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Session 1: Impact of diet and additives on gut microbiota and health ; Communication PO24; International audience; Since several decades, lifestyle and nutrition changes (unbalance in lipid intake quality) in the developed countries has leaded to the increased prevalence of inflammatory and metabolic pathologies. These pathologies are associated with an increase in visceral adipose tissue, chronic low-grade inflammation and a gut microbiota dysbiosis. Long-term habits play a crucial role on the gut microbiota community and diversity of these bacterial communities. General population is in deficit in n-3 PUFAs. Nevertheless, these fatty acids can exert a beneficial impact on the gut microbiota composition in these metabolic pathologies, and increase anti-inflammatory compounds for the microbiota fermentation, as short chain fatty acids. Linseed is a plant rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n- 3 PUFAs) and also in lignans and other components. We aimed to study a rebalance in n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio in two models of rodents (rats and mice) with high fat diet (HFD)-enriched in linseed oil (LS-O) or extruded linseed (LS-E), as a matrix. We analyzed the mucosa-associated gut microbiota on colon samples in both models and demonstrated an impact of LS-E. The β-diversity was significantly different in LS-E compared to LS-O and HFD. Moreover, the α-diversity illustrated by the Shannon index tended to increase with LS-E supplementation. The abundance of the specific features Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcus and Clostridiales were increased in LS-E compared to HFD and LS-O. LS-O did not impact the gut mucosa-associated microbiota. Extruded linseed with n-3 PUFAs, lignans and others components may increase the richness of the microbiota and restore its composition compared to an exclusive intake in n-3 PUFAs. A long-term supplementation in extruded linseed, evaluated as a matrix could be an efficient strategy in the prevention of inflammatory and metabolic diseases from its impact on gut microbiota composition

International audience; High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and linseed oil (LO) supplementation are effective strategies to reduce obesity-induced oxidative stress. Our aim was to determine whether the HIIT + LO combination prevents obesity-induced oxidative stress in high fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. HFD-fed 8-week-old, male, Wistar rats were subdivided in four groups: HFD, LO (2% of sunflower oil replaced with 2% of LO in the HFD), HIIT (4 days/week for 12 weeks), and HIIT + LO. Wistar rats fed a low-fat diet (LFD) were used as controls. Epididymal and subcutaneous adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, liver, and plasma samples were collected to measure oxidative stress markers (AOPP, oxLDL), antioxidant (SOD, CAT, and GPx activities) and pro-oxidant (NOx and XO) enzyme activities. Compared with the LFD, the HFD altered the pro/antioxidant status in different tissues (increase of AOPP, oxLDL, SOD and catalase activities in plasma, and SOD activity increase in liver and decrease in adipose tissues) but not in gastrocnemius. LO upregulated CAT activity and decreased NOx in liver. HIIT alleviated HFD negative effects in liver by reducing SOD and NOx activities. Moreover, the HIIT + LO combination potentiated SOD activity upregulation in subcutaneous tissue. HIIT and LO supplementation have independent beneficial effects on the pro/antioxidant balance. Their association promotes SOD activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

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International audience; The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects on nitrogen metabolism and dairy performance of substituting soybean meal for proteaginous seeds or replacing raw with treated proteaginous seeds in dairy cow diets. This study was focused on three proteaginous seeds: faba bean, lupin and pea. Two databases were created, which gathered information on in vivo and in situ results, respectively. These were then used to analyze nitrogen ruminal degradability, nitrogen intestinal true digestibility, ruminal parameters, nitrogen partitioning and milk production and composition. A total of 32 and 36 articles were analyzed from the in vivo and in situ databases, respectively. Statistical analyses assessed the effects of substitution for each measured or calculated variable; t-tests were applied to compare the difference between the tested feed (i.e. raw or treated proteaginous seed, or treated proteaginous seed) and the control feed (i.e. soybean meal, or raw proteaginous seed, respectively). The proteaginous seeds contained less crude protein than soybean meal (on average -199 g/kg DM, P < 0.001). The use of raw proteaginous seeds instead of soybean meal led to higher nitrogen ruminal degradability (on average +16 g/100 g, P < 0.005), but treatment of these seeds led to a decrease in nitrogen ruminal degradability (-13 g/100 g on average) compared to raw seeds. Replacing soybean meal by raw faba bean, lupin or pea in the iso-crude protein diets of dairy cows led to an increase in NH3 in ruminal fluid (+20 mg/L, P < 0.040) and tended to decrease milk protein content. However, when those seeds were treated and their values compared to those of raw seeds, nitrogen in milk tended to increase, but milk fat content was decreased. This quantitative review has allowed some general trends to be highlighted, despite a limited amount of available data for some variables (in particular for pea). Moreover, treatment of seeds are variable (use of different processes, pressures and temperatures) and feeding practices of dairy cows are diverse (e.g. maize silage or grass silage as main forage, forage:concentrate ratio ranging from 84:16 to 40:60), which can dilute the effects of the addition of proteaginous seeds (added at up to 30 g/100 g of dietary dry matter) to the dairy cow diets.

Obesity, a major public health problem, is the consequence of an excess of body fat and biological alterations in the adipose tissue. Our aim was to determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and/or α-linolenic acid supplementation (to equilibrate the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio) might prevent obesity disorders, particularly by modulating the mucosa-associated microbiota. Wistar rats received a low fat diet (LFD, control) or high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce obesity. Then, animals in the HFD group were divided in four groups: HFD (control), HFD + linseed oil (LO), HFD + HIIT, HFD + HIIT + LO. In the HIIT groups, rats ran on a treadmill, 4 days.week−1. Erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content, body composition, inflammation, and intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota composition were assessed after 12 weeks. LO supplementation enhanced α-linolenic acid (ALA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) conversion in erythrocytes, and HIIT potentiated this conversion. Compared with HFD, HIIT limited weight gain, fat mass accumulation, and adipocyte size, whereas LO reduced systemic inflammation. HIIT had the main effect on gut microbiota β-diversity, but the HIIT + LO association significantly increased Oscillospira relative abundance. In our conditions, HIIT had a major effect on body fat mass, whereas HIIT + LO improved ALA conversion to DHA and increased the abundance of Oscillospira bacteria in the microbiota.

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International audience; ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of pretreatment with reducing sugars or with an enzymatic cocktail before extrusion of fava bean on intake, milk yield and composition, N partitioning, and plasma and ruminal parameters. The main hypothesis was that these pretreatment conditions would allow better N protection in the rumen compared with classic pretreatment before extrusion, thanks to an increase of sugar proportion, either exogenous or endogenous with enzymatic actions. Sixteen Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Cow were fed a diet with a 56:44 forage to concentrate ratio and containing 16.2% of crude protein (CP; dry matter basis). Concentrate consisted of fava bean:linseed blends (90:10%, raw basis) distributed either raw, extruded after pretreatment without additive, extruded after pretreatment with reducing sugars, or extruded after pretreatment with an enzymatic cocktail. The experimental blends provided 53% of total CP in the diet. Intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia kinetics, apparent total-tract nutrient digestibilities and N partitioning, Maillard compounds in feed and feces, plasma AA, and 15N natural enrichment were measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance according to the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Extrusion without additive during pretreatment led to higher contents of Maillard compounds in the blend, a lower enzymatic CP degradability, a numerically lower ammonia content in ruminal fluid, and a trend of higher plasma EAA concentration, all suggesting a decrease in degradability of proteins in the rumen, and a subsequent increase in metabolizable protein supply. Compared with pretreatment without additive, adding reducing sugars or an enzymatic cocktail during pretreatment led to an increase in Maillard compound contents in the extruded blends, and to an increase (+50 mg/L) in rumen ammonia content. With reducing sugars, digestibility of Nɛ-carboxymethyl-lysine was numerically lower, and plasma EAA concentration tended to decrease, suggesting an overprotection of proteins in the intestine. With the enzymatic cocktail, plasma EAA concentration was similar than without additive during pretreatment, suggesting a similar metabolizable protein supply with both treatments. Finally, no change in N partitioning between milk, urine, and feces was observed whatever the diet.

