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Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912 Figs 47 a–h Mycale rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912: 340, pl. XIX fig. 16. Mycale (Carmia) raphidotoxa; Carballo & Hajdu 2001: 214. Material examined. ZMA Por. 08838, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Komodo, north cape, 8.4833°S 119.5683°E, depth 10–17 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesia-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 096, field nr. 096/ IV/33, 19 September 1984 (dark brown); ZMA Por. 08937, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169/ IV/05, 30 September 1984 (blackish brown). Description (Fig. 47a). Thin veneer covering coralline algae on dead coral, one specimen also on a keratose sponge (Fascaplysinopsis reticulata). Size 2–3 cm in lateral expansion, thickness a few mm. Colors in life reported as dark brown or blackish brown, beige in preservation. Surface in life showing striking venal pattern, but this is retracted in preservation. Consistency soft. Skeleton (Fig. 47b). Delicate and paucispicular. Thin, wispy megasclere tracts (up to 30 µm diameter, 5–7 spicules in cross section) are separately running from the substratum to the surface, where they fan out in brushes of individual spicules. No cross-connecting tracts. Tissue grainy. Microscleres occur throughout the choanosome, but are more common near the surface. Bundles of raphidotoxas are not common, most are scattered individually.A few rosettes of anisochelae I were noted, but likewise most anisochelae are scattered individually. Spicules (Figs 47 c–h). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, one category of sigmas, raphidotoxas. Mycalostyles (Fig. 47c, c 1), thin, with barely developed elongate heads, 199– 209.6 –224 x 1.5– 2.6 – 3 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 47d), well-developed, free part of the shaft 35–40% of spicule length, with slightly outcurving upper median alae, 31– 36.7 – 40 µm Anisochelae II (Figs 47e,e 1), generally similar to anisochelae I but with upper median alae parallel to shaft, with distinct lip on median lower alae, 17– 21.2 – 29 µm Anisochelae III (Fig. 47f), rather reduced but with median upper and lower alae well-developed, 12– 14.1 – 15 µm. Sigma I (Fig. 47g), robust, narrow-shaped, 76– 92.6 –104 x 3– 4.4 – 5 µm. Raphidotoxas (Figs 47h), thin, curved irregularly but occasionally symmetrically toxiform, 124– 188.0 –241 x 0.5 µm. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, reef slope, 10– 17 m. Remarks. There are two differences between our specimens and Hentschel’s description (which was confirmed in Carballo & Hajdu 2001): the mycalostyles of the type apparently were longer and thicker (304–392 x 5–6 µm) and its chelae were only distinguished in two size categories (39–45 µm and 17–20 µm). The latter difference may be explained by the similarity in shape of the smaller chelae categories, which may have caused Hentschel to consider them a single variable category. The difference in mycalostyle size is here explained as intraspecific variation, but it might indicate interspecific diversity. See also below for further indication of the latter possibility., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 72-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325","Carballo, J. L. & Hajdu, E. (2001) Mycale (Aegogropila) kolletae sp. n. from the SE Atlantic, with comments on the species of Mycale Gray with raphidotoxas (Mycalidae, Demospongiae, Porifera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 1 8 (Supplement 1), 205 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752001000500016"]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) aff. phillipensis (Dendy, 1896) Figs 8 a���f ? Esperella phillipensis Dendy, 1896: 15; Topsent 1897: 463. ? Esperella philippensis (sic); Dawydoff 1952: 50 (listed only). ? Mycale philippensis (sic); Chernyakova 2007: 242 (Southern Vietnam, listed only). ? Mycale (Mycale) phillipensis; Azzini et al. 2007: table 1 and fig. 2C (Vietnam, no description). ? Mycale (Aegogropila) phillipensis; Calcinai et al. 2013: 39, figs 24A���H; Minh���Quang Thai: 114 (listed only). Not: Esperella philippensis; (sic) Lindgren1898: 302; nec: Mycale phillipensis Pulitzer-Finali 1982b (= M. (Carmia) aff. phyllophila Hentschel, 1911) Material examined. ZMA Por. 13404, Seychelles, Mah��, NE coast, Anse de Forbans, 4.7667��S 55.5167��E, coastal slope, on coral rubble, depth 0���6 m, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 612, 12 December 1992 (color greyish blue). Description. Small irregular patch (Fig. 8a) of a soft sponge, surface bumpy and clathrous. Size 5 x 5 x 0.5 cm, color greyish blue in life, similar in alcohol, consistency soft, slimy in life, soft in alcohol. Skeleton (Fig. 8b). Weakly developed, with curved tracts lying at greater distance from each other. The ectosomal tangential reticulation has predominantly thin tracts 15���30 ��m in diameter, up to 6 spicules in cross section, following sinuous courses and intersecting at unequal angles. Meshes vary from 150 to 450 ��m in width. The choanosomal skeleton has few thick tracts, 50���100 ��m in diameter, up to 15 spicules in cross section. These lie at distances of 600���800 ��m. They are mostly undivided, but at the periphery they fan out into one or a few spicules carrying the ectosomal reticulation. In between the ectosomal and choanosomal tracts there are numerous anisochelae-rosettes of 60���75 ��m in diameter. Spicules (Figs 8 c���f). Mycalostyles, a single category of anisochelae, sigmas in two size categories. Mycalostyles (Figs 8c,c 1), approximately equidiametrical over much of the length, but with a slightly constricted neck and prominent elongate head; many have a rather bluntly pointed end, 356��� 373.6 ���414 x 3��� 4.2 ��� 5 ��m. Anisochelae I (Fig. 8d), they are of a common anisochelae I type with well-developed alae at both ends and the shaft free for approximately 40%, with the upper frontal ala slightly flaring outwards, 36��� 39.7 ��� 44 ��m. Sigmas I (Fig. 8e), common, normal shaped, or rather shallowly curved, intermediate between thin and robust (thickness not exceeding 2 ��m), 51��� 60.7 ��� 69 ��m. Sigmas II (Fig. 8f), rare (easily overlooked), strongly curved, 9��� 11.4 ��� 16 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Seychelles (Mah��), under reef rubble at shallow depth; South Australia (type locality). Possibly Indonesia, Vietnam (but see below). Remarks. Dendy���s (1896) description differs primarily from the above in the absence of the smallest category of sigmas, hence our use of ���aff.��� Still, the small sigmas were rare in our specimen and easily overlooked. The styles were described by Dendy as having ���rather abrupt, sharp points���, which differs somewhat from the condition observed in the majority of styles in our specimen. Most other details mentioned by Dendy do conform with the Seychelles material. The present species name has been used by other authors, Topsent (1897) for a specimen from Ambon, Lindgren (1898), Azzini et al. (2007) and Calcinai et al. (2013) for Vietnamese material, Pulitzer-Finali (1982b) for material from Hong Kong. Topsent reported much smaller anisochelae (21 ��m), as did Calcinai et al. (12.5���22.5 ��m) and both also had thicker styles. We believe that the difference in size of the anisochelae, and in the case of Azzini et al. and Calcinai et al. also the shape, is too large to make conspecificity with Dendy���s species likely. In any case, it is unlikely that Azzini et al. ���s and Calcinai et al.���s specimens are conspecific with our material as their live specimens were (light) red. Lindgren���s and Pulitzer-Finali���s descriptions of the skeleton of their specimens make it clear that these did not belong to the subgenus Aegogropila, but are likely Mycale (Carmia) phyllophila. The distant original locality of the type of Dendy (Port Phillip Bay, South East Australia) is possibly a reason that all considered specimens have discrepancies and future work should establish whether the species is as widespread as is suggested by current records. We refrain from giving our specimen separate specific status until a revision has been undertaken., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series, 8, 14 - 51.","Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487, pls. 18 - 21.","Dawydoff, C. (1952) Contribution l'etude des invertebres de la faune marine benthique de l'Indochine. Bulletin Biologique de France et de la Belgique, Supplement 37, 1 - 155.","Azzini, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G. & Pansini, M. (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research. Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Livros de Museu Nacional 28. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 157 - 164.","Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G., Bertolino, M., Pica, D., Wagner, D. & Cerrano, C. (2013) Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3617 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3617.1.1","Lindgren, N. G. (1898) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Spongienfauna des Malayischen Archipels und der chinesischen Meere. Zoologische Jahrb ʾ cher, Abteilung f ʾ r Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 11, 283 - 378, pls. 17 - 20.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 b) Some shallow-water sponges from Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. S. & Tseng, C. K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Marine Biology Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 18 April - 10 May 1980. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 97 - 110.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393."]}

