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Neuroeconomics paradigms have demonstrated that learning about another's beliefs can make you more like them (i.e., contagion). Due to social deficits in autism, it is possible that autistic individuals will be immune to contagion. We fit Bayesian computational models to a temporal discounting task, where participants made decisions for themselves before and after learning the distinct preferences of two others. Two independent neurotypical samples (N = 48; N = 98) both showed a significant contagion effect; however the strength of contagion was unrelated to autistic traits. Equivalence tests showed autistic (N = 12) and matched neurotypical N = 12) samples had similar levels of contagion and accuracy when learning about others. Despite social impairments being at the core of autistic symptomatology, contagion of value preferences appears to be intact., Author(s): Louisa Thomas [sup.1] , Patricia L. Lockwood [sup.2] [sup.5] , Mona M. Garvert [sup.3] [sup.4] , Joshua H. Balsters [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4464.2, 0000 0001 2161 2573, Department [...]

The purpose of this study was to review the relationship between dark personality traits and work values in athletes. In total, 261 athletes from various universities in Turkey (179 male and 82 female) voluntarily participated in this study. The participants were administered two scales: the Turkish versions of the Work Values Inventory and the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. Canonical correlation analysis was used to explore the correlations among variables in the work values and dark personality datasets. The results revealed a negative correlation between work values and the presence of dark personality characteristics. Creativity and achievement were key variables with the largest contribution to the first canonical root in the work values set. Similarly, the variables with the largest contribution to the first canonical root in the dark personality set were Machiavellianism and psychopathy. In addition, achievement and prestige in the work values set and narcissism and psychopathy in the dark personality set were correlated with the second canonical root. While creativity and achievement were negatively correlated with Machiavellianism and psychopathy, narcissism was positively related to prestige and achievement., Author(s): Gokhan Caliskan [sup.1] , Arif Özer [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.448929.a, 0000 0004 0399 344X, School of Physical Education and Sports, Igdir University, , Igdir, Turkey (2) grid.14442.37, 0000 [...]

According to McAdams and Pals, American Psychologist, 61(3), 204-217 (2006 (See CR24)), personality is not only expressed through traits but also through characteristic adaptations, including values. In the present study we analyze how two aspects of personality - temperament traits (Strelau 2008 (See CR42)) and values (Schwartz 2007 (See CR34)) - are related to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Earlier studies showed that temperament is linked to hedonic well-being, but the links between values and hedonic well-being are unclear. There is only little data on how traits and values are linked to eudaimonic well-being. We hypothesised that traits predict hedonic well-being, while values predict eudaimonic well-being because the roots of eudaimonia require the realization of one's potential that may be achieved through realization of value related goals, while hedonic well-being is more closely linked to stable differences in emotionality. 130 adults reported on their temperament, values, hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. We conducted hierarchical regressions for each well-being component. All components of hedonic well-being (positive affect, negative affect and satisfaction) were predicted by temperament only, while eudaimonic well-being was predicted by temperament and by value dimensions: positively by Openness to change, Self-transcendence, Conservation and negatively by Self-enhancement. This shows that mechanisms governing the experience of well-being are attached to at least two levels of personality - one stable and partly linked to human biology and the other to a culturally determined set of individual values. It also shows that the experience of eudaimonia relies on culturally acquired values, while hedonia may be determined more by temperamental dimensions., Author(s): Agnieszka Bojanowska [sup.1] , Konrad Piotrowski [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.433893.6, 0000 0001 2184 0541, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Uniwersytet SWPS, , Wydzial Zamiejscowy w Poznaniu, ul. [...]