Background The present study aimed to identify relationships between components of intramuscular connective tissue, proportions of the different fiber types, intramuscular fat and sensory tenderness of beef cooked at 55 °C. Accordingly, four muscles differing in their metabolic and contractile properties, as well as in their collagen content and butcher value, were obtained from dairy and beef cattle of several ages and sexes and were then used to create variability. Results Correlation analyses and/or stepwise regressions were applied on Z-scores to identify the existing and robust associations. Tenderness scores were further categorized into tender, medium and tough classes using unsupervised learning methods. The findings revealed a muscle-dependant role with respect to tenderness of total and insoluble collagen, cross-links, and type IIB + X and IIA muscle fibers. The longissimus thoracis and semitendinosus muscles that, in the present study, were found to be extreme in their tenderness potential were also very different from each other and from the rectus abdominis (RA) and semimembranosus (SM). RA and SM muscles were very similar regarding their relationship for muscle components and tenderness. A relationship between marbling and tenderness was only present when the results were analysed irrespective of all factors of variation of the experimental model relating to muscle and animal type. Conclusion The statistical approaches applied in the present study using Z-scores allowed identification of the robust associations between muscle components and sensory beef tenderness and also identified discriminatory variables of beef tenderness classes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

National audience; Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a digestive disorder that can be induced by excessive intake of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (RFC). Although its diagnosis remains difficult due to the lack of specific clinical signs, SARA is usually characterized by abnormal and intermittent drops in ruminal pH. However, the inter-animal variability does not allow defining pH thresholds for each individual. In this context, a study was conducted to propose new indicators of SARA based on the individual kinetic pH determined with intra-ruminal boluses. A mathematical treatment applied on the collected data highlighted relative ruminal pH variation during SARA challenge. Ten primiparous dairy cows were followed for 12 weeks in which two diets were distributed over three successive periods: initial control diet RFC- (4 weeks), acidogenic diet RFC+ (4 weeks), final control diet RFC- (3 weeks). As expected, during SARA induced periods, the kinetics of ruminal pH showed high inter-individual variability and no decrease in average pH during SARA challenge was observed. However, the mathematical treatment applied to the pH kinetic revealed a significant increase (P

National audience; Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a digestive disorder that can be induced by excessive intake of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates (RFC). Although its diagnosis remains difficult due to the lack of specific clinical signs, SARA is usually characterized by abnormal and intermittent drops in ruminal pH. However, the inter-animal variability does not allow defining pH thresholds for each individual. In this context, a study was conducted to propose new indicators of SARA based on the individual kinetic pH determined with intra-ruminal boluses. A mathematical treatment applied on the collected data highlighted relative ruminal pH variation during SARA challenge. Ten primiparous dairy cows were followed for 12 weeks in which two diets were distributed over three successive periods: initial control diet RFC- (4 weeks), acidogenic diet RFC+ (4 weeks), final control diet RFC- (3 weeks). As expected, during SARA induced periods, the kinetics of ruminal pH showed high inter-individual variability and no decrease in average pH during SARA challenge was observed. However, the mathematical treatment applied to the pH kinetic revealed a significant increase (P

This study aimed to investigate the environmental consequences (on climate change and land use) of an increase in preference for grass-based milk in France using a consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) approach. This increase in preference was assumed to be satisfied domestically, by converting maize silage-based dairy farms (MS farm) to grass-based dairy farms (G farm) while keeping on-farm usable agricultural area and total milk production of farm constant. The possible consequences of an increase in preference for grass-based milk were identified based on cause and effect relationships. The conversion from MS to G farm reduced the use of soybean meal, changed the on-farm cropping pattern and produced more animals but less wheat and no rapeseed. Effects on on-farm soil C were predicted with the RothC model and on global land use change (LUC) with models of global agricultural markets (Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and Landbouw Economisch Instituut Trade Analysis Project (LEITAP)). System expansion using animals from a suckler beef production system was applied to estimate the impacts of milk and animal co-products from the dairy system. Land occupation and climate change impacts were estimated. The consequences of farm conversion were attributed only to the milk, as preference for grass-based milk drove the conversion process. The conversion from the MS to G farm increases land occupation and climate change impacts for the G farm, respectively, by 9 and 7 % according to GTAP and 14 and 51 % according to LEITAP. Land occupation and climate change impacts of milk produced by the G farm after conversion increased, respectively, by 82 and 13 % with GTAP and 123 and 97 % with LEITAP relative to those for the MS farm (before conversion). The production of additional wheat and rapeseed outside the G farm increased impacts of the G farm (by 29-69 % depending on impacts and model used). Results indicate that the farm conversion would probably have consequences on global LUC and that it is important to account for this in a LCA approach. Land use and land use change (LULUC) contributed to the impacts of grass-based milk, and results were highly sensitive to the LULUC model used. The many possible chain-of-event pathways that follow a change in preference for a given product yield high uncertainty in CLCA results. This study only assessed one possible way to meet the increase in preference for grass-based milk; it is necessary to perform a sensitivity analysis to investigate other possible scenarios resulting from this increase in preference.

Improving ω3 fatty acid ( FA ) transfer from feed to milk and decreasing milk saturated FA ( SFA ) without increasing trans mono-unsaturated FA are desirable goals. Our objective was to study the effects of supplying two α-linolenic acid ( ALA )-rich feedstuffs in interaction with proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk FA composition. The two ALA sources were extruded linseed ( LIN , 700 g/d) and alfalfa protein concentrate ( APC , 2 kg/d), supplying 115 and 49 g/d ALA, respectively, per cow per day. Two groups of 12 cows paired according to milk yield, milk fat and milk protein contents, lactation rank (primiparous or multiparous), lactation stage, DMI, milk proportions of saturated and polyunsaturated FA were fed a corn silage-based diet with 30% ( C30 ) or 65% ( C65 ) cereal-based concentrate and received the 2 ALA sources in a reversal design during 5-wk periods. The cows averaged 117±14 DIM at the beginning of the experiment. Data were analyzed according to a split-plot design using the Proc mixed procedure. There was no significant interaction between the concentrate level and ALA source for most measured parameters. Treatment C65 decreased milk fat content (−1.15%), milk fat yield (−301 g/d), and proportion of SFA, especially C16:0, C18:0, C4:0, C6:0 and C8:0, and increased trans -C18:1, especially t9, t10 and t12. Treatment C65 significantly increased milk yield (+3.7 kg), milk protein content (+0.16%) and milk protein yield (+141 g/d), decreased casein-to-protein ratio (−2.6 percentage units). Compared to LIN, APC increased milk fat content (0.33%), milk fat yield (76 g/d), proportion of SFA, especially C4 to C12, C14:0 and C16:0, and decreased cis and all trans C18:1 isomers. APC tended to decrease milk yield (0.9 kg/d, P =0.061) although DMI was not affected, and did not affect protein yield. APC increased both total protein and total casein contents without impact on casein-to-protein ratio and milk protein yield. The transfer rate of C18:3 from feed to milk was much higher in APC treatment than in LIN treatment (15.3% vs 4.7%). This trial shows that adding ALA-rich feedstuffs to the diet to enrich milk can have very marked effects on milk FA composition but also on milk protein composition. These effects are stronger with high concentrate diets, resulting in acidogenic risk. The rate of transfer of ALA from feed to milk also varies according to lipid source. Higher transfer rates lead to lower modifications of milk composition.