Mycale (Paresperella) sceptroides sp.nov. Figs 110 a–c, 111a–e Mycale (Paresperella) spec. Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 684, figs 11B–F. Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01739, Indonesia, Jawa, Jawa Sea, Northwest of Pulau Sabi, 6.6083°S 114.925°E, depth 83 m, muddy bottom, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 318, field nr. SE483, 22 February 1900. Description (Fig. 110a). Elongate growth, collected as a detached object, but presumably attached to an unidentified branching substratum. Color in preservation red-brown. Surface smooth but slightly bumpy and grooved. No visible openings. Size about 6.5 x 3 x 1 cm. Consistency soft, easily damaged. Skeleton (Fig. 110b). Choanosomal skeleton consisting of plumose spicule tracts, 120–180 µm in diameter, dividing and fanning out towards the surface into thinner tracts (20–30 µm), which carry the tangential ectosomal skeleton. This is an aegogropila-type skeleton with intercrossing thin tracts of 20–40 µm diameter (3–4 spicules thick) delimiting meshes of 250–400 µm in widest dimension. Rosettes of anisochelae I (90–102 in diameter) are scattered between the tracts (cf. Fig. 110b). Spicules (Figs 110c, 111 a–e). Mycalostyles, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, toxas. Mycalostyles (Fig. 110c, 111a,a 1–3), ‘cladotylostylote’ in shape, with elongated heads with barely constricted neck, with slightly swollen opposite ends, polyaxone with four or more rounded or spined projections, 298– 324.3 – 423 x 8– 10.8 – 14 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 111b), well-developed, with curved shaft, free part 30–35 % of spicule length, 37– 44.8 – 57 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 111c), well-developed, free part of the shaft 20–25% of spicule length, upper frontal alae more than 50% of spicule length, lower frontal alae with small projection on upper rim, 22– 26.5 – 30 µm. Sigmas (Fig. 111d,d 1), narrow-shaped, asymmetrical, about 2 µm thick, with flattened spines on both endings, 63– 68.0 – 87 µm. Toxas (Fig. 111e), rare, thin (about 1 µm or less), curved gradually and widely, 19– 23.2 – 28 µm. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, deeper water, down to 83 m. Etymology. The name was coined by Maurice Burton in an unpublished manuscript on the sponges collected by the Siboga Expedition. The name refers to the polyaxone scepter-like endings of the megascleres. Remarks. The new species differs from other toxa-bearing Mycale (Paresperella) from the region by having the toxas very small and thin, and by having ‘cladotylostylote’ megascleres. Both, Indian M. (P.) serratohamata (Carter, 1880) and East South African M. (P.) toxifera (Lévi, 1963) have ‘normal’ mycalostyles, without polyaxone endings, and their toxas, respectively 50 µm and 60–175 µm, are distinctly larger. Australian Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium shares the two categories of anisochelae, but lacks toxas. The South Atlantic species Mycale (Paresperella) curvisigma (Lévi, 1969) has a similar spiculation as the present species, but shapes and sizes differ: megascleres are smaller (310–325 x 5–8 µm), more distinctly stylote, with the pointed end bifid; the two anisochelae categories are clearly smaller (20–23 and 9–10 µm); the toxas are shaped differently from the present species and measure 35 µm. Together with the distance between localities (Vema Seamount vs Jawa Sea) we conclude that the differences are sufficient to consider both separate closely related species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 169-170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5","Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on Specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 6 (31), 35 - 61, pls. IV-VI, 129 - 156, pls. VII-VIII. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938009458893","Levi, C. (1963) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (1) Poecilosclerides. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Afric a, 37 (1), 1 - 72, pls. I-X. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196309519054","Levi, C. (1969) Spongiaires du Vema Seamount (Atlantique Sud). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 41 (4), 952 - 973."]}

Mycale (Grapelia) carteri (Dendy & Frederick, 1924) Pseudoesperia carteri Dendy & Frederick, 1924: 501, pl. 26 fig. 6.12; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 289 (reassigned to Mycale parasitica). Mycale (Grapelia) carteri; Hajdu1995: 85, figs 6.38–43. Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Irregularly shaped cushion of 5 x 3 x 3 cm. Surface rough, consistency soft. Ectosomal skeleton consist of a confused layer of tangential arranged megascleres, choanosomal skeleton with long ascending tracts of megascleres of up to 180 µm in diameter. Spicules mycalostyles, comparatively short and slim, 254–307 x 6–9 µm, anisochelae I with strongly curved shaft and unguiferous upper alae squarish lower alae, 41–48 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae II similar to those of M. (G.) ancorina but smaller, 11–13 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae III similar to those of M. (G.) australis but also smaller, 13–17 µm, sigmas, thin, 31–45 µm. Distribution. Abrolhos Islands, West Australia., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Dendy, A. & Frederick, L. M. (1924) On a Collection of Sponges from the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 35, 477 - 519, pls. 25 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1924. tb 00052. x","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 624."]}

Mycale (Arenochalina) anomala (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) Esperella anomala Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 341 (not: Parisociella anomala; sensu Burton 1952). Mycale (Arenochalina) anomala; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 678. Summary description. Digitate and irregularly ramose sponge, size up to 12.5 cm long and 6 mm thick. The skeleton is a rectangularly meshed system of cored spongin fibres. Megascleres subtylostyles of about 250 x 5 µm. There are scarce and very small?isochelae only, although Burton (1952) insists there are toxas. Distribution. Honolulu, Hawaii, depth 20– 30 m. Comment. See above in remarks of M. (Ar.) aff. tenuispiculata. Whether this is really a Mycale (Arenochalina) should be demonstrated by re-examination of the type specimens (BMNH 1887.5.2.165) and extensive (SEM-)studies. The status of this species is illustrative for the morphological problems posed by members of the subgenus., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Burton, M. (1952) The ' Manihine' expedition to the Gulf of Aqaba 1948 - 1949 - Sponges. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 1 (8), 163 - 174.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5"]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996 Mycale (Aegagropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996: 117, fig. 16. Summary description (from Pulitzer-Finali 1996). Thinly encrusting sponge, green in life, white in alcohol. Tangential ectosomal skeleton of aegagropila-type, detachable, strongly developed, tracts stated to be 450–1000 µm in diameter, delimiting meshes of 1800–2800 µm wide. If this is accurate, then this makes the sponge unique among all species of the subgenus. Choanosomal skeleton not described. No mention is made of rosettes. Spicules mycalostyles, robust, 450–550 x 7–15 µm, anisochelae I of ‘normal’ shape, 40–48 µm, anisochelae II 18.5–23 µm, anisochelae III 11.5–13.5 µm, sigmas in two categories, one with thickness 3.4–4.5 µm and length 70–85 µm the other, more rare, category has a thickness of 11.5–14 µm, length 90 µm. Distribution. Laing Island, N Papua New Guinea, depth 1 m. Comment. As stated above, the species appears close to M. (Ae.) gravelyi, but the extreme thickness of sigmas and ectosomal tracts, precludes synonymy of the two. Re-examination of the type material in the Genoa museum is warranted, also because description of the choanosomal skeleton is lacking and the precise shapes of the anisochelae are unknown., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1996) Sponges from the Bismarck Sea. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universit di Genova, 60 - 61, 101 - 138."]}

Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera (Dendy, 1896) Esperella toxifer Dendy, 1896: 16 Carmia toxifera; L��vi 1963: 12, pl. 1C, text-fig. 7. Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera; Calcinai et al. 2013: 44, figs 28A���G. Mycale (Carmia) spec. Calcinai et al. 2013: 46, figs 29A���F. Summary description and comments. From South East Australia, outside our regional limits, Dendy (1896) described cushion-shaped sponges with small oscules and fibrous skeleton, colored ochre in life. Mycalostyles 200 x 4 ��m, anisochelae 10 ��m, sigmas (rare) 12 ��m, toxas 95 ��m. Slightly outside our regional limit, L��vi reported massive yellow-colored Carmia toxifera from the central south coast of South Africa. L��vi���s material had mycalostyles, 210���225 x 3���7 ��m, anisochelae, 10���11 ��m, sigmas (rare), 16 ��m and toxas (rare), 75���110 ��m. The two descriptions by Calcinai et al. (2013) are apparently considered two different species. The unnamed brown-orange specimen from Indonesia (N Sulawesi), depth 7 m, was a very thin crust on an octocoral (Carijoa rissei). No specialized ectosomal skeleton. Plumose tracts of mycalostyles and scattered microscleres. Spicules include mycalostyles, 125���212.5 x 2 ��m, anisochelae 12.5���17.5 ��m and long thin symmetrical toxas with central inflexion, 62���380 ��m. The authors refrained from naming the material as the preservation apparently was insufficient. If the spicule package that is described is the full complement, then it is possibly an undescribed species, although it is possible that it is a reduced specimen of Mycale (Carmia) toxifera lacking sigmas. There is an additional description of a thinly encrusting dull-orange to ochre Mycale (Carmia) cf. toxifera by Calcinai et al. from Hawaii, resembling the above specimen, but which included longer mycalostyles, 130���245 x 2���2.5 ��m, anisochelae, 10���16 ��m, sigmas, 17���32 ��m and toxas 45���212 ��m. Possibly, this is a more elaborate member of the same insufficiently known species, as Dendy and L��vi report sigmas and toxas being rare. If these assignments as the same species are correct, it indicates that this could be a widespread species in the region., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series, 8, 14 - 51.","Levi, C. (1963) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (1) Poecilosclerides. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Afric a, 37 (1), 1 - 72, pls. I-X. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196309519054","Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G., Bertolino, M., Pica, D., Wagner, D. & Cerrano, C. (2013) Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3617 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3617.1.1"]}

Mycale (Carmia) stegoderma De Laubenfels, 1954 Carmia stegoderma De Laubenfels, 1954: 154, text-fig. 100. Summary description. Yellowish brown-grey crust on dead coral, 7 cm in lateral expansion, 1–2 mm thick. There are very large subectosomal spaces, leaving only a thin choanosomal crust on the substratum. Megascleres mycalostyles of 500 x 6 µm occasionally forming bundles of up 130 µm in thickness. Microscleres anisochelae in two size categories, 40 and 15 µm (the latter being rare), a single category of sigmas, 33 µm, and a single category of toxas, 40 µm. Distribution. Pohnpei, Federate States of Micronesia (East Caroline Islands), depth 4 m. Comment. The combination of long mycalostyles with small toxas appears distinct among the Mycale (Carmia) species of the region., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 84-85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["De Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Zoology, 7, i-x + 1 - 306, pls. I-XII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516"]}