Despite prolonged scientific research in Western Europe on the subject-matter of climate change and greenhouse emissions, a big gap in knowledge and understanding of what constitutes climate change and how to combat the phenomenon still exists in Africa. This gap creates uncertainty in the continent coupled with the tragic conclusion that Africa may be the worst hit continent in terms of the negative impact of climate change to sustainable livelihood. Climate changes will affect regional climatic processes and ecosystems in the continent. The position of this article is that a greater understanding of climate change could be enhanced and a more sustainable adaptive and combative solution evolved by an expanded knowledge, and inquiry drawn from Africa's traditional knowledge systems within the context of Sathya Sai's Education in Human Values (SSEHV, 2012). The article will use axiological and collaborative research components to make the case for a paradigm shift in the methodology and to present critical areas in which African traditional knowledge systems could complement current scientific approaches to understanding climate change in Africa., Casimir Ani, PhD Philosophy Department, Research Fellows at both the Institutes of African and Development Studies University of Nigeria The colloquium on climate change organized recently by the Faculty of [...]

Recently in environmental ethics some theorists have advocated narrative accounts of value, according to which the value of environmental goods is given by the role that they play in our narratives. I first sketch the basic theoretical features of a narrative accounts of value and then go on to raise some problems for such views. I claim that they require an evaluative standard in order to distinguish the valuable from the merely valued and that the project of constructing such a standard faces significant problems. I conclude by questioning whether narrative accounts of value really offer advantages over other pluralistic and context-sensitive accounts of value., Environmental ethics has long had an interest in questions about value, perhaps because environmentalism has been interested in showing that the value of environmental goods (places, species, ecosystemic relationships, and [...]

ABSTRACT Corporate fraud and financial reporting scandals have raised significant questions about accountants' ethics and the accounting profession's ability to perform its role in reducing information risk for investors. If [...]

Researchers' continuing interest in values stems from the pervasive and important influence of personal values on attitudes and behavior (England 1967; England and Lee 1974; Rokeach 1968). This interest, which [...]

Past research provides conflicting evidence for the role of value in the appearance of framing effects. In this study, the effects of frame and group size were examined using scenarios about less valuable and more valuable groups (animal vs. human). In addition, two picture manipulations, intended to increase the value of the group, were presented. Choice patterns differed for the human and animal groups, with participants exhibiting greater risk seeking overall for the human scenario and showing a framing effect for humans but not animals when no pictures were presented. A small group size increased the proportion of risky choices for both the animal and human scenarios. Presenting pictures with names did lead to framing effects for animals, but providing pictures or pictures and names eliminated framing effects for the human scenario. These findings suggest that the relationship between value and framing effects is a matter of degree.

The two-dimensional value structure postulated in Schwartz's (1992) theory has previously found support in samples of teachers and university students, but groups with other professions or low educational level have been understudied. The current study employed the 40-item Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz et al., 2001), multidimensional scaling, and transformation analysis to test the universality of the value structures among manual workers (n = 815) and white-collar workers (n = 459) in a Finnish steel company. Also, the validity of the instrument was confirmed by comparing the current PVQ sample of Finnish university students (n = 309) and a previous sample of Finnish university students (n = 615) studied with the original Schwartz Value Survey. The value structures of the steel workers followed Schwartz's theoretical model, regardless of the educational level, except for the security value.

Study 1 examined whether cultural estrangement arises from discrepancies between personal and societal values (e.g., freedom) rather than from discrepancies in attitudes toward political (e.g., censorship) or mundane (e.g., pizza) objects. The relations between different types of value discrepancies, estrangement, subjective well,being, and need for uniqueness also were examined. Results indicated that personal-societal discrepancies in values and political attitudes predicted estrangement, whereas mundane attitude discrepancies were not related to estrangement. As expected, value discrepancies were the most powerful predictor of estrangement. Value discrepancies were not related to subjective well-being but fulfilled a need for uniqueness. Study 2 replicated the relations between value discrepancies, subjective well-being, and need for uniqueness while showing that a self-report measure of participants' values and a peer-report measure of the participants' values yielded the same pattern of value discrepancies. Together the studies reveal theoretical and empirical benefits of conceptualizing cultural estrangement in terms of value discrepancies. Keywords: cultural estrangement; social values; discrepancies; subjective well-being; uniqueness; peer-reports

This research identifies major personal values among American university students that predict organ-donation registration with the Department of Motor Vehicles. Participants responded to a factual test of their knowledge about organ donation, indicated whether or not they had registered as posthumous donors, and filled out a personality inventory measuring their personal values (Schwartz, 1992, 1994). The data indicated a high level of factual knowledge about organ donation; and the greater the level of knowledge, the more likely participants were registered to donate their organs. Also, participants higher in benevolence, universalism, achievement, and stimulation were more likely to have registered to donate their organs. The results are discussed in terms of the need to develop more effective health-communication campaigns by using specific health-education messages tailored to students majoring in different disciplines or to people in various occupations as a means of increasing their willingness to donate.