National audience; Measurement at slaughterhouse of fatty acid composition of the backfat of pig using a portable near- infrared spectrometry. This work aims to develop models to predict the fatty acid composition, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) from a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement directly on the slaughter line. The measurements were performed on the slaughter line on 282 backfat of pigs using a near infrared spectrometer (LabSpec 5000, ASD). The fatty acid composition of backfat were obtained using gas chromatography. The regression method was partial least squares (PLS). The models developed for C18:3n-3, n-3 PUFA and total PUFA gave the best results (R2= 0.87, 0.86 and 0.86, respectively) with an associated uncertainty of 1.2, 1.5 and 2.8 points and average values of 2.4; 3.2; and 16.2, respectively. For all other fatty acids, R2 < 0.75. The results show that it is possible to use NIRS to determine on the slaughter line the percentage of certain FA such as n-3 PUFA and enable them to be sorted according to quality criteria of fat.

International audience; Many works deal with the mechanical properties of flaxfibers cultivated for textile applications and today used for the reinforcement of polymers. Nevertheless, quantities of oleaginousflaxfiber are obtained each year and not promoted. The aim of this work is to study the mechanical properties of single linseed flaxfiber as a function of variety, culture year, dew-retting degree and agronomic factors. Five varieties of oleaginousflax have been characterized by tensile tests on elementary fibers and compared to four varieties of textile flax. These tensile experiments have been carried out on with the same equipment, experimental protocol and environmental conditions. The results show that interesting mechanical properties were obtained with the oleaginous variety and are close of those of textile varieties, such as Agatha or Electra. Considering the diameters and specific properties of these oleaginousfibers, we evidenced that they are good candidates for the substitution of glass fibers in composite materials. To increase the development of flaxfibers, it is important to have a better control of the spread of their mechanical properties. This point could be observed with the Everest variety cultivated for 4 years and no conclusion could be made. We have evidenced that the retting degree has no influence on the diameters and mechanical properties of the fibers; the same conclusion is obtained with agronomic factors such as seeding rate and plant height.

International audience; The present study was designed to evaluate whether long-term intake of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), supplied as whole grain-extruded linseed, can increase endogenous production of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) in healthy adult rats and influence the heart rate (HR) and adrenergic response in the same way as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich diets. DHA enrichment was evaluated using FA analysis of tissue phospholipids after 8, 16, 24, and 32 wk of feeding in male Wistar rats randomly assigned to three dietary groups (n = 8 in each group): a reference fat diet (RFD), an ALA-rich (ALA) diet, and a DHA-rich (DHA) diet. At 1 wk before the animals were killed, under anesthesia, HR was measured from ECG recordings during an adrenergic stimulation challenge (n = 8). There was a significant increase of DHA in the cardiac membrane in the ALA group compared with the RFD group. DHA content in the cardiac membrane was approximately 10% in the ALA group vs. 20% in the DHA group and 4% in the RFD group. The cardiac FA profile was established after 2 mo and remained essentially unchanged thereafter. Regardless of the diet, DHA in the heart decreased with age. Nevertheless, DHA content in the heart remained at >15% in the DHA group and remained greater in older rats fed the ALA diet than in younger RFD-fed rats. Basal HR decreased in the ALA group (395 +/- 24.9 beats/min) to a level between that of the DHA and RFD groups (375 +/- 26.4 and 407 +/- 36.7 beats/min, respectively). Both n-3 dietary intakes contribute to enhancement of the chronotropic response to adrenergic agonist stimulation. Regulation of HR by neurohumoral mediators may be controlled by lower content of DHA, e.g., by a dietary supply of extruded linseed (ALA).

International audience; The importance of a high fat intake in the increasing prevalence of childhood and adult obesity remains controversial. Moreover, qualitative changes (i.e. the fatty acid composition of fats) have been largely disregarded. Herein is reviewed the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-6 series in promoting adipogenesis in vitro and favouring adipose tissue development in rodents during the gestation/suckling period. Epidemiological data from infant studies as well as the assessment of the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk and infant formulas over the last decades in the Western industrialized world are revisited and appear consistent with animal data. Changes over decades in the intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs, with a striking increase in the linoleic acid/alpha-linolenic ratio, are observed. In adults, using a consumption model based upon production data, similar changes in the PUFA content of ingested lipids have been found for France, and are associated with an increase of fat consumption over the last 40 years. These profound quantitative and qualitative alterations can be traced in the food chain and shown to be due to changes in human dietary habits as well as in the feeding pattern of breeding stock. If prevention of obesity is a key issue for future generations, agricultural and food industry policies should be thoroughly reevaluated.

International audience; The extent and intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids (FA) from a blend of linseed and wheat bran (70:30) were investigated in the rumen fluid, rumen particle phase and duodenal flow. The blend was ground through a 3 mm screen and used raw or extruded, or was ground through a 6 mm screen and preconditioned. Three dry Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 18 days adaptation. The diet contained 20% (DM basis) of the linseed based blend. Twelve samples taken over 3 days were composited for analysis of rumen fluid, rumen particle phase and duodenal flow. The BH of FA from linseed resulted in the appearance of a great number of C18:1 intermediates, among which trans-10+11 to trans-16C18:1 were the most abundant. The proportion of cis-9,trans-11C18:2 was low. Preconditioning coarsely ground linseed resulted in a lower extent of C18:2 and C18:3 BH, and lower proportions of trans-12 to trans-16C18:1 intermediates than extrusion or a lack of processing of finely ground linseed. On the contrary, extrusion did not affect the extent of BH and had no significant effect on the proportions of trans-C18:1 intermediates, but increased the proportion of cis-9,trans-11C18:2 in both rumen phases. Different digesta types resulted in different estimates of BH. The extent of BH and the proportions of trans-C18:1 intermediates were lower in the rumen particle phase and higher in the rumen fluid than in the duodenum. Moreover, interactions between digesta type and treatment of linseed were observed.

Resume L’amelioration continue de la nutrition de la population constitue un enjeu majeur de sante publique. Pour s’inscrire dans la perspective du developpement durable, cette demarche doit, en plus de la dimension nutritionnelle, egalement considerer les dimensions environnementale et economique, et aussi l’acceptabilite des changements alimentaires par la societe et les consommateurs. Sur la base des ingredients utilises pour la formulation de huit menus types, une base de donnees regroupant 140 aliments dont certains produits animaux pouvaient provenir d’une filiere conventionnelle ou Omega 3, a ete constituee et renseignee pour des valeurs nutritionnelles, des impacts environnementaux et des caracteristiques socioeconomiques. L’analyse multidimensionnelle de ces donnees a permis d’explorer et de mieux comprendre les relations entre les differentes dimensions pour les differentes categories d’aliments. Nous avons ensuite developpe un outil interactif de maniere a permettre, d’une part, d’illustrer graphiquement de maniere synthetique des principales caracteristiques des menus etudies, sur la base d’une liste de 23 criteres, et d’autre part, d’explorer differentes voies d’amelioration de ces menus. Cet outil sera prochainement disponible pour les professionnels du domaine de la nutrition.