Mycale (Carmia) fungiaphila sp.nov. Figs 35 a–d, 36a–f Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 16645, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Kudingareng Keke, depth not given, but presumably from shallow-water reef environment, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 0206–01, 2 June 1997 (brown). Description. Thinly encrusting sponge, covering and insinuating among the septae of a broken Fungia mushroom coral (Figs 35 a–b). In preservation, surface is smooth, without visible openings. Size of several patches up to 2 x 3 cm in lateral expansion, several mm in thickness. Color brown in life, reddish brown in preservation. Consistency soft, easily damaged. Skeleton (Figs 35 c–d). Very lightly built, with thin megasclere tracts, 20–30 µm in diameter (4–6 spicules in cross section) running sinuously from the substratum towards the surface, where they fan out into brushes of single megascleres. Tracts are distanced from each other at 250–300 µm intervals. Between the tracts are shorter or longer (80–250 µm) bundles, 50–100 µm in thickness, of fusiform trichodragmas (Figs 35 c–d), each about 75 x 5 µm (see below), running parallelly to the megasclere tracts or irregularly. There is no special ectosomal skeleton, the dermal membrane having numerous sigmas and few rosettes of anisochelae I (50–60 µm in diameter). The choanosomal tissue is darkly reddish brown. Spicules (Figs 36 a–f). Mycalostyles, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, and fusiform trichodragmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 36a,a 1), straight, with well-developed rounded heads, comparatively short and thin, 187– 205.5 – 222 x 1.5– 1.8 – 2.5 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 36b), comparatively narrow-shaped, with upper and lower alae well developed, free part of shaft 25–30% of total spicule length, little variation in size, 18– 22.1 – 27 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 36c), reduced in overall development, with upper median alae longer than half the spicule length, 8– 10.8 – 14 µm. Sigmas (Fig. 36d), thin (0.5–1.5 µm in thickness), asymmetrical, comparatively narrow-shaped, 37– 46.2 – 57 µm. Trichodragmas (Figs 36e,e 1,f), fusiform, faintly reminding of toxodragmas, but individual raphides sinuously curved but not toxa-shaped, 60– 74.2 –84 x 3– 4.7 – 6 µm. They are grouped in wide bundles, 50–100 µm in diameter, individually (80 µm long) or in longer sinuous structures (more than 250 µm long, cf. Fig. 35d) running parallel to the choanosomal megasclere tracts. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, on shallow-reefs. Etymology. The compound name is an adjective consisting of the words Fungia and –philus meaning ‘ Fungia -loving’ referring to the substratum, a dead specimen of the mushroom coral genus Fungia. Remarks. The habitus of the new species is encrusting-insinuating in the grooves between the septae of a dead Fungia. Since there is only a single sample, we cannot be certain that the species is uniquely confined to this substratum. The outstanding features of the new species are the bundles of fusiform trichodragmas and the poorly developed megasclere tracts. The combined spicule characters of the specimen are unique among Mycale (Carmia) species of the region. No close relatives have been identified. Mycale (Carmia) pulvinus Samaai & Gibbons, 2005 from the Atlantic coast of South Africa shows some superficial resemblance in spicule complement, but sizes and categories show significant differences and there are no toxodragma-like microscleres., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Samaai, T. & Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1, 1 - 96."]}

Mycale (Mycale) orenzii (Schulze) (sensu Li 2008) Mycale (Mycale) orenzii (Schulze); Li 2008: 295. This name is listed in the Checklist of China seas (Liu (ed.) 2008), the sponges of which were assembled by Li Jinhe. It is currently a nomen nudum as there is no species ‘ orenzii Schulze’ and there is no description. This is an obvious misspelling, with the closest name that is likely meant is Esperia lorenzii Schmidt, 1862 from the Mediterranean, now considered a junior synonym of Mycale (Aegogropila) syrinx (Schmidt, 1862). If the mistake indeed refers to Schmidt’s name then the identity is a misapplication as Mediterranean species do not occur in Chinese waters. It is also likely a member of the subgenus Mycale (Aegogropila), not of Mycale (Mycale)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, viii + 88 pp., 7 pls."]}

Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov. Figs 87 a–d, 88a–g Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 02904, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sapeh Strait, 8.3916°S 119.0733°E, bottom corals and shells, depth 69 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 049a, field nr. SE1345.4, 14 April 1899. Paratype ZMA Por. 01613, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, between Komodo and Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E, bottom dead corals and sand, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 310, field nr. SE54 CXIII–I, 12 February 1900. Description (Fig. 87 a–b). The holotype (Fig. 87a) has a detached cylindrical shape with both ends rounded, size 3 cm high, 1 cm in diameter. The paratype (Fig. 87b) has a similar cylindrical shape, so this is likely an important feature of the species, Surface is smooth (holotype) or slightly roughened (paratype) and lacks visible openings. The color in alcohol is dirty white to pale orange. Consistency compressible, but crumbly and easily damaged. Skeleton (Figs 87 c–d). Plumose, with long undivided spicule tracts (Fig. 87c), 80–130 µm in diameter, separated at distances of 400–600 µm. In the deeper parts of the choanosome many loose megascleres are strewn without arrangement. Anisochelae I occur in clusters (Fig. 88a) that may be characterized as indistinct rosettes and and anisochelae II occur in vaguely circular arrangement (Fig. 88b), associated with the skeletal tracts, but neither form clear rosettes. At the surface (Fig. 87d), there is a dense mass of intercrossing tangentially arranged megascleres, carried by the extended endings of the choanosomal tracts. Spicules (Figs 88 c–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, trichodragmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 88c,c 1), slightly rounded or straight, with narrow bluntly rounded heads, without visible constricted ‘neck’, with sharply pointed end, 405– 485.7 –576 x 11– 14.1 – 19 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 88d), of ‘normal’ shape, with free part of the shaft approximately 35% of spicule length, with prominent oval upper alae, lower median alae broad with straight upper rim, lower latera alae rounded, 57– 77.8 – 90 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 88e), very common in both specimens, shape compact, globular in outline, with free part of the shaft 15% or less of the length of the spicule, with upper alae extended outwards but with rims curved inwards agains, shape of alae oval with rounded rims, with lower alae also well-developed, both median and lateral alae rounded, 25– 30.6 – 37 µm. Anisochelae III (Fig. 88f), upper alae dominating, forming a sheath around the upper part of the shaft, lower part lacking alae and provided with a distinct spur, 16– 18.8 – 22 µm. Sigma I (Fig. 88g), about 1–1.5 µm in thickness, asymmetrical, 39– 48.1 – 60 µm. Sigma II (Fig. 88h), thin, tending to be symmetrical, 13– 19.3 – 24 µm. Trichodragmas (Fig. 88i), straight, compact, variable in length, 15– 28.5 –39 x 5– 6.4 – 9 µm. Distribution and ecology. Both specimens were obtained from nearby localities in Sape (or Sapeh) Strait between the islands of Komodo and Sumbawa, Indonesia, at greater depths (69–73 m). Etymology. Grandoides is a composite word consisting of grandis, a Latin adjective meaning great or large, and -oides, a suffix from Ancient Greek meaning ‘resembling’; the composite name is chosen because of the similarity of the present species to Mycale (Mycale) grandis. Remarks. The new species resembles M. (M.) grandis in the overall spicule complement, with all spicule types of that species present in approximately the same size range, except for anisochelae I. The latter lacks the size and characteristic shape, being much more compact, with oval upper alae and shorter free part of the shaft. Anisochelae II are even more compact than those of M. (M.) grandis, and its upper alae curve outwards giving the shape a characteristic globular outline. The mycalostyles appear oxea-like in having a narrow bluntly rounded head lacking any swelling or subterminal neck. The shape of the specimens is fingerlike unlike most M. (M.) grandis specimens. Because of the paucity of material for the new species and lack of in situ images, it is possible that some of the mentioned differences may turn out to have limited value for distinction of M. (M.) grandis and M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. if more and better known material will be found. The nearest to this species in morphology is probably Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis sp.nov. The two are compared below. There is also considerable similarity with M. (M.) crassissima, which has the same spicule complement, but the shape of the anisochelae II is clearly different.

Mycale (Kerasemna) tenuityla (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982) Figs 65 a–c, 66a–e Kerasemna tenuityla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a: 106, figs 16–17. ? Desmacella humilis; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 293. Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuityla; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 678, figs 5H–I; Calcinai et al. 2006: 201. Material examined. MSNG 46937, holotype, fragment and slide, Australia, Heron Island, NW end of northern shore, depth 11 m, SCUBA, coll. G. Pulitzer-Finali, field nr. HER.23, 26 April 1979. RMNH Por. 8328, France, Mayotte, Ranikiki reef, 12.9412°S 45.0718°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MAY02–028, 4 May 2013; RMNH Por. 8866, Taiwan, Penghu Islands, SiYuPing, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, 23.2733°N 119.5051°E, field nr. PES166, 29 July 2014. Description (Fig. 65a,a 1, 66a,b). Massive-lobate with hollow interior. Walls strengthened by algal thallus. Overall similar to M. (K.) humilis, but no clearly tubular habit has been collected so far. Size up to 9 cm in height, 4.5 cm in lateral expansion. Color in life white or shades of red, algal thallus purple. Preserved, color changes to beige (Fig. 66b). Skeleton (Figs 65 b–c). A reticulation of algal strands and thick spongin encased spicule tracts, up to 750 µm in diameter and connected by thinner tracts of about 60 µm in diameter (Fig. 65b), together enclosing a hollow interior. Between the tracts and strands there is a web-like tissue membrane containing a dense mass of toxodragmas and scattered sigmas (Fig. 65c). No chelae were detected. Spicules (Figs 66 b–e). Mycalostyles, sigmas, toxodragmas. Mycalostyles (Fig. 66c,c 1), straight, stocky, head faintly developed, 183– 221.9 –252 x 3– 4.7 – 7.5 µm; type specimen: 183– 204.7 –212 x 3– 4.1 – 5 µm. Sigmas (Figs 66d,d 1), thin, symmetrical, with ends often faintly spined, 20– 25.8 – 31 µm; type specimen: 22– 25.9 – 31 µm. Toxodragmas (Figs 66e,e 1), similar in shape and size to M. (K.) humilis, 39– 44.4 –51 x 4– 6.3 – 9 µm; 39– 44.9 – 51 x 5– 6.1 – 9 µm. Distribution and ecology. Northeast Australia, Mayotte, Taiwan, in shallow-water reefs. Remarks. The species is delimited against M. (K.) humilis by the more restricted habitus (not tubular), the absence of anisochelae and trichodragmas, and perhaps also the thinner megascleres. Specimens of the present species consistently have the sigma endings faintly spined, visible only under SEM. The spines were not observed in M. (K.) humilis, although roughened endings did occur in its sigmas. The similarity in size and shape of the shared spicules and the apparent wide sympatry (both occur over eastern and western parts of the region) rather strongly suggests the possibility that these differences could fall within the variation of a more variable M. (K.) humilis. For the time being we emphasize the spicular differences. It is also urgent to re-examine Desmacella arenifibrosa Hentschel, 1911: 314 and Biemna microxa Hentschel, 1911: 316, which do not seem to be Desmacella and Biemna, but may prove to be reduced members of subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna). We refrain from formally reassigning these species, but merely point out that they might belong here. Key to the Mycale (Kerasemna) species of the region 1 Anisochelae present........................................................................ M. (K.) humilis - Anisochelae absent........................................................................ M. (K.) tenuityla Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna) The above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Kerasemna) are presented in the map of Fig. 67 of the distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007. The subgenus is with certainty only known by two species from the tropical Indo-West Pacific waters, but may be also present in the tropical Atlantic (cf. Burton 1932)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 104-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 a [1980 - 1981]) Some new or little-known sponges from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universit di Genova, 48 - 49, 87 - 141.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 247 - 350.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5","Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Totti, C., Romagnoli, T. & Bavestrello, G. (2006) Symbiosis of Mycale (Mycale) vansoesti sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) with a coralline alga from North Sulawesi (Indonesia). Invertebrate Biology, 125 (3), 195 - 204. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2006.00052. x","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Spalding, M. D, Fox, H. E., Allen, G. E., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halperin, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707"]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) erythraeana (Row, 1911) Esperella erythraeana Row, 1911: 340, fig. 19. Mycale erythraeana; Burton 1926: 80 (no description). Summary description (from Row 1911). Sponge consolidating a mass of bryozoans lying on a muddy bottom, size 6.5 x 5 x 2.5 cm. Color in alcohol dark grey-brown. Conisistency ‘lax’. Surface smooth with small oscules. The choanosomal skeleton is plumose, with thick spicule tracts (30 spicules in cross section) thinning out towards the surface, forming loose spicule brushes. The ectosomal skeleton has the spicule tracts intercrossing without orientation, thickness 4–5 spicules in cross section. Rosettes of anisochelae are 70 µm in diameter. Mycalostyles are 320–330 x 4 µm. Anisochelae in two size categories, 24–36 µm and 15 µm. Sigmas 50–70 µm (thickness 2 µm). Toxas strongly curved, averaging 90 µm in length. There are also dubious raphides or hair-like oxeas/styles. Distribution. Khor Shinab, Red Sea; also Suez Canal. Comments. This species reminds of Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai et al., 2013 (cf. below), as this shares the ‘lax’ skeleton, two sizes of anisochelae in the same size range and long thin toxas. Differences are the bifurcate sigmas (we believe this is a minor difference as this occurs in a low frequency in other species as well), and the smaller mycalostyles. Similarly, Mycale (Carmia) suezza (Row, 1911) appears close, differing primarily in lacking the aegogropila-type ectosomal skeleton (see below). Mycale (Aegogropila) mannarensis Thomas, 1968 (see below) is also close but differs in being black and lacking proper toxas, in stead having bundled long raphides., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Row, R. W. H. (1911) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S. XIX. Report on the Sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part II. Non-Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 31 (208), 287 - 400, pls. 35 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1911. tb 00461. x","Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G., Bertolino, M., Pica, D., Wagner, D. & Cerrano, C. (2013) Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3617 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3617.1.1","Thomas, P. A. (1968) Studies on Indian Sponges-III. Two species of siliceous sponges of the famliy Ophlitaspongiidae de Laubenfels (Class: Demospongiae Sollas, Order: Poecilosclerida Topsent). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (2), 255 - 259."]}