In this paper, we review the conventional analyses of management control systems, to conclude, first, that the 'illusion of control' can mislead managers into believing that everything can be controlled and monitored, and, second, that no incentive system based only on extrinsic rewards can motivate individuals properly. Then, we investigate the philosophical foundations of the basic assumptions that, implicitly or explicitly, are made about the nature of the acting person. Based on personalist phenomenology, we show how the development of technical and moral values is crucial to the long-run survival of organizations. We end by offering some guidelines as to what control systems should be like in order to be compatible with the nature of human persons. KEY WORDS: Business ethics, ethical foundations of organization, incentives, management control systems, values

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in moral reasoning, personal values and value types of accounting majors based on gender, and the relationship between moral [...]

Three studies address unresolved issues in value-behavior relations. Does the full range of different values relate to common, recurrent behaviors? Which values relate more strongly to behavior than others? Do relations among different values and behaviors exhibit a meaningful overall structure? If so, how to explain this? We find that stimulation and tradition values relate strongly to the behaviors that express them; hedonism, power, universalism, and self-direction values relate moderately; and security, conformity, achievement, and benevolence values relate only marginally. Additional findings suggest that these differences in value-behavior relations may stem from normative pressures to perform certain behaviors. Such findings imply that values motivate behavior, but the relation between values and behaviors is partly obscured by norms. Relations among behaviors, among values, and jointly among values and behavior exhibit a similar structure. The motivational conflicts and congruities postulated by the theory of values can account for this shared structure. Keywords: values; behavior

This paper develops a framework for conceptualizing preferences for different job properties in terms of a tradeoff between risk and return in the pursuit of economic welfare. Following portfolio theory, job properties are viewed as having mean-variance properties with respect to the distribution of rates of growth in economic welfare. Actors may pursue a high-return, high-risk 'entrepreneurial' strategy, or a low-return, low-risk 'bureaucratic' strategy. An actor's choice is determined by 'entrepreneurial ability' and risk preferences, which in turn are rooted in the major dimensions of family and schooling background, cognitive ability, and gender. This theory is tested by anchoring it in the Wisconsin status attainment model and then fitting rank-ordered logit models to data from the 1957 and 1992 Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey. The findings support the theory: Actors who are 'advantaged' with-respect to family background, schooling, cognitive ability, and gender express a preference for 'entrepreneurial' as opposed to 'bureaucratic' job properties. Findings also highlight the strong parallels between the process generating adult job values and the process of socioeconomic achievement itself.

Therapists may be confronted with clients whose sexual values and behaviors are different from their own. To understand more about therapists' sexual values and how these values may affect therapy, the current study assessed therapists' sexual values for both themselves and their clients in the areas of premarital, casual, and extramarital sex, open marriages, sexual orientation, and sex in adolescence and late adulthood. Therapists differed selectively in their sexual values depending on their gender, religious involvement, and political affiliation. Therapists appeared comfortable working with a variety of sexual issues in therapy, and it appears that training in sexual issues is helpful in clinical work.

This research focuses on the affects of acculturation upon the personal values of foreign-based Chinese managers. The moderating influences of national environment and cultural heritage are taken into account, and a sample of Chinese managers from 3 countries was used: the People's Republic of China; Singapore; and the United States.