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International audience; The Western diet, rich in lipids and in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), favors gut dysbiosis observed in Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of rebalancing the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in CEABAC10 transgenic mice that mimic CD. Mice in individual cages with running wheels were randomized in three diet groups for 12 weeks: high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + linseed oil (HFD-LS-O) and HFD + extruded linseed (HFD-LS-E). Then, they were orally challenged once with the Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) LF82 pathobiont. After 12 weeks of diet, total energy intake, body composition, and intestinal permeability were not different between groups. After the AIEC-induced intestinal inflammation, fecal lipocalin-2 concentration was lower at day 6 in n-3 PUFAs supplementation groups (HFD-LS-O and HFD-LS-E) compared to HFD. Analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota showed that the abundance of Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcus, and Clostridiales was higher in the HFD-LS-E group. Butyrate levels were higher in the HFD-LS-E group and correlated with the Firmicutes/Proteobacteria ratio. This study demonstrates that extruded linseed supplementation had a beneficial health effect in a physically active mouse model of CD susceptibility. Additional studies are required to better decipher the matrix influence in the linseed supplementation effect.

Synthèse.; Faba bean is a protein-rich seed that could partially or completely replace traditional protein sources in pig feed such as soybean meal. However, faba beans contain secondary metabolites that restrict bioavailability of the beans’ proteins. Technological processes such as dehulling and extrusion may reduce the concentration and/or biological activity of these antinutritional factors. In two first trials, apparent fecal and ileal digestibility of dietary components and energy from whole (W) or dehulled (D) faba bean, without (E0) or with extrusion at two temperatures (140°C (E1) or 160°C (E2)) were determined in growing pigs. Ileal digestibility of amino acids peaked for the W-E1 (91,5%) and D-E2 diets (92,1%). Extrusion increased ileal digestibility of gross energy of both W (+2,6%) and D (+3,0%) and fecal digestibility of gross energy of D (+2,5%). A third trial was performed to validate nutritional values obtained in trial 1 for diets W-E0, W-E1, D-E0 and D-E2. In this trial, faba bean was introduced as the main protein source in each of four diets formulated with same net energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents. Growth and slaughter performances were measured in a multiphase feeding strategy with one diet per pig per week. Pigs fed the four faba-bean diets had feed intake, growth and body weight at slaughter that did not differ significantly from those of pigs receiving a diet with soybean meal. The results confirm the nutritional values calculated for the four faba-bean diets studied (W-E0, W-E1, D-E0 and D-E2).; La graine de féverole constitue une matière première riche en protéines et est susceptible de remplacer partiellement ou totalement les sources traditionnelles de protéines dans l’alimentation du porc, telles que le tourteau de soja. La graine de féverole contient cependant des facteurs anti-nutritionnels connus pour réduire la digestibilité des protéines. L’application de traitements de dépelliculage et d’extrusion permettrait de réduire la concentration et/ou l’activité des facteurs anti-nutritionnels présents dans la graine de féverole. Dans deux premiers essais, la digestibilité fécale et iléale des composants de la ration et de l’énergie de deux formes de graines de féverole – graine entière (GE) ou dépelliculée (D) – sans extrusion (E0) ou soumises à une extrusion à 140°C (E1) ou 160°C (E2) ont été évaluées chez le porc en croissance. La digestibilité iléale standardisée des acides aminés était maximale pour les régimes contenant la féverole GE-E1 (91,5%) et la féverole D-E2 (92,1%). L’extrusion, quelle que soit la température, augmente la digestibilité iléale de l’énergie de la graine de féverole, entière (+2,6%) ou dépelliculée (+3,0%), et améliore la digestibilité fécale de l’énergie pour la féverole dépelliculée uniquement (+2,5%). Un troisième essai a été conduit afin de valider les valeurs nutritionnelles obtenues lors des mesures de digestibilité, pour les graines de féverole GE-E0, GE-E1, D-E0 et D-E2. Dans cetessai, les féveroles ont été incorporées comme source principale de protéines en remplacement du tourteau de soja au sein de quatre régimes formulés à teneurs équivalentes en énergie nette et acides aminés standardisés iléaux digestibles. Les performances de croissance et d’abattage ont été mesurées en respectant une stratégie individuelle d’alimentation multiphase à la semaine. Les porcs recevant les régimes comprenant les féveroles présentaient une consommation, une croissance et des performances à l’abattage similaires aux porcs recevant un régime à base de tourteau de soja. Les résultats obtenus valident les valeurs nutritionnelles calculées pour les féveroles GE-E0, GE-E1, D-E0 et D-E2.

International audience; Intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) is mainly composed of several fibrils (known as total collagen (TCol)) linked between each other by different chemical cross-links (CLs), the whole being embedded in a matrix of proteoglycans (PGs). In the field of beef quality, there is limited information on the role of CLs and PGs. Accordingly, several authors suggest that, to investigate the role of IMCT, it is important to investigate them just like TCol and insoluble collagen (ICol). In muscle, there are two other components, the muscle fibres and intramuscular fat (IMF) content. There are limited data on the relationships between these three components of muscle and then on possibility to independently manipulate these characteristics in order to control the final quality of meat. The present study aimed to investigate whether consistent relationships exist between these different components of muscle. Therefore, the present study compared four muscles of two cattle types (dairy and beef) to determine associations between TCol, ICol, CLs and PGs. Data were analysed across and within muscle (M) and animal type (AT) based on residuals. There was a strong M and AT effect for all muscle characteristics and an interaction M × AT for type I muscle fibres and IMF. Correlations between TCol, ICol and their CLs were M- and AT-independent. Total proteoglycans were positively correlated with TCol and ICol in a muscle-dependent manner irrespective of AT, but no correlation was found with CLs. On the contrary, CLs were negatively correlated with the ratio TPGs : TCol in an M-dependent manner, irrespective of AT. TCol, ICol and CLs were positively and negatively correlated with type IIA and IIBþX muscle fibres only in longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, regardless the AT. Insoluble collagen was the only parameter of IMCT to be correlated with type I muscle fibres but only in LT muscle, irrespective of AT. There was no correlation between PGs and muscle fibre types, but PGs were the only IMCT component to be related with IMF in an M-dependent manner, irrespective of AT. Finally, there was no correlation between muscle fibre types and IMF content within M and AT. This study revealed that there is a strong relationship between IMCT components irrespective of M, an M-dependent relationship between the IMCT components and muscle fibre types and few (only with PGs) or no relationship between IMF and IMCT and muscle fibres.