Mycale (Carmia) raphidiophora Hentschel, 1911 Figs 46 a–i Mycale raphidiophora Hentschel, 1911: 291. Mycale (Carmia) raphidiophora; Shaw 1927: 424 (no description). Material examined. ZMA Por. 11176, Seychelles, Mahé, of SE coast, 4.7667°S 55.55°E, depth 45–50 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 742, field nr. IOP-E 742/04, 24 December 1992 (red); ZMA Por. 12704, Seychelles, Mahé, off SE coast, 4.7667°S 55.55°E, depth 45–50 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 742, field nr. IOP-E 742/03, 24 December 1992 (red). Description (Fig. 46a). Encrusting shells, up 6 x 4 cm in lateral expansion, several mm thick. Red colored in life, in preservation grayish beige. Surface irregular, slightly punctate, no visible openings. Consistency soft, easily damaged. Skeleton (Fig. 46b,b 1). The interior of the sponge is filled with refractile grains. The skeleton consists of thick spicule tracts of 55–110 µm diameter (consisting of 8–12 megascleres in cross section) coursing from the substratum to the surface, where they fan out into brushes of individual spicules. The surface membrane is charged with microscleres and these also are scattered in the tissue between the refractile grains. Rosettes of anisochelae I, 80–125 µm in diameter, are rare but do occur in both specimens. Spicules (Figs 46 c–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, raphidotoxas. Mycalostyles (Figs 46c,c 1), short, fusiform, and comparatively robust, with prominent head and subterminal neck, 254– 277.6 –298 x 4– 6.4 – 8 µm. Anisochelae (Fig. 46d) I, robust with well developed upper and lower alae, free part of the shaft 30–35% of spicule length, 44– 47.8 – 52 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 46e), narrow-shaped, well-developed upper and lower alae, free part of shaft about 35% of spicule length, 19– 21.9 – 25 µm. Anisochelae III (Fig. 46f), reduced, with poorly developed upper and lower lateral alae, 10– 14.2 – 18 µm. Sigmas I (Fig. 46g), robust, narrow-shaped, asymmetrical, 71– 85.1 –105 x 4.5– 6.1 – 7 µm. Sigmas II (Fig. 46h), thin (1 µm or less in thickness), almost symmetrical, 17– 18.3 – 21 µm, quite rare in ZMA Por. 11176. Raphidotoxas (Figs 46i,i 1), usually arranged in loose bundles, curved shape, about 1 µm thick in the middle, 250– 338.5 – 462 µm. Distribution and ecology. Seychelles, West Australia, possibly Tasmania, on shells, collected at greater depth (down to 50 m). Remarks. The description of Hentschel of the holotype from West Australia differs in several aspects, anisochelae I are only up to 28 µm (against up to 50 µm in our specimens), and within the smaller anisochelae no distinction was made into anisochelae II and III, sized only 12–15 µm (against 10–24 µm in our specimens). Furthermore, no sigma II were mentioned by Hentschel, but these are easily overlooked in many specimens of Mycale, and are rare in our specimens. The occurrence on shells, the shape of the mycalostyles, the presence of raphidotoxas and robust sigma I are similarities between the holotype and our specimens. We prefer to emphasize these similarities. There is considerable resemblance to Mycale (Carmia) rhaphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912, which will be treated below. The difference between the two species as defined here is the more delicate skeletal tracts and the apparent absence of sigmas II in M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa. There are several other species in the region possessing raphidotoxas, see below, M. (C.) raphidotoxa Hentschel, 1912, M. (C.) tenuichela sp.nov., and M. (C.) tydemani sp.nov. The present material stands out by having relatively robust skeleton and spicules, and detailed small differences (cf. key below)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Shaw, M. E. (1927) On a Collection of Sponges from Maria Island, Tasmania. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 97 (2), 419 - 439, pl. 1. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1927. tb 02269. x","Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325"]}