The authors identified the basic dimensions of contemporary values among Turkish university students and adults and explored gender and group (adults vs. students) differences in the importance attributed to particular value types. The authors administered a composite value survey to 101 students from different departments of Middle East Technical University and 101 adults from different parts of Ankara. Factor analysis yielded 5 value domains: self-enhancement, tradition-religiosity, universalism, benevolence, and normative patterning, supporting S. H. Schwartz's (1992) motivational value dimensions. Compared with the students, the adults attributed more importance to the tradition-religiosity, normative patterning, and benevolence domains. Gender similarities were more important than gender differences. The results are discussed with reference to the studies of values in the literature and prevalent social change in the social structure of Turkish society. Key words: cultural differences, differentiation--integration, Turkish adults, Turkish university students, value domain, values

Empirical research and vocational theory indicate that values are important in career counseling and vocational choice. Development of these values is influenced by environmental factors, such as religion. However, there [...]

Using data from a nationally representative panel study, I examine change and stability in job values across the young adult years. I find that on average, young people attach lessening importance to various job rewards during the transition to adulthood. In addition, job values become increasingly stable (individual differences are increasingly maintained) during young adulthood, though they continue to change as a function of the rewards received at work. l find no gender differences in the way job rewards shape values, although gender differences in job values exist.

Byline: Valer Ambrus (1) Keywords: hiatus irrationalis; kausaler Fehlschluss; Naturalismus; naturalistischer Fehlschluss; Letztbegrundung; Sein-Sollen-Problem; Wertfreiheitspostulat Abstract: Max Weber's postulate of value-neutrality and the naturalistic justification of norms. The relationship between facts and values is an essential problem in philosophy, political science and sociology. Usually it is held that there is a wide gap between what is and what ought to be, the nature of which, however, is far from clear. My purpose is to elucidate this relationship by analyzing some well-known articles of Max Weber. I first present Weber's postulate of`value-neutrality' and outline the reasons he gave for it. Then I proceed by examining Weber's scientific methodology, arguing that its presuppositions contradict the existence of a hiatus irrationalis between facts and values. This conclusion is supported by some historical examples which show that facts are constituted by values and values by facts. I propose that Weber's epistemological justification of value-neutrality be discarded in favor of a pragmatic one that can also be derived from his arguments. I conclude by sketching the outline of a naturalistic approach in philosophy and related disciplines. This approach admits the continuity of facts and values and provides a realistic view of every-day normative disputes. Author Affiliation: (1) Heinrich Kerlenstr. 19, D-47199, Duisburg Article History: Registration Date: 16/10/2004

The term 'divorce culture' has been popularized in recent years by scholars studying American family demographics. It suggests that the high rates of divorce relative to earlier decades are in part due to changes of values in American society at large, though little direct empirical evidence exists for this claim. Does the concept of the divorce culture apply to a religious population, which might be expected to hold more traditional values? The present study examines the relationship between measures of values and attitudes toward divorce and marriage in a Protestant sample. Demographic and religious variables are included in the analysis as controls. The results indicate that values make a moderate but statistically significant contribution to divorce attitude. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: KEYWORDS. Divorce attitude, marital permanence, religion, values

A research into higher performance in a group found that a particular pattern of conflict, value systems, high levels of trust and respect, open discussions within the group, conflict being the awareness of discrepancies, incompatibilities and irreconcilable desires.

This study investigated the influence of the interaction between personal and situational variables in environmental behavior and the predictive power of values and beliefs. Three different kinds of questions (environmental beliefs, Schwartz's measure of values, and physical-environmental inhibition level) and 1 item of general environmental concern were presented, along with a 16-item list of environmental actions, to 125 randomly selected undergraduate students. The results permit two main conclusions. First, environmental behavior depends on personal and situational variables in an interactive way. Second, when high conflict level is generated between personal dispositions and situational conditions, the predictive power of attitudes tends to be minimal, whereas in the case of consistency between them it tends to be maximal. The influence of situational variables was found to depend on the environmental action considered. In some cases, situational variables were the most important, whereas in others, commitment or moral obligation played an essential role.