In order to both inventory the published in situ and in vivo data on the use of raw or treated proteaginous seeds(PS), replacing soybean meal (SBM) in the dairy cow diet, and quantify the effects of the substitution of either SBMby raw or treated PS, or raw PS by treated PS, two databases were designed. These databases compile data onfaba bean, lupin and pea seeds, and the technological treatments studied are either thermal, thermomechanical orchemical (tanning). The effects of the substitutions were determined using Student tests comparing theexperimental vs control groups (GP vs TS or treated vs raw GP). Despite the limited amount of available data andthe diversity of feeding practices as well as technological treatments applied, general trends emerge, in particularfor the variables measured in situ. Proteins of raw PS are systematically more degradable in the rumen and lessdigestible in the intestine than SBM ones. Replacing SBM with raw PS also leads to a reduction in the N milk/Nintake ratio and a decrease in the milk protein content. When technologically treated PS are compared to raw ones,proteins are more protected in the rumen and their digestibility in the intestine is improved. Some “treatment ×seed” combinations lead to a higher N secretion in milk (for example extruded lupin) while others lead to adecrease in the milk fat content (for example toasted/roasted faba bean). Finally, the few data available oncomparisons between SBM and treated PS show that some combinations allow to reach a level of proteinsprotection from PS similar to that of SBM (for example autoclaved pea) and very few differences are observed onthe parameters measured in vivo. This work shows that it is possible to replace SBM with treated PS in dairy cowdiets without significantly altering their zootechnical performance, provided that the appropriate treatmentparameters are applied., Pour inventorier à la fois les données in situ et in vivo publiées sur l’utilisation des graines protéagineuses (GP)crues ou traitées, en replacement du tourteau de soja (TS) dans l’alimentation des vaches laitières, et quantifier leseffets de la substitution du TS par des GP crues ou traitées, ou des GP crues par des GP traitées, deux bases dedonnées ont été construites. Ces bases rassemblent les données concernant les graines de féverole, lupin et pois,et les traitements technologiques appliqués sont de natures thermique, thermomécanique ou chimique (tannage).Les effets des substitutions ont été déterminés grâce à des tests de Student comparant les lots expérimental vstémoin (GP vs TS ou GP traitées vs GP crues). Malgré la quantité limitée de données disponibles et la diversitédes pratiques alimentaires ainsi que des traitements technologiques appliqués, des tendances générales sedégagent, en particulier pour les variables mesurées in situ. Les protéines des GP crues sont systématiquementplus dégradables dans le rumen et moins digestibles dans l’intestin que celles du TS. Le remplacement du TS parune GP crue entraine également une diminution du rapport N lait/N ingéré et une diminution du taux protéique dulait. Lorsque les GP sont traitées technologiquement, les protéines sont moins dégradables dans le rumen et leurdigestibilité intestinale est améliorée. Certaines combinaisons « traitement × graine » entrainent une plus fortesécrétion d’azote dans le lait (par exemple le lupin extrudé) tandis que d’autres conduisent à diminuer le tauxbutyreux du lait (par exemple la féverole toastée/torréfiée). Enfin, les quelques données disponibles pour lacomparaison entre TS et GP traitées montrent que certaines combinaisons permettent d’atteindre un niveau deprotection des protéines des GP similaire à celui du TS (par exemple le pois autoclavé) et que très peu dedifférences sont observées sur les paramètres mesurés in vivo. Cette synthèse montre qu'il est possible deremplacer le TS par des GP traitées dans les rations pour vaches laitières sans altérer significativement leursperformances zootechniques, à condition de choisir les paramètres de traitements adaptés.

International audience; 1. The aim of the present study was to investigate increasing amount of n-3 fatty acids (FA) in common edible chicken meat cuts by testing different levels of extruded linseeds (LS) and rapeseed oil in growing and finishing diets. Another challenge was to replace a part of soybean meal by faba beans.2. For that purpose, 3168, one-day-old Hubbard JV15 strain chickens were distributed into six groups: R1 = control diet, R2 = 3% then 5% LS, R3 = 4% then 6% LS, R4 = 5% then 7% LS, R5 = 3% then 5% LS and a low amount of soybean meal in the finishing diet and R6 = 3% then 5% LS and no soybean meal in the finishing diet. The growing performance was recorded throughout the trial. At 30 days of age, all chickens were slaughtered in a commercial slaughter plant at an average weight of 1322 g, to mirror the production of low body weight ‘broiler griller’ birds commonly available for export markets. Thirty carcases per group were processed to determine cut yields. The edible parts from each half carcase were removed to determine the chemical composition and fatty acid composition of meat with skin. The sensorial quality of thighs was evaluated for 20 carcases per group, after roasting. The environmental and economic impacts of the feeding programmes were further evaluated.3. This study showed that it was possible to replace a part of the soybean meal in finishing diet by faba beans and to enrich meat with n-3 FA of broiler meat portions without altering growth performance, carcase composition and sensorial quality of meat. The environmental impact was reduced by these dietary interventions, whereby climate change parameters, expressed as kg CO2 eq./T, and phosphorus and fossil energy consumption were lower, but the land occupation was increased. The extra feed cost was +3 to +8% for groups fed R2 to R6 compared to the control group R1.

International audience; There is scarce information on whether inhibition of rumen methanogenesis induces metabolic changes on the host ruminant. Understanding these possible changes is important for the acceptance of methane-reducing practices by producers. In this study we explored the changes in plasma profiles associated with the reduction of methane emissions. Plasma samples were collected from lactating primiparous Holstein cows fed the same diet with (Treated, n = 12) or without (Control, n = 13) an anti-methanogenic feed additive for six weeks. Daily methane emissions (CH4, g/d) were reduced by 23% in the Treated group with no changes in milk production, feed intake, body weight, and biochemical indicators of health status. Plasma metabolome analyses were performed using untargeted [nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS)] and targeted (LC–MS/MS) approaches. We identified 48 discriminant metabolites. Some metabolites mainly of microbial origin such as dimethylsulfone, formic acid and metabolites containing methylated groups like stachydrine, can be related to rumen methanogenesis and can potentially be used as markers. The other discriminant metabolites are produced by the host or have a mixed microbial-host origin. These metabolites, which increased in treated cows, belong to general pathways of amino acids and energy metabolism suggesting a systemic non-negative effect on the animal.

The aim of this integrative study was to investigate the relationships between biochemical traits (total, insoluble and soluble collagens (TCol, ICol, SCol), cross-links (CLs), proteoglycans (TPGs), proportion of fiber types, total lipids (TLips), main fatty acids (FAs) families, the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-6/n-3PUFA) ratio and the sensory attributes scores (tenderness, juiciness, flavor) of two muscles from beef: Rectus abdominis (RA) and Longissimus thoracis (LT). For robust analysis, a database was prepared using samples from three studies from animals raised under different production systems. The analyses were performed either on each study separately or on pooled data per muscle after removing as many experimental effects as possible in each study. The CLs (across the muscles and studies) and, to a lower extent, type IIA muscle fibers (mainly for RA muscles), saturated FAs (SFAs), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (for the LT muscles) were the components the most frequently associated with tenderness. The CLs, type IIA muscle fibers (mainly for the RA muscles), TLips, SFAs, MUFAs, conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (mainly for the LT muscles) were the components the most associated with juiciness. The TLips and CLAs (across the muscles and studies), SFAs, MUFAs (mainly for the LT muscles), CLs (mainly for the RA muscles) and TPGs (mainly for the LT muscles) were the components the most associated with flavor liking. The CLs, CLAs, TLips, SFAs, MUFAs, n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, type IIA and I muscle fibers were the components the most frequently associated with the 3 sensory scores taken together. The SCol, TPGs and type IIX+B muscle fibers were little associated with the sensory scores taken together. The TCol, ICol and PUFAs were components the least associated with sensory scores. The data of this integrative study highlighted for the first time that the CLs were negatively involved in the determination of the three sensory traits mainly in the RA muscle. The muscle fibers in this integrative study had a weak impact on the variations in beef sensory traits. The type IIA and IIX+B muscle fibers were respectively negatively and positively associated with tenderness, negatively associated with juiciness and flavor. The type I muscle fibers were overall positively associated with juiciness and flavor and negatively or positively with tenderness and these associations were muscle and study-dependent. Overall, the TLips and FAs were positively associated with the sensory scores and the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was negatively associated with them.

