of competition and equality of all forms of ownership.

The article revealed the scientific nature of Putin’s nuclear blackmail. It has been proven that the democratic world community cannot succumb to Putin’s nuclear blackmail. In fact, he carries it out not for the purpose of actual use, but as a means of further aggressive actions to intimidate politicians and people around the world. It has been stated that the measures to prevent Putin’s nuclear blackmail are the maximum defeat of the Russian terrorist forces by the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the introduction of an oil and gas export embargo so that Russia cannot restore its military potential for decades. The conduct of legal measures to ensure that those involved in the entire synchronous chain of nuclear weapon activation, deliberately fail to comply with Putin’s criminal fatal order to use nuclear weapons.

The article deals with the delay between the evolution of functioning of the body and the social revolutionary transition from the Earth people towards Space people. As a result of this natural phenomenon, the legal protection of human rights to life and health for the human explorers of outer space is needed. This need is encouraged by the plans of certain governments and private space companies on accomplishing the mission to Mars in the middle-term perspective. The article follows the scientific proposals to update legal responsibility of states to ensure the life and health of astronauts and space tourists sent by them. The article applies general and special scientific methods to comprehend and study social and legal phenomena and general logic reasoning (abstract reasoning, analogy, analysis, generalization, etc.). Consequently, the article authors conclude that the UN should adopt the Declaration on Human Rights in Space to formalize the legal protection of human representatives sent to space.

The article substantiates the urgent need to involve residents of states whose scientific, financial and economic potential is not used in the production and launch of civilian launch vehicles. The basics and primary international legal tools for attracting business structures of various states to the production and launch of civilian launch vehicles have been clarified. An essential criterion for their access to missile technologies has been formed, which is based on unconditional respect and compliance with the norms of international law. According to the criteria of the level of ability to produce launch vehicles into five main classes, the classification of states has been carried out. The concept of transition from bans to stimulating the production of launch vehicles has been formed. The reasons for the successful experience in this area of Romania, the negative experience of the Republic of South Africa and the unsuccessful experience of Brazil have been analyzed.

The article comprehensively reveals the concept of an autonomous space island constellation to be deployed in orbits in the solar system. This project will make the Earth a green and blue oasis without harmful production and give humanity a chance to survive in any cataclysm on Earth. The authors propose an original idea and calculations regarding the simulation of Earth’s magnetic field and the system of magnetic simulators of artificial gravity. The concepts of an electric power supply system, the ozone layer, greening, water exchange and waste disposal are proposed. The article suggests that the construction of a space island constellation should be an international project of public organizations and private companies.

In the article, the analysis of the provisions of the Missile Technology Control Regime enables to conclude that it requires to be amended, or, which is better, replaced by a new high-level international legal treaty. The authors reveal that classic civilian launch vehicles built by private space companies have a common good for humanity; in particular, they increase the chance of human survival as a result of global natural or human-made disasters. The authors conclude that a new paradigm should be implemented: from restraining the transfer of rocket technology to encouraging this process by space companies under the banner of democracies governed by the rule of law. At the same time, the authors argue that more effective international legal sanctions and controls should be implemented by the international community to prevent ballistic missiles from getting to terrorists.

The author shows the current objective need to approve the principles and specific norms of domestic (national) public space law. The purpose of the article is to prove the expediency of considering the domestic space legislation of the United States, which nowadays consists of ten national laws, to be the comparative basis for the public space law. The author reveals the definition of domestic (national) public space law. The author believes that domestic public space law can successfully resolve the issues of effective and safe use of space by the private sector, the struggle against space debris, the recovery of asteroid or space resources, etc

The article suggests a comprehensive analysis of the current trends in the development of space law. The principles of space law have been adjusted. The limits of understanding of space law have been expanded and supplemented with the scientific understanding of the sources of space law. The authors disclosed trade regulation factors in outer space. The legal aspects of the militarization of outer space and space debris have been clarified. The advanced tasks of space law have been identified, namely: standardization of legal space terms, approval of private space law, stimulation of private capital involvement in space programs, development of the theory of the right to use space bodies, regulation of the rights and legitimate interests of space tourists, development of sanctions agreed by the world community for violation of space law, subjects and procedures for their application.

