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A byproduct of computations performed by semiconductor devices is heat. Many compute intensive functions are currently performed in the cloud by hardware placed in data centers, where heat must be removed at additional energy cost. Granite Mountain Technologies is exploring an energy conserving model and technology for decentralizing computation from data centers to areas where heat is required. This compute model can provide vast energy savings benefits, while also redistributing monetary gains from large organizations capable of running data centers to individuals. We report on a decentralized computing appliance implemented with relative timed integrated circuits in the 12nm technology node. The appliance can accept calculations at a variable rate which allows heat created from computations to achieve the desired temperature of a room. The benefits of applying this approach to residential heating is evaluated.

Summary. The effects were determined of paraquat dichloride and Lissapol NX, consutuents of the commercial formulation Gramoxone W, on the rate of oxygen uptake by cultures of Fusarium cutmanmt and Trkkoderma viride. When applied separately, paraquat dichode was less inhibitory than the wetting agent; when applied together, the inhibitory effect was greater than the sum of those obtained separately. Synergism was also observed between paraquat dichloride of commercial purity and a solution containing the additives used m Gramoxone W but without the paraquat dichloride. This effect is thought to be due to increased permeation of paraquat dichioride into fungal mycelia in the presence of a wetting agent. Older cultures were less affected than younger ones by the coniponents of Gramoxone W. The results suggest that the additives used in formulating herbicides may be critical in determining fungitoxicity. Effets des constituants du Gramoxone W sur les taux de respiration de champignons du sol Resume. Les effets des constituants de la formulation commercials du Gramoxone W le paraquat dichlorure et le Lissapol NX, ont eteetudies sur le taux d'absorption d'oxygene de cultures dc Fusanum culmorum et de Trichoderma viride. Quand ces constituants furent appliques separement, le paraquat dichlorure fut moins inhibiteur que le mouillant; quand its furent appliques ensemble, effet inhibiteur fut plus grand que la somme des effets seares. Ce synergisme fut egalenient observe entre ic paraquat dichlorure technique et une solution renfermant seulement les adjuvants utilises dans le Gramoxone W. On pense que cet effet est du a une permeability plus grande du mycelium fongique vis-a-vis du paraquat dichlorure en presence d'un mouillant. Les cultures egees se montrerent moins sensibles que les plus jeunes aux constituants du Gramoxone W. Ces resultats amenent e penser que les adjuvants utilises dans la formulation des herbicides peuvent jouer un role determinant quant a la toxicite du produit pour des champignons. Zusammenfassung. Der Einfluss von Paraquat-Dichlorid und Lissapol NX, beides Bestandteile des Handelsproduktes Gramoxone W, auf die Sauerstoffaufnahme durch Fisarium culmorum und Trichoderma viride wurde untersucht. Bei getrennter Applikation Paraquat-Dichlorid weniger hemmend als das Netzmittel; bei gemeiasamer Applikation war der Hemmeffekt grosser als die Summe der beiden Hemmwirkungen bei separater Anwendung. Synergismus wurde ausserdem zwischen Paraquat-Dichlorid (technisch rein) und einer Losung aus den in Gramoxone W ublichen Beistoffen (ohne Paraquat-Dichlorid) beobachtet. Es wird angrnommen, dass dieser Effekt auf erhohtes Eindringen von Paraquat-Dichlorid in die Pilzmyzclien bei Anwesenheit eines Netzmittels beruht. Altere Kulturen wurden durch die Bestandteile von Gramoxone VV weniger stark beeinflusst als mngere. Aus den Ergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, dass die Beistofic, die zur Formuherung von Herbiziden verwendet werden, fur die fungitoxische Wirkung des Stoffes von entscheidender Bedeutung sein konnen.

Summary Three methods have been used to investigate the effects of a number of commercial herbicides on the growth of certain soil fungi: measurements of hyphal extension across agar plates; measurements of hyphal extension along sterilized plant material; and manometric techniques. Three points, in particular, emerged from these studies. First, that there was no stimulation of fungal growth. Herbicide interference in growth included suppression of spore germination, inhibition of the rate of linear extension of the mycelia, and abnormalities in growth habit and in patterns of spore production. Secondly, that some herbicides (e.g. linuron and paraquat) were more fungitoxic than others (e.g. MCPA and simazine) to a range of organisms. Thirdly, that there were differences between fungi in their sensitivity to individual herbicides. All three methods have shown consistent differences between fungi in their ability to tolerate paraquat. Trichoderma viride, in particular, has been found to be sensitive to paraquat. The inhibitory effects were observed at concentrations well within the range likely to be experienced in the field.

Summary Experiments show that the presence of herbicide residues in plant remains may be a potent factor determining the outcome of competition between saprophytic fungi colonizing such substrates. Pairs of fungi were induced to compete with each other for a substrate both in the presence and in the absence of herbicides. In all cases the outcome of competition for a substrate incorporating the herbicide was different from that for the substrate alone. Paraquat sprayed on to potato haulm altered the outcome of competition between Trichoderma viride and Fusarium culmorum in favour of F. culmorum and the same herbicide on wheat chaff suppressed Rhizopus stolonifer in favour of Aspergillus niger. Treatment of leaves of Raphanus raphanistrum with MCPA altered the outcome of competition between Fenicillium notatum and Aspergillus niger in favour of A. niger.

HERBICIDES exert selective effects on soil microorganisms as well as on higher plants, a fact which is implied by reports that certain soil organisms, and in particular bacteria, adapt themselves and are able to decompose chemicals, such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid1, methylchloro-phenoxyacetic acid2, dalapon3, amitrole4, paraquat5 and simazine6. These direct changes following treatment with herbicides were thought to be only temporary because the activity of the adapted flora declines as the substrate is broken down. But there can also be long term ecological consequences of prolonged use of a particular herbicide. Agricultural enterprises such as intensive cereal production may involve continued use of the same chemical year after year and, consequently, there may be gradual, but cumulative, qualitative changes in the soil microflora.