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La pedagogía social es una posición reflexiva y comprensiva sobre el modo de facilitar a cada individuo su propio proceso de aprendizaje. El propósito general de esta investigación se centra desde las prácticas propias de la pedagogía social, teniendo en cuenta el papel de quienes realizan su quehacer educativo a través de la pedagogía y cómo a través de estos procesos de enseñanza pueden favorecer tanto el fortalecimiento de los saberes, como la postura crítica de los alumnos en una construcción colectiva, enmarcados culturalmente por tradiciones e imaginarios. Igualmente, los autores consultados resaltan la importancia que tiene la pedagogía social en la cimentación de la paz, justicia y equidad. La propuesta metodológica está enfocada en un paradigma cualitativo, porque trata el hecho de la pedagogía social como un fenómeno válido en su comprensión desde el análisis crítico propio de sus prácticas, se adopta un enfoque crítico social, en la medida en que se propone una ruta de lectura de las prácticas desde lo social en el posicionamiento pedagógico en los procesos tanto de enseñanza como de aprendizaje. Los resultados de la investigación, demuestran un avance positivo de los alumnos en las competencias de escritura y lectura en el área de filosofía por medio del uso de la pedagogía social en los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje de los estudiantes del grado décimo uno de la jornada de la tarde de la Institución Educativa San Bartolomé, Córdoba (Nariño). Social Pedagogy is a reflective and comprehensive position on how to facilitate each individual's own learning process. The general purpose of this research focuses on the practices of social pedagogy, taking in to account the role of those who perform their educational work through pedagogy and how these teaching processes can promote the development of knowledge, and the critical position of the students in a collective construction, framed culturally by traditions and imaginaries. Likewise, the authors consulted high light the role of social pedagogy in the construction of peace, justice and equity. The methodological proposal is focused on a qualitative paradigm, in order to treat the fact of social pedagogy as a valid phenomenon in its understanding from the critical analysis of its own practices, a critical social approach is adopted, insofar as it is proposed a reading route of the practices from the social in the pedagogical positioning in the processes of both teaching and learning. The results of the research show a positive advancement of students in reading and writing skills in the area of philosophy through the use of social pedagogy in the teaching and learning processes of students of the tenth grade of the day of the afternoon of the Educational Institution San Bartolomé, Córdoba (Nariño). Licenciado en Filosofía, Pensamiento Político y Económico http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal analizar y describir el proceso de desarrollo de la agricultura comercial, así como la formación de los grupos de poder en la región del río Mayo, Sonora, durante el periodo de 1920 a 1940.

The effects of climate change on agriculture raise major food security concerns. We use a global economy-wide model to assess the effects on farm product prices of expected yield changes. Also modelled is an expected adverse effect of higher temperatures and humidity in the tropics on the productivity of unskilled workers in developing countries. Given the degrees of uncertainty about plausible effects of climate change, our modelling accounts for a range of yield productivity and labor shocks. The results entail consequences for international agricultural prices, national food consumption, self sufficiency, net farm income and economic welfare.

This paper summarizes a new database that sheds light on the impact of trade-related policy developments over the past half century on distortions to agricultural incentives and thus also to consumer prices for food in 75 countries spanning the per capita income spectrum. Price-support policies of advanced economies hurt not only domestic consumers and exporters of other products but also foreign producers and traders of farm products, and they reduce national and global economic welfare. On the other hand, the governments of many developing countries have directly taxed their farmers over the past half-century, both directly (e.g., export taxes) and also indirectly via overvaluing their currency and restricting imports of manufactures. Thus the price incentives facing farmers in many developing countries have been depressed by both own-country and other countriesÂ’ agricultural price and international trade policies. We summarize these and realted stylized facts that can be drawn from a new World Bank database that is worthy of the attention of political economy theorists, historians and econometricians. These indicators can be helpful in addressing such questions as the following: Where is there still a policy bias against agricultural production? To what extent has there been overshooting in the sense that some developing-country food producers are now being protected from import competition along the lines of the examples of earlier-industrializing Europe and Japan? What are the political economy forces behind the more-successful reformers, and how do they compare with those in less-successful countries where major distortions in agricultural incentives remain? And what explains the pattern of distortions across not only countries but also industries and in the choice of support or tax instruments within the agricultural sector of each country?

Agricultural protection in rich countries, which had depressed Australian farm incomes via its impact on Australia’s terms of trade, has diminished over the past two decades. So too has agricultural export taxation in poor countries, which has had the opposite impact on those terms of trade. Meanwhile, however, import protection for developing country farmers has been steadily growing. To what extent are Australian farmers and rural regions still adversely affected by farm and non-farm price- and trade-distortive policies abroad? This paper draws on new estimates of the current extent of those domestic and foreign distortions: first, to model their net impact on Australia’s terms of trade (using the World Bank’s Linkage model of the global economy); and second, to model the effects of that terms of trade impact on output and real incomes in rural versus urban and other regions and households within Australia as of 2004 (using Monash’s multi-regional TERM model of the Australian economy).