International audience; Faba bean is a protein-rich seed that could partially or completely replace traditional protein sources in pig feed such as soybean meal. However, faba beans contain secondary metabolites that restrict bioavailability of the beans’ proteins. Technological processes such as dehulling and extrusion may reduce the concentration and/or biological activity of these antinutritional factors. In two first trials, apparent fecal and ileal digestibility of dietary components and energy from whole (W) or dehulled (D) faba bean, without (E0) or with extrusion at two temperatures (140°C (E1) or 160°C (E2)) were determined in growing pigs. Ileal digestibility of amino acids peaked for the W-E1 (91,5%) and D-E2 diets (92,1%). Extrusion increased ileal digestibility of gross energy of both W (+2,6%) and D (+3,0%) and fecal digestibility of gross energy of D (+2,5%). A third trial was performed to validate nutritional values obtained in trial 1 for diets W-E0, W-E1, D-E0 and D-E2. In this trial, faba bean was introduced as the main protein source in each of four diets formulated with same net energy and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents. Growth and slaughter performances were measured in a multiphase feeding strategy with one diet per pig per week. Pigs fed the four faba-bean diets had feed intake, growth and body weight at slaughter that did not differ significantly from those of pigs receiving a diet with soybean meal. The results confirm the nutritional values calculated for the four faba-bean diets studied (W-E0, W-E1, D-E0 and D-E2).; La graine de féverole constitue une matière première riche en protéines et est susceptible de remplacer partiellement ou totalement les sources traditionnelles de protéines dans l’alimentation du porc, telles que le tourteau de soja. La graine de féverole contient cependant des facteurs anti-nutritionnels connus pour réduire la digestibilité des protéines. L’application de traitements de dépelliculage et d’extrusion permettrait de réduire la concentration et/ou l’activité des facteurs anti-nutritionnels présents dans la graine de féverole. Dans deux premiers essais, la digestibilité fécale et iléale des composants de la ration et de l’énergie de deux formes de graines de féverole – graine entière (GE) ou dépelliculée (D) – sans extrusion (E0) ou soumises à une extrusion à 140°C (E1) ou 160°C (E2) ont été évaluées chez le porc en croissance. La digestibilité iléale standardisée des acides aminés était maximale pour les régimes contenant la féverole GE-E1 (91,5%) et la féverole D-E2 (92,1%). L’extrusion, quelle que soit la température, augmente la digestibilité iléale de l’énergie de la graine de féverole, entière (+2,6%) ou dépelliculée (+3,0%), et améliore la digestibilité fécale de l’énergie pour la féverole dépelliculée uniquement (+2,5%). Un troisième essai a été conduit afin de valider les valeurs nutritionnelles obtenues lors des mesures de digestibilité, pour les graines de féverole GE-E0, GE-E1, D-E0 et D-E2. Dans cetessai, les féveroles ont été incorporées comme source principale de protéines en remplacement du tourteau de soja au sein de quatre régimes formulés à teneurs équivalentes en énergie nette et acides aminés standardisés iléaux digestibles. Les performances de croissance et d’abattage ont été mesurées en respectant une stratégie individuelle d’alimentation multiphase à la semaine. Les porcs recevant les régimes comprenant les féveroles présentaient une consommation, une croissance et des performances à l’abattage similaires aux porcs recevant un régime à base de tourteau de soja. Les résultats obtenus valident les valeurs nutritionnelles calculées pour les féveroles GE-E0, GE-E1, D-E0 et D-E2.

International audience; The aim of this study was to compare visible-near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) models developed from fresh or freeze-dried samples for predicting the fatty acid (FA) composition of beef samples. The hypothesis tested is that the removal of water from samples could improve the VIS/NIRS model performance. A total of 454 beef samples obtained from different bovine muscles were used. No significant differences were found in the performance of VIS/NIRS models developed from fresh or freeze-dried samples for predicting both major individual FAs and families of FAs and for some FAs (16:0, 18:0, 18:1 n-9, 18:2 n-6, 20:4 n-6, 22:5 n-3, 22:6 n-3, saturated, mono-unsaturated FA, and total n-3 long chain poly-unsaturated FAs (PUFA)). In contrast, the standard error of predictions for total PUFAs, total n-3 PUFAs, total conjugated linoleic acid, 20:5 n-3, and 18:3 n-3 were improved (by 21% on average; P < .05) in freeze-dried samples compared with fresh samples.

There is a need to quantify methane (CH4) emissions with alternative methods. For the past decade, milk fatty acids (MFA) could be used as proxies to predict CH4 emissions from dairy cows because of potential common rumen biochemical pathways. However, equations have been developed based on a narrow range of diets and with limited data. The objectives of this study were to (1) construct a set of empirical models based on individual data of CH4 emissions and MFA from a large number of lactating dairy cows fed a wide range of diets; (2) further increase the models' level of complexity (from farm to research level) with additional independent variables such as dietary chemical composition (organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, starch, and ether extract), dairy performance (milk yield and composition), and animal characteristics (days in milk or body weight); and (3) evaluate the performance of the developed models on independent data sets including measurements from individual animals or average measurements of groups of animals. Prediction equations based only on MFA [C10:0, iso C17:0 + trans-9 C16:1,cis-11 C18:1, and trans-11,cis-15 C18:2 for CH4 production (g/d); iso C16:0, cis-11 C18:1, trans-10 C18:1, and cis-9,cis-12 C18:2 for CH4 yield (g/kg of dry matter intake, DMI); and iso C16:0, cis-15 C18:1, and trans-10 + trans-11 C18:1 for CH4 intensity (g/kg of milk)] had a root mean squared error of 65.1 g/d, 2.8 g/kg of DMI, and 2.9 g/kg of milk, respectively, whereas complex equations that additionally used DMI, dietary neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, days in milk, and body weight had a lower root mean squared error of 46.6 g/d, 2.6 g/kg of DMI, and 2.7 g/kg of milk, respectively). External evaluation with individual or mean data not used for equation development led to variable results. When evaluations were performed using individual cow data from an external data set, accurate predictions of CH4 production (g/d) were obtained using simple equations based on MFA. Better performance was observed on external evaluation with individual data for the simple equation of CH4 production (g/d, based on MFA), whereas better performance was observed on external evaluation mean data for the simple equation of CH4 yield (g/kg of DMI). The performance of evaluation of the models is dependent on the domain of validity of the evaluation data sets used (individual or mean).