Mycale (Arenochalina) aff. tenuispiculata (Dendy, 1905) comb.nov. Figs 29 a–f, 30a–d, 31a–g Esperella tenuispiculata Dendy, 1905: 161. ? Parisociella anomala; sensu Burton 1952: 169 (not: Ridley & Dendy 1886: 341). Desmacella spec. Erhardt & Baensch 2000: 64. Material examined. ZMA Por. 14598, Oman, Ras al Khayran, 23.5315°N 58.7408°E, depth 12 m, on fish cage, SCUBA, coll. R. Gomez, SYMBIOSPONGE project, field nr. 98 / IO / NOV05 /RG/002, 5 November 1998 (live color red); ZMA Por. 16926, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of Marine Science Station, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, overgrowing dead Acropora at depth of 10 m, SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 538, 2001 (red, preserved dry); ZMA Por. 16932, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Aqaba pier, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, depth 5 m, SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 544, 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 16933, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of Marine Science Station, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, growing on water pipes at depth of 7 m, SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 545, 2001 (red); ZMA Por. 16953, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, in front of Marine Science Station, 29.5167°N 35.0°E, overgrowing dead Lobophyllia at depth of 10 m, SCUBA, coll. I. K̂tter, field nr. 9.5.1, 9 May 2001 (red, preserved dry); RMNH Por. 9145, Jordan, Northern Gulf of Aqaba, near Marine Science Station, 29.4583°N 34.9736°E, encrusting branching dead corals, 10–15 m depth, SCUBA, coll. L. Rix, field nr. 5, 8 December 2013 (red). Description (Figs 29 a–f, 31a–c). ZMA Por. 14598 and RMNH Por. 9145 consist of larger alcohol preserved fragments, the other specimens are small wet and dried fragments, complemented by in situ and on deck photos. From these and from in situ photographs we can describe the species as forming encusting lobes on dead corals, in life (Figs 29 a–b,e) with wide oscules of 3–10 mm or more in diameter on top of lobes, dark to bright red in color (although lighter, orange, colored inside), on deck they are also red, (Figs 29 c–d,f), but in preservation they become dirty white (Fig. 29d). Surface smooth to bumpy-microconulose in life, more bumpy in preservation. The sponge is frequently hosting white scyphozoan polyps (Fig. 29b) and/or?polychaete tubes (see also Erhardt & Baensch 2000: 64). Size of encrusting specimens up to 5 cm in diameter, up to 3 cm in thickness. Consistency of the encrusting specimens soft, compressible. One of the collectors, R. Gómez (Oman specimen ZMA Por. 14598) noted that it smelled after ‘canned tomatoes’. Production of slime not reported as excessive. Skeleton (Fig. 30a, 31d). The skeleton consists of thick spicule tracts, 120–180 µm in diameter comprising>25 spicules in cross section, enclosed by spongin, interconnected at right angles by thinner, likewise sponginenforced spicule tracts, 30–50 µm in diameter comprising Mycale (Carmia) species. Microscleres are generally rare, but sigmas may be more frequent in some specimens, both sigmas and anisochelae may be deficient in some specimens. No rosettes of anisochelae have been observed. Spicules (Figs 30 b–d, 31e–f). Mycalostyles, one size of anisochelae (if present), one size of sigmas (if present). If specimens have both microsclere types, they tend to have more sigmas than anisochelae, the latter being difficult to find or absent. Mycalostyles (Figs 30b,b 1, 31e,e 1), typically ‘hollow’, with visible axial canals, reduced in silica development, with elongately swollen tyles, length variable, 152– 238.6 –291 x 1– 2.49 – 3.5 µm. Anisochelae (Figs 30c, 31f), usually quite rare, virtually absent in several specimens, occasionally a few are encountered, if present somewhat compressed and irregular, 12– 17.4 – 21 µm. Sigmas (Figs 30d, 31g), also rare but definitely more often encountered and occasionally common, invariably thin, C- or S-shaped, usually asymmetric, 23– 35.1 – 40 µm. Distribution and ecology. Our material is confined to the Arabian Peninsula, common in the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, also Oman. If indeed conspecific with M. (Ar.) tenuispiculata occurring also in Sri Lanka. Abundant on dead corals in open reefs, 5– 15 m. Remarks. We are not certain our specimens belong to Dendy’s species. His type material (not seen) is similar in most aspects to our specimens, including the sandy interior and the uneven surface, but the paucity of microscleres (with anisochelae rare or absent) provides some doubts. Anisochelae were reported by Dendy as ‘scarce, but constant’, which concurs with our specimen from Oman, but the Aqaba material contained only a few anisochelae in four of the specimens, in one we did not find any. Assignment of this species to the subgenus Arenochalina instead of Carmia is based on the irregular sponginenforced spicule tracts, but it is by no means certain. Our specimens share with Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) the rare presence of microscleres and the occurrence of sand grains and other foreign objects in the primary fibres, although this was rather uncommon. Differences are the color, which is cited as yellowish cream to beige (cf. Wiedenmayer 1989), and is bright red in our specimens. Mycalostyles in Australian M. (Ar.) mirabilis specimens appear distinctly thicker (2–8 µm) than in our Red Sea specimens (1–3.5 µm). Especially the color difference indicates that the Red Sea material is specifically distinct. Esperella arenicola Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 339; Ridley & Dendy 1887: 72, pl. XV fig. 4, pl. XVI fig.8, from Bass Strait, South Australia, reassigned to Mycale arenicola by Hooper & Wiedenmayer (1994), on paper reads as rather similar to the present species, but mycalostyles and sigmas of that species are larger, and it has trichodragmas, not found in the present species. It may also be close to Mycale (Carmia) cockburniana Hentschel, 1911. As the locality of arenicola falls outside our regional limits we do not add a summary description. We suggest here that Burton’s (1952) record of Parisociella anomala (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (originally as Esperella) is a member of the present species. His specimen had a skeleton resembling Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides (Row, 1911) (cf. above), and red live color. The shape was a macerated ‘fragment of a branch’ and low encrustations, with microscleres absent. The properties of Ridley & Dendy’s species, to which Burton had associated his Gulf of Aqaba specimens, are rather different and we do not think Burton’s material belongs to it. Ridley & Dendy describe a digitate irregularly ramose sponge, branches up to 12.5 cm, skeleton a rectangularly meshed reticulation of ‘stout spiculofibre’ containg a very large amount of spongin and few spicules. Megascleres were given as styles/tyostyles of about 250 x 5 µm, and rare microscleres in the form of very minute slender isochelae. Burton also mentioned the presence of toxas of 20–60 µm, apparently overlooked by Ridley & Dendy, and believed the isochelae were ‘degenerate’ anisochelae. Burton also gave several synonyms, which appear to be mostly Microcionidae. Additional species of Mycale (Arenochalina) in the region, Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 47-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 3 (Supplement 18), pp. 57 - 246, pls. I-XVI.","Burton, M. (1952) The ' Manihine' expedition to the Gulf of Aqaba 1948 - 1949 - Sponges. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 1 (8), 163 - 174.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Erhardt, H. & Baensch, H. A. (2000) Meerwasser Atlas, Band 5 Wirbellose. Mergus Verlag, Melle, 1150 pp.","Von Lendenfeld, R. (1887) Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrb ʾ cher, Jena, 2, 723 - 828, pls. XVIII- XXVII.","Wiedenmayer, F. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs Museum Victoria, 50 (1), 1 - 242, pls. 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1989.50.01","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 624.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Row, R. W. H. (1911) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S. XIX. Report on the Sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part II. Non-Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 31 (208), 287 - 400, pls. 35 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1911. tb 00461. x"]}

Mycale (Carmia) relicta Annandale, 1924 Mycale relicta Annandale, 1924: 405, fig. 3; Pattanayak 2009: 26. Summary description. Encrusting on a dead branch in a brackish lake (salinity 22.8%o), thickness 3 cm. Skeleton largely macerated and containing ingrown algal thallus. Mycalostyles fusiform with wide axial canal, 216–383 x 7–10 µm. Anisochelae, narrow, with lower median alae pointed and shape ‘retroverted’, in a single size 20–26 µm (not in rosettes). Sigmas, thin, in a single size, 44–60 µm. Distribution. Verlaten Island, near Krakatoa, Western Indonesia, in brackish lake. Comment. Again hard to distinguish from M. (C.) maunakea and M. (C.) mytilorum, but its peculiar chelashape may indicate specific distinctness., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Annandale, N. (1924) Sponges from brackish water on Verlaten Island near Krakatau. Treubia, 5 (4), 402 - 407.","Pattanayak, J. G. [Patnayak, J. G.] (2009) Catalogue of extant marine Porifera type specimens in the Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey Occasional Paper, 309, 1 - 219, pls. 1 - 139."]}

Mycale (Mycale) gelatinosa (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) comb.nov. Esperia gelatinosa Ridley, 1884: 611, pl. LIV figs f. Esperella gelatinosa; Ridley & Dendy 1887: 66, pl. XVI fig. 7. Summary description. Lobate to encrusting, up to 4.5 x 2.2 cm. Surface undulating to smooth. Color greenish brown (alcohol). Consistency firm. Ectosomal skeleton of intercrossing tangential megascleres (not reticulated). Choanosomal skeleton loose tracts of megascleres. Spicules: mycalostyles 500 x 16 µm, anisochelae I 60 µm, anisochelae II 19 µm, sigmas 57 µm, trichodragmas 20 x 6–8 µm. Distribution. Mascarene Islands (Providence Island), North Australia (Cape York, Torres Straits), shallow water down to 43 m. Comment. Possibly, the presence of an intermediately sized anisochela was overlooked by Ridley, and only the largest size of sigmas is provided, which would leave the presence of smaller sigmas open. If these spicules were indeed present, then the only clear distinction of this species with Mycale (Mycale) crassissima is the shape of the smallest anisochelae, of which Ridley emphasized they lack a spur. This can be distinguished only with certainty by SEM. We were unable to reexamine Ridley’s material, so a distinctness from Dendy’s species remains to be determined definitively., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 366 - 482 + 582 - 630, pls. 39 - 43 + 53 - 54."]}

Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu, 1995 Figs 57 a–f Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu, 1995: 87, figs 6.44–51. Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01597, Indonesia, Maluku, Kai Islands, Duroa Strait, 5.5859°S 132. 6953°E, depth 0–52 m, Blake dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 257, 11 December 1899. Summary description (Partially after Hajdu 1995). Thinly to massively encrusting (Fig. 57a) on dead branches of a Homotrema -like foraminifera. Size 3 x 1.5 x 0.2 cm. Color in preserved condition beige brown. Surface microconulose. No apparent oscules. Consistency compressible. Skeleton plumoreticulate, with spicule tracts up to 120 µm, thinning out towards the surface, ending in surface tufts of single spicules. The tangential ectosomal skeleton is thoroughly confused. Spicules (Figs 57 b–f) mycalostyles (Figs 57b,b 1) straight and comparatively long and slim, 408– 466.5 –486 x 6– 11.9 – 15 µm, anisochelae I (Figs 57c) with curved shaft, upper alae unguiferate, upper median ala often bifid, lower alae squarish with smooth rims, 34– 37.7 – 44 µm (arranged in rosettes of 95–111 µm in diameter), anisochelae II (Fig. 57d) contracted-globular, free part of shaft almost absent, with upper alae smaller and fused with teethed rim and lower alae larger with serrated rims, 6– 8.4 – 10 µm (arranged in rosettes of 28–35 µm in diameter), anisochelae III (Fig. 57e) larger than anisochelae II, palmate, conventional in shape with short spur, 10– 11.6 – 15 µm, sigmas (Fig. 57f) 29– 40.2 –48 x 1–3 µm. Distribution. Indonesia, depth 0– 52 m. Remarks. The species name was duplicated from the manuscript name used by Burton for this species in his unpublished manuscript of the sponges of the Siboga Expedition. As Hajdu (1995: 87) suggested, the name menylloides probably refers to the genus name Menyllus Gray, 1867, a junior synonym of Iophon Gray, 1867, caused by the similarity of anisochelae II to bipocilla. The name Menyllus was taken from Ancient Greek history, as it was the name of a commander of one of the armies in the Lamian War of 322 BC (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Menyllus). So far the species has been reported only from the Indonesian type locality. The anisochelae II are the defining character for this species, although M. (G.) trichophora Dendy & Frederick, 1924 has probably rather similar, but larger anisochelae II. So far no SEM images of anisochela II of that species have been published. M. (G.) trichophora differs from M. (G.) menylloides in lacking sigmas and having trichodragmata., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 91-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII.","Dendy, A. & Frederick, L. M. (1924) On a Collection of Sponges from the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 35, 477 - 519, pls. 25 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1924. tb 00052. x"]}