With the advent of the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda, as well as the Millennium Development Goals aiming to reduce poverty by 50 percent by 2015, poverty impacts of trade reforms have attracted increasing attention. This has been particularly true of agricultural trade reform due to the importance of food in the diets of the poor, relatively higher protection in agriculture, as well as the heavy concentration of global poverty in rural areas where agriculture is the main source of income. Yet some in this debate have argued that, given the extreme volatility in agricultural commodity markets, the additional price and poverty impacts due to trade liberalization might well be undetectable. This paper formally tests this “invisibility hypothesis” via stochastic simulation of a computable general equilibrium framework. The hypothesis test is based on the comparison of two sets of price and poverty distributions. The first originates solely from the inherent variability in global staple grains markets, while the second combines the effects of this inherent variability and trade reform. Results indicate that the short-run impacts of trade liberalization on poverty are not distinguishable from market volatility in majority of the fifteen focus countries – suggesting that the poverty impacts of agricultural trade liberalization may indeed be invisible.

This paper analyzes the economic effects of agricultural price and merchandise trade policies around the world as of 2004 on global markets, net farm incomes, and national and regional economic welfare and poverty, using the global economy wide Linkage Model, new estimates of agricultural price distortions for developing countries, and a poverty elasticities approach. It addresses two questions: To what extent are policies as of 2004 still reducing rewards from farming in developing countries and thereby adding to inequality across countries in farm household incomes? Are they depressing value added more in primary agriculture than in the rest of the economy of developing countries, and earnings of unskilled workers more than of owners of other factors of production, thereby potentially contributing to inequality and poverty within developing countries (given that farm incomes are well below non-farm incomes in most developing countries and that agriculture there is intensive in the use of unskilled labor)? Results are presented for the key countries and regions of the world and for the world as a whole. They reveal that, by moving to free markets, income inequality between countries would be reduced at least slightly, all but one-sixth of the gains to developing countries would come from agricultural policy reform, unskilled workers in developing countries – the majority of whom work on farms – would benefit most from reform, net farm incomes in developing countries would rise by 6 percent compared with 2 percent for non-agricultural value added, and the number of people surviving on less than US$1 a day would drop 3 percent globally.

Abstract Frade umbilicals were designed using a dynamic Free-Hanging Catenary (FHC) configuration based on a risk-based approach instead of a prescriptive rules approach. Innovative designs falling outside the normal scope of classification are sometimes difficult or even impossible to get through a normal approval process based on prescriptive rules, such as API 17E and ISO13628-5 standards. Furthermore, the utilization of prescriptive rules would have led to a " wavy-wave?? configuration (WWC), which utilizes buoyancy modules closer to the touch down point of the umbilical to reduce compression on the seabed. The FHC configuration is much affected by the heave of the vessel, which induces a compressive wave that travels back up the umbilical from the touchdown point. Because of the low tension of the umbilical on the seabed, compression in deep water becomes an important parameter; therefore, the significance of the subject matter for designing a FHC configuration in deep water is to properly assess compression on the seabed, which may cause excessive plastic strain in the tubing, or failure in the quad electrical cable. Common industry practice has been not to accept compression. Therefore, testing was used to better understand and to ascertain a safe level of compression that could be used for the Frade design. The main conclusion after testing umbilicals under compression is that they do not follow the behavior of a rigid strut but instead they follow the behavior of a coiled spring because of its helix design up to an axial displacement of 450 mils. To be able to assess non-linear stresses in the tubing, the risk-based approach used a bending moment factor technique and a gradient factor technique to estimate fatigue life. These techniques proved to be efficient tools for demonstrating feasibility of the FHC as well as for planning for spares if failures do occur during the 100-year storm. Therefore, the final conclusion was that the two type umbilicals, production and water injection were technically acceptable using a FHC configuration. Introduction Compression on the seabed induced by the vessel heave is the main parameter that makes feasible an umbilical design in deep water using steel tubing, and it is often found in umbilical configurations particularly with free-hanging catenaries. This is because the umbilical is massively axially stiff in comparison to its bend stiffness. As the umbilical is " speared?? into the seabed by the action of the FPSO heave motion above it tends to induce local buckling, and one of the manifestations is a kink effect followed by a bird-caging effect or armour " lifting??, which could lead to displacement of armour wires and a weakening of the bundle strength. API Specification 17E and ISO-13628-5 standards do not provide specific guidance for levels of compression, nor how it develops and its consequences. Therefore, as a solution Chevron carried out compression tests to better understand the umbilical behavior, as well as to ascertain a safe level of acceptable compression for the Frade design.

This paper summarizes a new database that sheds light on the impact of trade-related policy developments over the past half century on distortions to agricultural incentives and thus also to consumer prices for food in 75 countries spanning the per capita income spectrum. Price support policies of advanced economies hurt not only domestic consumers and exporters of other products but also foreign producers and traders of farm products, and they reduce national and global economic welfare. On the other hand, the governments of many developing countries have directly taxed their farmers over the past half-century, both directly (e.g., export taxes) and also indirectly via overvaluing their currency and restricting imports of manufactures. Thus the price incentives facing farmers in many developing countries have been depressed by both own-country and other countries' agricultural price and international trade policies. The authors summarize these and realted stylized facts that can be drawn from a new World Bank database that is worthy of the attention of political economy theorists, historians and econometricians. These indicators can be helpful in addressing such questions as the following: where is there still a policy bias against agricultural production? To what extent has there been overshooting in the sense that some developing-country food producers are now being protected from import competition along the lines of the examples of earlier-industrializing Europe and Japan? What are the political economy forces behind the more-successful reformers, and how do they compare with those in less-successful countries where major distortions in agricultural incentives remain? And what explains the pattern of distortions across not only countries but also industries and in the choice of support or tax instruments within the agricultural sector of each country?