This paper reveals the philosophical and legal factors of the private international space law. It is concluded that the world community should develop and approve private international space legislation and law, even before the mass use of space by individuals and colonization of space bodies. It is proved that the research, use and legal protection of outer space, space bodies and space colonization is an objective irrevocable and progressive phenomenon of mankind. It should be implemented on the basis of both public and private international space law. It is revealed that the first is well developed, and the second is at the stage of philosophical and legal approval. The authors emphasize that otherwise; the situation will be able to go beyond the humanistic and legal dimensions. This process might become uncontrollable, lead to space piracy, space wars, violation of people’s right to life and health, violation of property rights, in particular, intellectual property rights.

The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the financial and credit mechanism of supporting small and medium enterprises in foreign countries with the purpose of identification of key areas for the development of financial and credit support for small and medium enterprises in Ukraine. The subject of the study is the foreign experience of financing small and medium-sized businesses. Methodology. The research is based on a comparison of financial and credit support of small and medium business in Ukraine and in foreign countries. The advantages and disadvantages of different support systems for small and medium-sized enterprises are determined on the basis of an analysis of the specifics of financing small and medium-sized businesses in Germany, the USA, the UK, Italy, Japan, and some other countries. The possibilities and limits of the application of positive foreign experience in this area are determined on the basis of a comparative legal study of certain provisions of Ukrainian legislation. The results of the study showed that the peculiarities of the financial and credit mechanism for supporting small and mediumsized businesses in foreign countries, which were studied, are as follows: the predominance of indirect support methods, provision of state financial help only on a competitive, turnaround, and paid basis; effectively functioning system of state guarantee of loans, which were provided to small businesses by commercial banks (guarantee from 60 to 90% of the loan); creation of a network of special banks, which serve small businesses at different levels; strong financial stimulation for small businesses in their innovation activity; stimulating taxation system and special depreciation procedure; creation of conditions for equal access for all entrepreneurs to information and consulting services (especially on taxation, lending, and insurance issues). Practical implications. The positive experience of financing small and medium business shows that the foreign practice of functioning of the financial and credit mechanism for supporting small business is not based on the fact that, on preferential terms, small enterprises can receive all the necessary financial and credit resources for their development and support small business at all costs. But this practice is aimed to create a favourable economic and legal climate that allows small businesses not only to survive but also to successfully develop. Correlation/originality. A comparative analysis of small and medium business financing systems is the basis for developing the most promising directions for the development of domestic legislation in this field.

The purpose of the study is to systematize the methodological foundations for evaluating the effectiveness of marketing communications on the Internet. In the literature, there are often limited definitions of interactivity, which do not reveal the essence and do not allow fully realizing the marketing opportunities associated with its phenomena. Today, interactive video, gaming technologies, which are increasingly used in the creation of advertising and communication materials, provide unprecedented opportunities for users to create and flexibly change their own scenarios for the development of events, to guide the history of the video and its heroes, which, among other things, makes it possible to make the presentation object not only goods or services but also the practice of behaviour in different situations of their purchase and consumption. In Internet marketing communications, preconditions for estimating the time budget, general stay in the network, implementation of specific behavioural scenarios of the full-fledged functioning of the user as a representative of the target audience, including through various devices and due to multimedia character, are formed. Optimization of Internet communications of enterprises is carried out on the basis of cyclic interactive communication and timely adjustments of parameters of the received traffic from automated services such as Google analytics, Yandex Metrica, CoMagic, and others. An audience behaviour analysis becomes possible by the use of cookie data. This fragment of data stored on Internet users’ computers reveals the broad opportunities for enterprises to target their advertising, identifying the target audience, for example, by geographic location of users, tracking their interests, counting impressions and passing through banners. Due to the high level of inherent interactivity, simplification of activity realization, and its coordination in a virtual environment, with real results, the development of marketing communications on the Internet contributes to the transition from the integrated application of specialized tools and technologies to their genuine integration. These new opportunities, subject to their implementation, will update one more aspect – the achievement of the effectiveness of Internet communications in marketing. Attempts and methodical options for the formation of a holistic set of marketing communications, with their declared effectiveness, have become widespread. The author proposes a more adaptive system for evaluating the effectiveness of marketing communications, where a balanced system of indicators and stages of work are complemented by the classical algorithms that create the necessary preconditions for preventing or neutralizing the identified problems in the organization of Internet marketing communications. The effectiveness of the CPM model depends entirely on the derivative results of user behaviour (review of site materials, ordering and purchasing goods). Therefore, depending on the goals of the campaign, that is, expanding the target audience or promoting sales, the result may be more predictable. The success of online platforms is based on the consistent development of activities, which is harmonized by three benchmarks: differentiation, effectiveness, efficiency. If earlier, marketing monitoring of the audience and behaviour of Internet users was mainly based on the features of its persons or contingents, and the information context, today it needs to be integrated (contextual targeting, retargeting, and other tools).