Feeding n-3 fatty acids (FA) is often cited as a promising strategy to tackle impaired reproduction in dairy cows. However, the scientific literature shows conflicting results that may be explained by the nature of n-3 FA used, the amount supplemented and the timing of supplementation. In addition, designing a proper experimental design to study n-3 FA and reproduction is subjected to other difficulties such as the choice of the control diet or gaining enough statistical power. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to quantify the average effects of supplementing extruded linseed (EL), a feed rich in α-linolenic acid, to dairy cows on reproductive performances under field conditions in French commercial farms. Exposure measurement to EL feeding was particularly challenging as exact cow diets are not traced in farms. Therefore, to investigate the potential dose-effect relationship, we defined a proxy of EL intake per day by using deliveries of EL based feeds from 22 companies in the study period 2008–2015 in France. An artificial insemination (AI) was considered exposed only if the cow was supplemented with EL from the calving until 17 days after AI. Based on recommendations for EL use on the field, 4 exposures classes were created: [1–50] (n = 14,126 AIs), [50–300] (n = 88,261 AIs), [300–600] (n = 66,136 AIs), and [600-1500] (n = 28,287 AIs) g/cow/d. The reference population was composed of cows that did not receive any EL between calving until 17 days after AI within herds that were supplied, but not continuously during the study period (n = 226,795 AIs). Mean daily EL intake in exposed population was 337 g/cow/d (±239.4). Reproductive performance was studied on 423,605 AIs from 1096 herds and 158,125 cows using Cox models for days to first AI and days to conception, and logistic regression models for risk of return-to-service, adjusted for factors likely to influence the reproductive performance and for a herd random effect. Risk of return-to-service between 18 and 78 days after first and second AI did not differ between exposed and reference populations, Nevertheless, the effect on the days to first AI was higher with the lowest EL intake (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.17) than with higher EL intake levels (HR ranging from 1.06 to 1.07; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.09). Similarly, for the effect on the time from calving to conception from the lowest EL intake (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.23) compared to the higher EL intake levels (HR ranging from 1.08 to 1.11; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14). This original large-scale epidemiological study provides new insights into the effects of feeding EL at a commercially sustainable level to dairy cows.

Ce numéro est constitué d’articles issus de la seconde édition des Rencontres Francophones sur les Légumineuses (RFL2) qui s’est tenu à Toulouse (France) les 17 et 18 octobre 2018.; The PROLEVAL research program, financed by the Banque Publique d’Investissement as part of theInvestissements d’Avenir, aims to solve the problems concerning both agricultural sector looking forinnovative solutions; and consumers, in search of reinsurance and traceability. PRODIVAL®, the brandcarrying these innovates product, is based on a know-how combining two steps: (i) plant’s lever tooptimize the natural nutritional potential of seeds (faba bean, lupine, pea), (ii) technological’s lever torelease the nutritional potential. These combined levers improve digestibility for monogastric proteins (8-12%) and energy (25-32%) and increase for ruminants, the rumen protection of the protein (20-30points). The PRODIVAL® solution consists of new sources of locally sourced pulses’ protein, withimproved performance, for livestock, to enable French agriculture to move towards a sustainable andprofitable protein autonomy, thanks to technico-economic results in breeding on the one hand, and anincrease in range and value of the products of their exploitation on the other hand; Le programme de recherche PROLEVAL, financé par la Banque Publique d’Investissement dans lecadre des Investissements d’Avenir, vise à apporter des réponses pérennes aux défis soulevés tant parla filière agricole française, en recherche de solutions innovantes, que par les consommateurs, en quêtede réassurance et de traçabilité. PRODIVAL®, la marque portant ces innovations produits, repose surun savoir-faire combinant deux leviers d’actions : (i) végétal pour optimiser le potentiel nutritionnelintrinsèque des graines (féverole, lupin, pois), (ii) technologique pour en libérer le potentiel nutritionnel.Pour les animaux monogastriques ces leviers combinés améliorent la digestibilité de la protéine (8-12%)et de l’énergie (25-32%) et pour les ruminants augmente, la protection ruminale de la protéine (20-30pts). La solution PRODIVAL® consiste en de nouvelles sources de protéines végétales d’originelocale, aux performances améliorées, à destination des animaux d’élevage, pour permettre àl’agriculture française d’aller vers une autonomie protéique durable et rentable, grâce à des résultatstechnico-économiques performants en élevage d’une part, et à une montée en gamme et en valeur desproduits des exploitations agricoles d’autre part.

Resume L’objectif de ce travail etait de tester en condition reelle, et aupres d’un panel de convives d’un restaurant d’entreprise, la reception des messages associes a trois menus-types : « Sante » (elabore selon les recommandations du PNNS), « Environnement » (avec l’affichage d’une information portant sur un indice carbone) et « filiere » (avec l’affichage d’une information portant sur le producteur, le lieu et le mode de production). Les supports d’information qui ont ete utilises pour le menu « filiere » etaient ceux de Bleu-Blanc-Cœur sans que celle-ci n’ait ete explicitement nommee. Cette « filiere » a ete choisie pour representer l’alliance de la qualite nutritionnelle et environnementale. Il a en effet ete reconnu que le mode de production de cette filiere permet de proposer des produits dont la consommation est favorable a l’environnement et a la sante. Chacun des menus-types testes comprenait une entree, un plat carne et un dessert. Les resultats montrent que le facteur hedonique et les habitudes de consommation constituent le premier facteur de choix des convives. On constate que le menu-type etiquete « filiere » est egalement celui qui recueille, du fait de la nature du message qui lui est associe, les meilleures evaluations sur les dimensions hedoniques, sanitaires et environnementales. Et que chaque fois que les convives etaient amenes a choisir entre un plat protidique etiquete « filiere » et son equivalent « d’origine francaise », c’est toujours le plat protidique filiere qui est choisi majoritairement, et ce malgre un surcout de 10 %.

National audience

L'introduction de graines oléo-protéagineuses locales dans l'alimentation des poules pondeuses améliorent la durabilité des élevages ainsi que la qualité de l'oeuf. 2. Rencontres Francophones sur les Légumineuses (RFL2)

Impacts des traitements technologiques sur la valeur nutritionnelle de la graine de féverole pour la truite arc-en-ciel. 2. Rencontres Francophones sur les Légumineuses (RFL2)

National audience

National audience

National audience

IF 7.273 (2017); International audience; Altering the gut microbiome may be beneficial to the host, and it recently arose as a promising strategy to manage obesity. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-mediated alterations in the microbiota to metabolic parameter changes in mice. Four groups were compared: male fat-1 transgenic mice (with constitutive production of ω3 PUFAs) and male WT littermates fed either an obesogenic (high fat/high sucrose, HFHS) or a control diet. Unlike WT mice, HFHS-fed fat-1 mice were protected against obesity, glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis. Unlike WT mice, fat-1 mice maintained a normal barrier function, resulting in a significantly lower metabolic endotoxemia. Fat-1 mice displayed greater phylogenic diversity in the cecum, and fecal microbiota transplantation from fat-1 to WT mice was able to reverse weight gain and to normalize glucose tolerance and intestinal permeability. We concluded that the ω3 fatty acid-mediated alteration of gut microbiota contributed to the prevention of metabolic syndrome in fat-1 mice. It occurred independently of changes in PUFA content of host tissues, and may represent a promising strategy to prevent metabolic disease and to preserve a lean phenotype.