This article attempts to measure the effect of materialistic inclination on the degree of life satisfaction. The study is based on a sample of about 1600 respondents randomly selected from different parts of the city state of Singapore. These respondents were divided into two distinct groups with high or low materialistic inclination. It was observed that when these respondents were asked to rate the importance of the nine items from Kahle's List of Values, the ratings of seven of these items were found to be significantly different between the two groups. The two groups also indicated different choices when asked to rate the things they wanted most out of life. Finally, it was revealed that they also reported different degrees of satisfaction with various domains in life in general. However, as with regard to satisfaction with life in Singapore in particular, there were no significant differences observed between the two groups. KEY WORDS: life satisfaction, quality of life, values, materialism, Singapore

Two studies investigated the efficacy of 3 theoretical models in explaining college students' judgments of peers who cheat and of accomplices who assist cheaters. The value pluralism model predicted that accomplices who acted for money would be judged more harshly than those who acted from friendship; the attributional model predicted that cheaters whose actions were caused by internal controllable factors would be judged more harshly than those whose actions were caused by external uncontrollable factors, and the relative preference model predicted that students who saw themselves as more likely to act as the cheater and accomplice did would make less harsh judgments. Overall, the results provided the best support for the relative preference model.

The television viewing habits of Japanese students are examined to determine if their value types, as individuals and as a collective, are influenced or structured according to the values promoted by various television program genres. Based upon data collected, researchers were able to predict value type based upon television genre.

A longitudinal study of 391 physicians tested two hypotheses regarding personal values and career choices: that higher preference for social values would be associated with physicians' being more interested in 'people-oriented' rather than 'technology-oriented' specialties and that higher preference for economic values would be associated with expectations of high income. The physicians (344 men, 47 women) were graduates of Jefferson Medical College in 1974 and 1975 who completed the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values during medical school. Analysis showed that physicians currently in the 'people-oriented' specialties scored significantly higher on the Social Value scale than their peers in 'technology-oriented' specialties. A moderate but statistically significant correlation was found between scores on the Economic Value scale and expectations of higher income. The findings suggest that physicians' personal values are relevant to their career decisions such as specialty choice and expectations of income. The findings have implications with regard to two major issues in the evolving health care system, namely, the distribution of physicians by specialty and cost containment.

Sentiments collected through paper-and-pencil surveys are often arbitrarily classified according to categories imposed by the researcher, such as attitudes, values, and manifestations of organizational culture. The question is, to what extent are such classifications supported by the distinctions that respondents make in their own minds? In this paper, distinctions between categories of sentiments are supported empirically from the results of an employee survey in large Danish insurance company (n = 2,590). The 120 questions used were classified into attitudes, values, perceptions of organizational practices (for diagnosing organizational cultures), and demographics. Perceptions of organizational cultures were measured using an approach developed by the author and his colleagues in an earlier study across 20 Danish and Dutch organizational units. In the insurance company study, employee attitudes were found to be clearly distinct from employee values. Perceptions of organizational practices were unrelated to values, and only overlapped with attitudes where both dealt with communication. In the latter case, both can be seen as expressions of the organization's communication climate. Other perceptions of organizational practices did not form recognizable clusters at the level of individuals, but only at the level of organizational (sub)units. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), Introduction: Researchers' and Respondents' Minds Survey research tries to collect information about what is on the respondents' minds, their sentiments or 'mental programmes'. The social science literature (anthropology, economics, political [...]

The purpose of this article is to examine the process of evaluating general education programs in terms of Robert S. Hartman's theory of valuing. Three dimensions of values are identified and explained including extrinsic value which focuses on the practicality of the program; systemic value which centers around the program's structure; and intrinsic value which concerns its uniqueness. It is argued that a worthwhile general education program would meet criteria in these three value categories; although, for each college or university different categories may stand out in importance depending upon the institutional mission, culture, philosophy, goals, attitudes and needs., Introduction: Its Meaning is Its Value Evaluating a program without an attempt to develop an understanding of underlying processes and functions is like drinking from an empty bottle to satisfy [...]

The cultural values held by Russian American business managers and business students were compared. The study focused on six values, namely, power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, machiavellism, and dogmatism. The following hypotheses were tested: that Russian managers and students will score higher than US managers and students in power distance, uncertainty avoidance, machiavellism and dogmatism, and that American managers and students will score higher in individualism and masculinity. The findings indicate that Americans are characterized by higher individualism, and lower power distance and uncertainty avoidance. Russians were found to be more machiavellian than Americans. No significant difference was found in the areas of masculinity and dogmatism. The implications of the findings are discussed.