In order to create a well-functioning mechanism for the operation of the transport complex of the national economy of Ukraine and to increase the competitiveness of domestic transport in the world transport markets, a number of problems facing transport enterprises and the transport infrastructure of Ukraine in general need to be solved. The main issues are: a low level of service, non-compliance of the technical and technological level of domestic transport with European requirements, lagging development of transport services technologies, unsatisfactory level of transportation safety, a significant environmental load of transport to the environment, etc. The International Transport Corridor is a complex of land and water traffic arteries with appropriate infrastructure in a particular direction, including auxiliary structures, access roads, border crossings, service points, cargo and passenger terminals, equipment for traffic management, organizational and technical measures, legislative and regulatory acts that ensure the carriage of goods and passengers at the level corresponding to the requirements of the European Community. ITC №№ 3, 5, 7, 9 pass the territory of Ukraine and have a priority development in the national transport network. Relevant innovations that should support the transport industry and improve the service of providing transport services are as follows: electronic freight technology and single-window technology as a factor of acceleration of cargo movement; introduction of electronic document flow in logistics and transport activities (e.g., implementation of projects of electronic submission of information, electronic booking of queues, electronic declaration); development and implementation of standards for electronic document flow; methods of management and control over transportation costs in order to reduce the cost of delivery of goods by vehicles; application of cloud technologies and mobile devices; management of delivery terms; creation of new supply chains/transport corridors and multimodal formats, etc. The advantage of electronic document flow is that this system allows quickly sharing information. This is the implementation of single-window principle in transport terminals, where the most labour-intensive processes are associated with the processing of documents – both on arrival of cargo and on shipment. Therefore, it provides an opportunity to accelerate the time to handle a fairly large amount of information, multimodality – the possibility to transfer information from one mode of transport to another and make decisions at the junctions of transport modes. To date, the UIS has been used in the most developed ports, airports, and other intensive border crossing points in the world, attempts have been made to use it in Odesa, Illichivsk, “Yuzhnyi”, and Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi ports. For developing the mentioned structural transformations, we propose to introduce an improved organizational-economic mechanism of regulation of innovative activity. The proposed structure should have inherent functions related to the state innovation and investment policy in the transport and road complex, which will allow ensuring the effectiveness of the organizational-economic mechanism for regulating the innovation activity of transport enterprises.

The purpose of the article – to reveal features of the implementation of social entrepreneurship in the world. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological framework of scientific developments consists of the research of scientists of modern times who work on the solution to development issues of social entrepreneurship in countries of the world, research data of consulting institutes, own research results. In order to provide validity of research results, the following methods are used: generalization – in the critical analysis of the content of works of scientists on solving the problems of the development of social entrepreneurship; information-logical analysis – when studying data of international consulting institutes and associations; comparison – when comparing directions of the state support for the development of social entrepreneurship in different countries of the world; cause and effect relationship – for obtaining final conclusions. Results. This article reveals optimal conditions for developing social entrepreneurship in countries of the world. A portrait of a successful entrepreneur of the world is formed. The state of social entrepreneurship and the directions of its development in advanced countries of Europe, America, and Asia are analysed. Possibilities of adaptation of the global experience in the social entrepreneurship development for Ukraine are determined. Practical importance. Results of this research can be useful for the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine. Value/originality – there are clarified conditions and strategic measures on the development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine. Further research should be aimed at the improvement of stimulating mechanisms for the social entrepreneurship development as a global tool for solving problems of the socio-economic development of countries of the world.