International audience; The objective was to test the effects of replacing soybean meal in dairy cow diets with either raw or extruded faba bean:linseed or lupin:linseed blends on intake, milk yield and composition, N partitioning, and ruminal and plasma parameters. Our main hypotheses were that N from extruded blends was less degradable in the rumen than N from raw seeds, and that a higher extrusion temperature favored ruminal protection of proteins and milk protein yield, and lowered urinary N excretion. Eight Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square design experiments conducted in parallel. In both experiments, cows were fed diets with a crude protein content of 14.6%, containing 60% of forage (dry matter basis). Treatments differed by the composition of the concentrates: control in both experiments was based on soybean meal, and experimental treatments were based on proteaginous:linseed (90:10%) blends consisting of faba bean blends (first experiment) or lupin blends (second experiment) presented either raw, extruded at 140°C, or extruded at 160°C. Intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia kinetics, digestibility, N partitioning, Maillard compounds in feed and feces, plasma AA, and 15N natural enrichment were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA according to the MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Ammonia content in ruminal fluid did not significantly change when soybean meal was replaced by either raw or extruded faba bean, but tended to be higher with lupin. Milk yield was increased by 2.6 kg with faba bean blend extruded at 140°C compared with faba bean blend extruded at 160°C. Milk fat and milk protein concentrations were decreased by 3.1 and 2.3 g/kg, respectively, with lupin blends compared with soybean meal. Nitrogen partitioning between milk, feces, and urine did not change. Nitrogen apparent digestibility decreased by 3 g/100 g of N between faba bean blend extruded at low and at high temperatures. The content of Maillard compounds in feces was higher with blends extruded at 160°C than with raw or extruded at 140°C blends within both experiments. Total plasma AA tended to be higher with extruded blends than with raw in the faba bean experiment. Both extrusion temperatures appeared to protect dietary proteins from ruminal degradability, but proteins seemed to be overprotected at 160°C.

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The objective of this unexposed-exposed retrospective study was to quantify the effects of using extruded linseed (GLE) on animal performance in field conditions. In the absence of knowledge on the exact composition of diets, the measure of GLE exposure was approximated by estimating a daily quantity distributed on the basis of information from deliveries made by 22 companies between 2008 and 2015 in France. On farms using GLE, cows exposed to GLE (with 4 levels of exposure, from 30 g to 800 g / day) and cows not exposed to GLE (reference population) were distinguished. Reproductive performance was studied in 423,605 artificial inseminations (AI) from 158,125 cows in 1,096 herds using Cox models for postpartum intervals and logistic regression for fertility. Dairy performance was studied on 1,997,763 dairy controls from 194,056 cows in 1,291 herds using linear models with an autoregressive covariance structure of order 1. To correctly estimate the effect of exposure, all models were adjusted for known variation factors of the performance and for a random herd effect. Exposure to GLE was associated in a dose-response manner with an improvement in milk production (+ 0.4 to + 1.3 kg / day according to parity), and a slight reduction in the levels of milk solids (-0.03 to -0.20 g / kg of PC and -0.1 to -0.9 g / kg of FC according to parity). The days-open was significantly lower in cows that received GLE since calving than in those that did not (ranging from -2.9 to -6.6 days depending on the level of GLE exposure) without any effect on fertility. This epidemiological study has shown that, on average, farmers derive benefits on the herd's performance from the intake of modest amounts of GLE, L’objectif de cette étude rétrospective exposé-non exposé était de quantifier les effets de l’utilisation de la graine de lin extrudée (GLE) sur les performances animales en conditions de terrain. En l’absence de connaissance de la composition exacte des rations, la mesure de l’exposition à la GLE a été approchée par l’estimation d’une quantité journalière distribuée sur la base des informations des livraisons opérées par 22 entreprises d’aliments du bétail entre 2008 et 2015 en France. Dans les élevages ayant utilisé la GLE, ont été distinguées les vaches exposées à la GLE (avec 4 niveaux d’exposition, de 30 g à 800g/j) et les vaches non exposées à la GLE (population de référence). Les performances de reproduction ont été étudiées sur 423 605 inséminations artificielles (IA) issues de 158 125 vaches dans 1 096 troupeaux en mobilisant des modèles de Cox pour les intervalles post-partum et de régression logistique pour la fertilité. Les performances laitières ont été étudiées sur 1 997 763 contrôles laitiers issus de 194 056 vaches dans 1 291 troupeaux grâce à des modèles linéaires avec structure d'autocorrélation d’ordre 1. Pour estimer correctement l’effet de l’exposition, tous les modèles ont été ajustés des facteurs de variation connus de la performance à étudier et d’un effet aléatoire troupeau. L’exposition à la GLE était associée de façon dose-effet à une amélioration de la production laitière (+ 0,4 à +1,3 kg/j selon la parité), et à une légère réduction des taux de matières utiles (-0,03 à -0,20 g/kg de TP et -0,1 à -0,9 g/kg de TB selon la parité). L’intervalle vêlage-fécondation était significativement plus faible chez les vaches ayant reçu de la GLE depuis le vêlage que chez celles n’en ayant pas reçu (de -2,9 à -6,6 jours selon la quantité de GLE), sans effet sur la fertilité. Cette étude épidémiologique a permis de montrer qu’en moyenne les éleveurs retirent des bénéfices sur les performances du troupeau de l’apport de quantités modestes de GLE

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During two months, sixty Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) finishing pigs (50.7 to 115.2 kg live weight) received diets containing various levels of C18:3n-3 from linseed and C22:6n-3 from Schizochytrium microalgae to increase the content of these fatty acids (FA) in their lean and fat tissues. Samples of tissues have been extracted from the carcass at the slaughterhouse. Tissues of pigs fed linseed had the highest C18:3n-3 and C20:3n-3 contents, while the C20:4, C20:5 and C22:6n-3 contents increased in tissues with microalgae diets. Diaphragm was fatter, but contained less monounsaturated FA, total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) than longissimus thoracis et lumborum and semimembranosus muscles due to their different roles. The leaf fat was the most saturated and monounsaturated tissue, regardless of the diet. Adipose tissues located in extremities contained more n-3 and n-6 PUFA than adipose tissues located in the middle of the carcass. This study showed the existence of a PUFA gradient depending on tissue location.

Among techniques for estimating enteric methane (CH(4)) emission by ruminants, open-circuit respiration chambers (OC), the use of a gas tracer (SF(6)), and the GreenFeed (GF) device are the most commonly used. In this study, we compared these techniques in 8 dry cows receiving a diet made of 70% hay and 30% concentrates given in limited and constant amounts, in a 15-wk experiment. Two periods in free stalls for SF(6) and GF and in chambers for OC were used; in addition, SF(6) was determined in chambers for 1 period. Methane emission (g/d) and CH(4) yield (g/kg DMI) were higher (P < 0.0001) for OC than for SF(6) and GF (367, 310, and 319 g/d for OC, SF(6), and GF, respectively). The difference between OC and GF was related to a difference in post-prandial rate of gas emission. The between-animal coefficient of variation of CH(4) emission was higher for SF(6) than for OC and GF (20.8, 13.5, and 12.0% on average, respectively). Correlation coefficients between OC and SF(6) were high and significant for CH(4) emission and CH(4) yield (r = 0.782 and r = 0.717, respectively; P < 0.05), but not significant between OC and GF, or between SF(6) and GF. Correlation coefficients were highly significant for SF(6) determined either in free stalls or in chambers (r = 0.908 and 0.903 for CH(4) in g/d and g/kg DMI, respectively; P < 0.01). Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emission and CO(2) yield were similar for GF and OC (10,003 and 9,887 g/d, 752 and 746 g/kg DMI, respectively); CO(2) data obtained with SF(6) were lower (7,718 g/d and 606 g/kg DMI; P < 0.0001), but this technique is not relevant for CO(2) emission determination. Correlation coefficients between OC and GF were not significant for CO(2) emission and CO(2) yield. This set of results shows that differences between methods are minor for average values, but that individual correlations may limit their interchangeability for determining gas emissions of individual animals. This study also shows the reliability of GF on-farm determination of CH(4) and CO(2) emissions for groups of animals.

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