This descriptive study looks at what 372 Australian and 191 Israeli women, aged 18-93, consider to be the most and least important sources of meaning in their lives. The Sources of Meaning Profile (SOMP), an instrument measuring current meaning, gave rise to two major observations. First, there are considerable similarities in attributions of meaning within age-differentiated national samples. Secondly, there are similarities in meaning perceptions between age-matched groups across national samples. Participation in personal relationships was the important source of meaning in all age categories, in Israel and Australia. Leaving a legacy for the next generation, participation in religious activities, and taking part in pleasurable (hedonistic) activities were among the least important sources of meaning cited by both samples. Meaning variables related to the realisation of individual potential (e.g. personal growth, creativity, etc.), were the most differentiating for the Australian age groups, while variables related to altruism, humanistic, social and cultural concerns were the most differentiating for the Israeli women. Theoretical implications are discussed. KEY WORDS - personal meaning, life themes, life purposes, values, continuity theory, women.

The results of a survey of 275 British adults revealed political beliefs to be the best predictor of economic values and work beliefs. The study also identified social comparison as a predictor of those values and beliefs. The results suggest that individuals' socio-economic belief systems, the free-enterprise system, for example, are coherent.

Two studies involving participants from metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia (Study 1: N = 220, Study 2: N = 181) examined variables that were assumed to influence cognitive and affective reactions to penalties imposed for offenses relating to domestic violence, plagiarism, and shoplifting (in Study 1), and resisting a police order in a protest against logging (in Study 2). Results of path analyses supported a model that assumed paths linking perceived responsibility to the perceived seriousness of an offense; responsibility and seriousness to deservingness of the penalty; deservingness to the perceived harshness of the penalty, to reported positive affect about the penalty, and to reported sympathy for the offender; and perceived harshness of the penalty to reported positive affect and sympathy. Right-wing authoritarianism and relevant values had direct effects on perceived seriousness consistent with the assumption that values affect the way an offense is construed in relation to its negative valence or aversiveness. Deservingness had a central role as a mediator of reactions.

Value-focused thinking is an integral part of any organization. It aids in assessing solutions by first specifying aims that will serve as basis in choosing solutions and making necessary modifications. Most importantly, assessing methods of tackling a problem should be guided by values. This may prove to be complex at first but it is wise to implement this technique in making minor decisions so as to gain experience and make it easier to decide on future major moves. Moreover, experience will help in designing standard steps for making decisions.

A sample of 16,411 year nine and year ten pupils throughout England and Wales completed a detailed inventory of values. The responses of those whose parents have experienced separation or divorce are compared with those whose parents have not experienced this form of family disruption. Significant differences are found in all fourteen value areas included in the survey. In summary marital disruption is associated with lower personal wellbeing, and more radical or less socially conformist attitudes.

Developments in organizational theory since the late 1980s have stressed the significance of investigating the relationship between organizational values, which refer to statements about acceptable behaviors or end-states, and structure, which refers to the system of roles and responsibilities. In this light, a study was conducted to assess the relationship between the two by determining the extent to which organizations having archetypal status demonstrate value consensus and commitment among their members. The sample was 35 high performance national sport organizations in Canada undergoing institutional change. Results showed that the values of the elite were congruent with the archetypal form if an organization's structure has archetypal form. Moreover, no evidence was found for the hypothesis that there will be unanimity of values among the elite if the structure has archetypal form.

The researchers proposed that the phenomenological experience of work is multifaceted and that simultaneously considering the combined effects of the different aspects of the work experience holds considerable promise for understanding of turnover intentions and other organizationally relevant outcomes. Research in subjective well-being and other areas suggest that there are 3 important aspects of the experience of work: attainment of values, attitudes, and moods. It was hypothesized and found that the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intentions is jointly moderated by value attainment and positive mood. The nature of this triple interaction was such that the job satisfaction-turnover intention relationship was strongest when workers' jobs did not help them to attain terminal values and positive moods were experienced, and the relationship was weakest when jobs helped workers to attain terminal values and positive moods were experienced. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)