Mycale (Naviculina) obscura (Carter, 1882) Figs 102 a–f, 103a–i Esperia obscura Carter, 1882: 299, pl. XI fig. 18. Mycale obscura; Hentschel 1911: 302, fig. 9. Mycale (Aegogropila) obscura; Shaw, 1927: 424 (no description). Mycale (Naviculina) obscura; Hajdu 1999: 228. Material examined. ZMA Por. 01602, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, between Komodo and Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E, dead corals and sand, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga expedition stat. 310, field nr. SE110 VI, 12 February 1900; ZMA Por. 02888, Timor Leste, anchorage between Nusa Besi and NE point of Timor, 8.42°S 127.3066°E, sand and coral, depth 27–54 m, dredge and trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 282, field nr. SE675 II, 15 January 1900; ZMA Por. 02902, Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, anchorage off North Ubian, 6.125°N 120.4333°E, lithothamnion bottom, depth 16–23 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 099, field nr. SE 1474XI, 28 June 1899; ZMA Por. 02903, Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, anchorage off North Ubian, 6.125°N 120.4333°E, lithothamnion bottom, depth 16–23 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 099, field nr. SE 1474VIII, 28 June 1899; ZMA Por. 08912, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, North East Take Bone Rate, south of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/31, 25 September 1984 (live color pink); ZMA Por. 11067, Palau Islands, coll. M.K. Harper, field nr. 95–049, no further data (orange); ZMA Por. 11068, Palau Islands, coll. M.K. Harper, field nr. NCI2096, no further data (orange); ZMA Por. 12040, Seychelles, Amirantes, northern slope of Île Desnoeufs Platform, 6.2167°S 53.0167°E, depth 12–15 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.764, field nr IOP-E 783/05, 2 January 1993 (orange-yellow); ZMA Por. 13274, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Kudingareng Keke, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. KK/NV/070497/01, 7 April 1997 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 13705, Seychelles, Mahé, NW coast, Beauvallon Bay, Vista do Mar, 4.5667°S 55.4333°E, depth 0.5–9 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.609, field nr. IOP-E 609/04, 11 December 1992; ZMA Por. 13894, Oman, Masirah Island, Ras Hilf, depth 13 m, SCUBA, coll. R.G. Moolenbeek, 15 November 1998 (brownish bordeaux-red). Description (Figs 102 a–d). Thinly to massively encrusting on dead coral rubble, with an irregularly outlined, folded-lobate shape in larger individuals (Fig. 102a), more compact in smaller specimens (Figs 102 b–d) (no in situ images were available to us). Surface predominantly smooth, semi-transparent, with detachable surface skeleton, distinctly reticulated in life. Size of individual specimens and fragments variable, up to 8 x 3 x cm. Color in life ranging from bright orange to pinkish red-brown, in preservation transparent dirty white to reddish and brownish. Consistency soft. Skeleton (Figs 102 e–f). The choanosome (Fig. 102f) is traversed by strongly developed spicule tracts, up to 150 µm in thickness (up to 25 spicules in cross section), which divide into thinner tracts and fan out just below the surface to carry the tangential ectosomal skeleton. The surface reticulation (Fig. 102e) consists of intercrossing tracts of 15–35 µm diameter making meshes of 120–250 µm in widest size. Rosettes of anisochelae I, 90–110 µm in diameter, are scattered in the surface region (Fig. 102e), often near or on the crossings of the spicule tracts. Other microscleres are found throughout the ectosome and choanosome. Spicules (Figs 103 a–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 103a,a 1), robust, usually straight, with well-developed heads and subterminal constriction, 312– 419.5 –481 x 6– 7.9 – 11 µm. Anisochelae I (Figs 103b,g), ‘normal’ shaped, with well-developed alae, upper median alae extended outwards, lower median alae often with small upward projection, free part of shaft 25–35% of spicule length, quite variable over the wide range of occurrence, 27– 40.9 – 54 µm. Anisochelae II (Figs 103b,h), naviculichelae, robust, with rounded outline, both sides slightly different in shape (Figs 103h), variable with regard of closure of the central plate and merger of the median upper and lower alae, variable in length over the range of occurrence, 18– 24.3 – 32 µm. Anisochelae III (Figs 103d,i), naviculichelae, oval in outline, usually the central plate is entirely closing off the space between the upper and lower alae, variable in length over the range of occurrence, 9– 17.8 – 21 µm. Sigmas I (Fig. 103e), occasionally rarely present, robust, up to 3.5 µm in thickness, asymmetrical, comparatively shallow-curved, 39– 59.8 – 82 µm. Sigmas II (Fig. 103f), thin, 9– 12.3 – 22 µm. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Timor Leste, Philippines, Palau, Seychelles, Oman, Western Australia, Tasmania, from shallow-water reef flat down to sandy bottoms at 73 m. Remarks. The species is set off against closely related M (N.) cleistochela by its lack of flagellated sigmas Ib and toxas. M. (N.) cliftoni and M. (N.) microxea differ in the absence of ‘normal’ anisochelae. Spicule size data show an unusually large range in this species and also presence and abundance of various microscleres show comparatively large fluctuation among the specimens. Possibly there are regional trends in these features. The present species is close to lobate Korean Mycale (Naviculina) chungae Lerner & Hajdu, 2002 (originally as Mycale (Aegogropila) hentscheli Sim & Lee, 2001: 27, figs 2A–M, figs 3A–F). The only significant difference is the apparent absence of sigmas II. Brazilian M. (N.) arcuiris Lerner & Hajdu, 2002 is also quite similar to the present species, and they even have the two sigma sizes. Geographic separation is the major factor separating this species from the present one. Outside our study area, two additional Mycale (Naviculina) species similar to M. (N.) obscura have been described from Korea by Sim & Kang 2004. M. (N.) ulleungensis has two size categories of normal anisochelae and only a single category of naviculichelae and sigmas, whereas M. (N.) neunggulensis has one size category of normal anisochelae, a single category of naviculichelae and two size categories of sigmas. Both are thus clearly different from M. (N.) obscura. Additional Mycale (Naviculina) species from the region, Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 157-161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Carter, H. J. (1882) Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 9 (52), 266 - 301, 346 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459052","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Shaw, M. E. (1927) On a Collection of Sponges from Maria Island, Tasmania. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 97 (2), 419 - 439, pl. 1. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1927. tb 02269. x","Hajdu, E. (1999) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the mycalids with anisochelae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), and comments on the status of Naviculina Gray, 1867. In: Hooper J. N. A. (Ed.), Origin and Outlook. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, pp. 225 - 238.","Lerner, C. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Two new Mycale (Naviculina) Gray (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from the Paulista biogeographic province (Southwestern Atlantic). Revista brasiliana de Zoologia, 19 (1), 109 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752002000100009","Sim, C. J. & Lee, K. J. (2001) Two new species of the genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 5, 25 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 12265071.2001.9647578","Sim, C. J. & Kang, D. W. (2004) Two new species of the genus Mycale (Naviculina) (Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) from Ulleungdo Island, Korea. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 71 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 12265071.2004.9647736"]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea Sollas, 1902 Figs 11 a���e, 12a���g, 13a���g, 14, Table 2 Esperella sulevoidea Sollas, 1902: 213, pl. XV fig. 10. Mycale sulevoidea; Hentschel 1912: 325, pl. 13 fig. 6, pl. 18 fig. 14; Barnes & Bell 2002 a: table 1 (listed only). ? Mycale sulevoidea; Burton 1934: 548; Burton 1959: 228; Vacelet & Vasseur 1971: 86 (no adequate descriptions). Not: L��vi (1961a: 16); Pulitzer-Finali (1993: 290) = M. (Ae.) orientalis. Carmia sulevoidea; Thomas 1968: 256, figs 3���4. Mycale (Aegogropila) sulevoidea; Lim et al. 2008: 102. Material examined. ZMA Por. 01594, Indonesia, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Solor Islands, Lamakera, 8.4237��S 123.1502��E, depth 20 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 061, field nr. SE 527 II, 1 May 1899; ZMA Por. 02891, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, Pearl Banks, anchorage off Pulau Jedan, 5.4134��S 134.6677��E, depth 13 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 273, field nr. SE 144.1, 23 December 1899; ZMA Por. 07989, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, NE coast, reef flat off Melolo, 9.16668��S 120.75��E, depth 1���4 m, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052 / II/34, red crust on Acropora, 14 September 1984; ZMA Por. 08964, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef NE of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45��S 120.43��E, depth 10���15 m, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, SCUBA, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. 169 / IV/35, 30 September 1984 (red crust); ZMA Por. 09555, Singapore, Raffles Lighthouse, 1.2884��N 103.7563��E, littoral, depth 0���2 m, coll. H. Moll, snorkeling, 5 January 1978 (blood-red crust); ZMA Por. 12459, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, Salayar anchorage and surroundings, 6.0963��S 120.4481��E, depth 0���35 m, coll. Siboga Expedition, stat. 213, field nr. SE 1753I, 26 September 1899; ZMA Por. 17808, Kenya, Shimoni Channel, 4. 6667��S 39.3833��E, depth 8���11, coll. Y. Benayahu, SCUBA, field nr. PO 25395, 3 February 2003; ZMA Por. 21702a, Singapore, Pulau Hantu, coll. H. Moll, 21 September 1978. Description (Figs 11 a���c). Encrusting, consolidating dead coral rubble. The type was described as creeping with disc-like attachment. Our specimens are similarly patchy, but may also be somewhat thicker forming cushions. Oscules are usually slightly raised above the surface. Sizes usually do not exceed several cm 2. Surface smooth but irregular. Consistency soft. Color where recorded red or blood-red (cf. photo in Lim et al. 2008). Skeleton (Figs 11 d���e). The ectosomal aegogropila-type skeleton is fairly robust, with intercrossing spicule tracts 30���70 ��m in diameter made up of 5���8 spicules in cross section, delimiting triangular meshes of 300���600 ��m in size. Variability among the various specimens is large. Several specimens tend to have the ectosomal tracts aligned with sigma I microscleres, but this is not always the case. Rosettes of anisochelae I measure 95���150 ��m in diameter and are concentrated near the crossing points of the spicule tracts. Choanosomal tracts in the inner parts of the sponge are separated at approximately 500���800 ��m and have a maximum thickness of 120���180 ��m. Towards the surface they subdivide into thinner tracts as thin as 40 ��m, carrying the surface skeleton. Microscleres are evenly distributed in the ectosomal region, but become scarcer in the interior. Spicules (Figs 11e, 12 a���g, 13a���g). Mycalostyles, anisochelae in three categories, sigmas in two categories, toxas. Mycalostyles (Figs 12a,a 1, 13a,a 1), robust, with elongated head and only slightly constricted neck, 286��� 370.9 ��� 465 x 7��� 9.2 ��� 17 ��m. Anisochelae I (Figs 12b, 13b), well-developed alae, including broad upper and lower frontal alae, with shaft approximately 40% of its length free, in side view, the upper frontal alae are flaring outwards, 39��� 51.1 ��� 63 ��m. Anisochelae II (Figs 12c,c 1,c 2, 13c), characteristically duck-bill shaped in side-view (terminology cf. Hajdu et al. 1995 for similar anisochelae in their species Brazilian M. (Ae.) escarlatei); narrow elongated upper alae, with upper frontal alae tapering from distally broad to proximally narrower, curved outwards at the lower rim, causing a curved duckbill-like outline in side view (this varies somewhat among the specimens); free part of the shaft quite short; in dorsal view the spicule is violin-shaped due to upper lateral alae narrow from being expanded distally to become barely thinner than the shaft proximally and subsequently swelling again in the lower alae; spicules robust in comparison with anisochelae II of M. (Ae.) orientalis and they are on average longer in the present species; length quite variable within and among specimens, 24��� 34.4 ��� 47 ��m. Anisochelae III (Figs 12d, 13d,d 1), possibly occurring in two overlapping shapes and sizes; both types are narrow in shape, the larger may be resembling small anisochelae II, the smaller approaching the compact shape found in M. (Ae.) gravelyi and M. (Ae.) orientalis with slightly longer shaft; separation in two distinct spicule types is not quite clear, so we treat them both as growth forms of the same anisochela III, length 11��� 16.2 ��� 24 ��m. Sigmas I (Figs 12e, 13e), robust, with strongly curved apices, length variable among specimens, 76��� 102.3 ��� 130 ��m, thickness up to 12 ��m. Sigmas II (Figs 12f, 13f), thin, strongly curved, 17��� 25.8 ��� 35 ��m. Toxas (Figs 12g, 13g), predominantly deeply curved, but more shallow-curved shapes also occur; large variation in size, 22��� 93.5 ��� 240 ��m, thickness up to 1.5 ��m, almost invariably thinner than the toxas of M. (Ae.) orientalis; in some specimens the toxas were rare. Distribution and ecology. (Fig. 14) Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Kenya, possibly Mozambique, Madagascar and Red Sea, from shallow water down to 20���35 m depth. Remarks. The assignment to I. Sollas��� Esperella sulevoidea is based especially on the small drawing she presented in pl. XV fig. 10 of the middle-sized category of anisochelae. The type description does not mention presence of sigmas II, but these spicules may often be easily overlooked. Hentschel���s (1912) description of material from the Aru Islands does contain measurements of sigmas II as well as a good description of the characteristic anisochela II. His measurements of the mycalostyles exceed those of Sollas��� and our own measurements (up to 576 ��m), but overlaps with our data, and we are confident Hentschel���s material belongs to the present species. This also applies to Thomas��� (1968) record from Palk Bay, India, who provides an excellent description of a ���brick-red��� specimen collected at 1���2 m depth. We refrained from distinguishing different discrete types of anisochelae III, which was suggested by Hajdu et al. 1995, as anisochelae III and IV, for the present species. Although we acknowledge that shapes of anisochelae III in M. (Ae.) sulevoidea are more variable than is usual in other species of Mycale, we could not confirm the clear distinctness. In various specimens the variation usually overlapped, both in size and shape. These tiny spicules may likely depend for their shape of a number of factors such as silica content of the environment or growth process. Burton���s (1934) record of three ���flagelliform��� specimens of 35 x 1.5 cm from the Great Barrier Reef remains dubious without further information. Such habitus forms have not been encountered in our material. Their shape reminds of Mycale (Zygomycale) parishi (q.v.). Likewise, Burton���s (1959) record of the species from the Red Sea is uncertain due to lack of description. We made SEM images of 6 specimens, but a detailed comparison of regional specimens is not presented as our specimens were all from the West Pacific except the single specimen from Kenya. This has smaller and thinner mycalostyles, some diversity in shape of anisochelae III, and the toxas were rare. However, the single specimen precludes regional conclusions. The present species is very similar to M. (Ae.) orientalis, and we compared the two species including spicule sizes (cf. Table 2). The comparison yielded the following differences: (1) the subtly different shape of the upper alae of the anisochelae II (cf. Figs 12c,c 1,c 2), which in the present species are curved abruptly outwards in the lower part of the median alae, whereas these are gradually curved in M.(Ae.) orientalis; moreover in dorsal view the anisochelae differ in the violin-shaped narrowing of the lateral alae in M. (Ae.) sulevoidea opposed to the normal shaped lateral alae in M. (Ae.) orientalis (cf. Figs 5d,d 1), (2) in the larger size of the anischelae II (Table 2), and (3) in the longer and thicker mycalostyles (Table 2). Less clear is the difference in color. M. (Ae.) orientalis is reported to have an orange live color, against the present species reported as red, blood-red or brick-red, but there are currently no live images to further prove this. The here cited alleged differences require further confirmation. Additional Mycale (Aegogropila) species from the region Remark. Most of the species listed here have not been examined by us (excepting Mycale (Aegogropila) cavernosa Bergquist, 1965), so their properties can only be derived from the original description and if present subsequent records. It is not certain that they are all valid species. As stated above, we limit the listing to the considered region stretching from the West Pacific Islands in the east, the coasts of East Africa in the west, South China and the Philippines in in the north and northeastern, northern and southwestern parts of Australia., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 23-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Sollas, I. B. J. (1902) On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 72 (3), 210 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1902. tb 08232. x","Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325","Barnes, D. K. A. & Bell, J. J. (2002) Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean: taxonomic affinities, richness and diversity. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2028.2002.00387. x","Burton, M. (1934) Sponges. Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 29, 4 (14), 513 - 621, pls. 1 - 2.","Burton, M. (1959) Sponges. Scientific Reports John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34, British Museum (Natural History), London, 10 (5), 151 - 281.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Levi, C. (1961 a) Resultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la ' Calypso'. Campagne 1954 dans l'Ocean Indien (suite). 2. Les spongiaires de l'Ile Aldabra. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 39 (1), 1 - 32, pls. 1 - 2.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 247 - 350.","Thomas, P. A. (1968) Studies on Indian Sponges-III. Two species of siliceous sponges of the famliy Ophlitaspongiidae de Laubenfels (Class: Demospongiae Sollas, Order: Poecilosclerida Topsent). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (2), 255 - 259.","Lim, S. C., De Voogd, N. J. & Tan, K. S. (2008) A guide to sponges of Singapore. Science Centre, Singapore, 173 pp.","Hajdu, E., Zea, S., Kielman, M. & Peixinho, S. (1995) Mycale escarlatei n. sp. and Mycale unguifera n. sp. (Demospongiae) from the Tropical-Western Atlantic. Beaufortia, 45 (1), 1 - 16.","Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487, pls. 18 - 21.","Bergquist, P. R. (1965) The Sponges of Micronesia, Part I. The Palau Archipelago. Pacific Science, 19 (2), 123 - 204."]}

Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis (Von Lendenfeld, 1887) Arenochalina mirabilis Von Lendenfeld, 1887: 821, pl. XXVI fig. 70, pl. XXVII fig. 28; Von Lendenfeld 1888: 103; Whitelegge 1902: 212–213; Pulitzer-Finali 1982a: 100, fig. 12. Esperella spongiosa Dendy, 1896: 16. ? Esperella crassa Dendy, 1896: 17. ? Esperella rara Dendy, 1896:18. Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis; Hallmann 1912: 252 (footnote); Carpay 1986: 32; Wiedenmayer 1989: 84, pl. 9 figs 8–10, 13, pl. 10 figs 1–2, pl. 29 figs 1–4, text figs 53–56 (see also there for possible synonymies and extensive description); Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 677. Naviculina mirabilis; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 293. Mycale mirabilis; Erpenbeck et al. 2016: Supplementary Data 2, 28S and COI trees. Material examined. ZMA.Por.P.12173, Australia, Tasmania, Eaglehawk Neck, coll. M.C, Carpay, slide made from single erect specimen of 30 cm long, kept at Tasmanian Museum, reg.nr. TM 85. Summary description. Sponges are massive, erect club-shaped to lobate, or encrusting, with coarsely spinous surface. Color in life brownish yellow. On deck, the sponge becomes slimy and looses much of its organic tissue quickly, leaving a macerated skeleton of coarse spongin fibres. The consistency is compressible in life, but becomes rigid in preservation. Size of specimens up to 30 x 5 x 4 cm. The skeletal framework of the sponge is made up of coarse thick spongin fibres usually entirely filled with thin, vestigial mycalostyles. Foreign materials including sand grains or algal strands occurs in some of the fibres in some of the specimens but this is uncommon generally. The main fibres, with thickness varying from 100 µm to 1 mm depending on position in the sponge (thicker specimens have basal fibres much thicker than peripheral fibres) may be irregularly anastomosing by connecting thinner fibres (100–250 µm diameter). Surface skeleton is absent. Spicules mycalostyles, microscleres rare or absent. Mycalostyles, typically ‘hollow’, reduced in silica development, almost vestigial, with faintly swollen tyles often grooved or lobed, length variable, 104–280 x 1–7 µm. Anisochelae not found in tropical localities but two anisochelae of 19–23 µm were found in one of Wiedenmayer’s specimens from South East Australia. Sigmas, only rarely observed, absent in tropical localities. Wiedenmayer found 8 sigmas in one of his specimens from South East Australia, thin, widely curved, with apices somewhat incurved, size 42–86 µm. Distribution. Northern Australia (Von Lendenfeld 1887; Pulitzer-Finali 1982a), South East Australia (Wiedenmayer 1989), Northwest Tasmania (Carpay 1986), on reefs and rocks down to 30 m depth. Comments. Differences with Red Sea specimens, here assigned to Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuispiculata (Dendy, 1905) are the color, which is cited as yellowish cream to beige in North Australian, and red in Red Sea specimens. Mycalostyles in North Australian specimens appear distinctly thicker (2–8 µm) than in Red Sea specimens (1–3.5 µm). Of the synonymy designations made by Wiedenmayer (1989), we disagree with M. (Ar.) imperfecta Baer, 1906, M. (A.) fistulata Hentschel, 1911, and M. (Ar.) tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982b, as these were reassigned above to the synonymy of Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta. This species is purple in color and has abundant microscleres, including rosettes of anisochelae. Wiedenmayer (1989) also suggested Gelliodes setosa Keller, 1889 was a junior synonym of the present species. However, his reason for suggesting this comes from Van Soest’s (1984) discussion of the affinities of Caribbean Mycale laxissima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864), in which he suggested that Indonesian specimen ZMA Por. 01611 showed similarities with M. laxissima. The ZMA specimen was identified by M. Burton as Mycale setosa (Keller, 1889), but here it is reassigned to Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta (cf. above). The name was also used by Erpenbeck et al. (2016, supplementary data, CO1tree). Burton’s identification (and Van Soest’s remark) does not conform to the type of Gelliodes setosa as described by Keller (1889), a.o. because no anisochelae were mentioned by Keller. As stated above, we examined the type ZMB 270, which conforms to Gelliodes. Wiedenmayer (1989) did not include South Australian Esperella crassa Dendy, 1896 in his long list of assumed junior synonyms of the present species, perhaps because Dendy mentions the presence of small anisochelae of 16 µm. Other features, including a strong presence of sand and foreign material do suggest it could be a junior synonym. Likewise, Esperella rara Dendy, 1896 with the same sandy skeleton and small anisochelae, but in addition also trichodragmas, appears close if not conspecific with the present species. Both are technically outside our target region, so we refrain from giving summary descriptions. Of the latter species the type material appears to have been lost (Ayling et al. 1982; Hooper & Wiedenmayer, 1994: 292). Mycale waitei (Whitelegge, 1906) (originally as Cladorhiza) is a likely Mycale (Arenochalina) from New South Wales, but no formal subgenus assignment has so far been made (but see below in Table 9). Hooper & Wiedenmayer (1994) assigned this species to the genus Naviculina Gray, 1867. No reasons for this suprising assignment were given. The genus is currently accepted as a subgenus of Mycale species with cleistochelate anisochelae (dubbed ‘naviculichelae’ in this study following Van Soest & Hajdu, 2002) (see below). M. (Ar.) mirabilis does not possess naviculichelae. Key to the Mycale (Arenochalina) species of the region Remark. We refrain from keying out M. (Ar.) anomala (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) and M. waitei (Whitelegge, 1906) as there is doubt of their identity. 1 Growth form a flaring tube or coalescent tubes.............................................................. 2 - Not tubular. Shape is encrusting, lobate or erect club-shaped................................................... 3 2 Color red or pale red; surface with deep valleys and sharp conules................ Mycale (Arenochalina) euplectellioides - Color greyish, whitish or iridescent pale purple; surface with pustular outgrowths, inside more smooth............................................................................................ Mycale (Arenochalina) regularis 3 Microscleres obviously present, including rosettes of anischelae, sigmas 40–105 µm...... Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta - Microscleres not common, may be rare or absent............................................................ 4 4 Live color bright red, fibres predominantly filled with mycalostyles, occasionally bryozoans or algae may be enclosed in the fibres, sigmas if present Mycale (Arenochalina) tenuispiculata - Live color yellowish beige to dirty white, fibres filled with sand grains; sigmas if present> 40 µm................................................................................................ Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Arenochalina) Our estimate for the global diversity of the subgenus is severely uncertain, due to the unsatisfactory state of morphological evidence for species distinction. We believe a rational number of species is approximately 15, but this is not much better than a ‘guess’. One of the vexing problems is the poor knowledge of several South East Australian ‘species’ alleged or suspected to belong to the subgenus. The global distribution of the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 32, showing that the subgenus is absent in polar regions and most temperate waters. Its absence in the Mediterranean indicates it has a circum-tropical distribution with a likely South East Pacific origin., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Von Lendenfeld, R. (1887) Die Chalineen des australischen Gebietes. Zoologische Jahrb ʾ cher, Jena, 2, 723 - 828, pls. XVIII- XXVII.","Von Lendenfeld, R. (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney. Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 260 pp., 12 pls.","Whitelegge, T. (1902). Supplementary notes to the report on sponges from the coastal beaches of New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum, 4 (5), 211 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.4.1902.1099","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 a [1980 - 1981]) Some new or little-known sponges from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universit di Genova, 48 - 49, 87 - 141.","Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series, 8, 14 - 51.","Hallmann, E. F. (1912) Report on the Sponges obtained by the F. I. S. ' Endeavour' on the Coasts of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, 1909 - 10. Part 1. Zoological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried out by F. I. S. ' Endeavour', 1909 - 14 (2), 117 - 300, pls. XXI-XXXVI.","Carpay, M. (1986) The marine sponges of Tasmania. A checklist of a number of marine sponges, occurring along the Tasmanian coast. M. Sc. Thesis. Department Bijzondere Dierkunde, Institute for Taxonomic Zoology, Amsterdam, 77 pp.","Wiedenmayer, F. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs Museum Victoria, 50 (1), 1 - 242, pls. 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1989.50.01","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 624.","Erpenbeck, D., Voigt, O., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L., B ʾ ttner, G., Catania, D., Guirguis, A. N., Paulay, G., Schatzle, S. & W ˆ rheide, G. (2016) Molecular biodiversity of Red Sea demosponges. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105, 507 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2015.12.004","Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 3 (Supplement 18), pp. 57 - 246, pls. I-XVI.","Baer, L. (1906) Silicispongien von Sansibar, Kapstadt and Papeete (Inaugural Dissertation, Berlin). Archiv f ʾ r Naturgeschichte, 72 (1,1), 1 - 32, pls. I-V.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 b) Some shallow-water sponges from Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. S. & Tseng, C. K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the First International Marine Biology Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 18 April - 10 May 1980. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 97 - 110.","Keller, C. (1889) Die Spongienfauna des Rothen Meeres (I. Halfte). Zeitschrift f ʾ r wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 48, 311 - 405, pls. XX-XXV.","Van Soest, R. W. M. (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 66 (199), 1 - 167.","Duchassaing de Fonbressin, P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21 (2), 1 - 124, pls. I-XXV.","Ayling, A. L., Stone, S. M. & Smith, B. J. (1982) Catalogue of types of sponge species from Southern Australia described by Arthur Dendy. Reports of the National Museum of Victoria, 1, 97 - 109.","Whitelegge, T. (1906) Sponges. Part 1. Monaxonida, Ridley and Dendy. In: Scientific Results of the Trawling Expedition of H. M. C. S. ' Thetis' off the Coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4 (9), 453 - 484, pls. XLIII-XLIV. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1906.1505","Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Spalding, M. D, Fox, H. E., Allen, G. E., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halperin, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707"]}

Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni (Gray, 1867) Figs 97 a–c, 98a–d Naviculina cliftoni Gray, 1867: 538; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 293; Hajdu 1999: 227, figs 1–2. Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 681, fig. 8; Lerner & Hajdu 2002 (keyed out). Material examined. ZMA Por.P. 12186 (slide only), Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.3383°S 118.2733°E, sea grass field and corals, depth 8–11 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 122, field nr. 122 / IV, 22 September 1984 (separated from ZMA. Por. 08540, Cliona spec.); ZMA Por. 11188, Seychelles, Mahé, NE of Aride Island, 4.1667°S 55.7333°E, depth 55 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 714, field nr. IOP-E 714/03, 19 December 1992 (slide only, specimen could not be found in 2019) (live color orange); ZMA Por. 12655, Seychelles, Amirantes, N of Platte Island Atoll, 5.8167°S 55.3667°E, depth 6 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.796, field nr. IOP-E 796/45, 7 January 1993 (orange); ZMA Por. 12659, Seychelles, Amirantes, S of D’Arros Island, 5.4667°S 53.3°E, depth 50–55 m, Agassiz trawl, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat.764, field nr IOP-E 764/11a, 28 December 1992; ZMA Por. 12660, Mahé, W coast, Port Launaye National Park, 4.6333°S 55.3833°E, on oyster Lopha cristata, depth 1–7 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 605, field nr. IOP-E 605/05, 9 December 1992. Description (Figs 97 a–b). The material identified as this species comprise predominantly thin crusts (Fig. 97a), but one sample, ZMA Por. 11188 (unfortunately it could not be found in the collection in 2019) consists of larger branches of 1.5 cm thick and 10 cm high (Fig. 97b). The surface of the branched specimen is optically smooth, although bumpy in places, with easily detachable ‘skin, overlaying a fibrous interior. Color of all reported specimens is orange in life, becoming whitish in preservation. Consistency soft. Skeleton (Fig. 97c). The choanosomal skeleton consists of thick spicule tracts, 150–250 µm in diameter (up to 30 spicules in cross section), arranged in a plumoreticulate fashion in the elaborate specimen, but largely plumose in thin crusts. The tracts fan out near the surface into thinner tracts 20–40 µm in diameter. The ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 97c) is of the aegogropila-type with intercrossing thicker (40 µm thick, 5–8 spicules across) and thinner (20 µm thick, 2–3 spicules across) forming a neat reticulation with meshes of 150–200 µm in widest extent. Microscleres are scattered between the ectosomal tracts and in the interior. No rosettes. Spicules (Figs 98 a–d). Mycalostyles, two overlapping categories of naviculichelae, sigmas. It is likely that the two sizes of naviculichelae conform to anisochelae II and III of other members of the subgenus. Mycalostyles (Figs 98a,a 1), robust, straight, with prominent heads and pointed opposite ends, 324– 407.6 –478 x 5– 8.9 – 15 µm. Anisochelae I (= II) (Figs 98b), usually rare, occasionally absent, naviculichela-shape, robustly rounded in outline, two sides shaped slightly different, lateral alae well-developed, 22– 29.8 – 36 µm. Anisochelae II (= III) (Figs 98c), dominant, naviculichela-shape, oval in shape, with inner plate and median alae in various stages of closure, 13– 14.8 – 18 µm. Sigmas I (Fig. 98d), thin, symmetrical, with slightly incurved endings, not obviously divisible in size categories, 11– 18.9 – 33 µm. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Seychelles, West Australia. In deeper parts of reefs and on sandy bottoms, 8–55 m depth. Remarks. Along with M. (N.) microxea Vacelet et al., 1976 (cf. below), this species stands out among Mycale (Naviculina) members by the absence of ‘normal’ anisochelae I. The chelae comprise only naviculichelae in a wide size range, divisible into two overlapping size categories, which are also slightly different in shape. There are no previous descriptions of the habitus of this species, as the only extant type material is a slide in the Natural History Museum, mentioned for the first time in Bowerbank (1864) (p. 252), and redescribed by Hajdu (1999). All specimens listed above under Material examined are proposed to belong to M. (N.) cliftoni, and these include next to thin crusts also elaborate upright branches. There is some variability among the specimens in the abundance and sizes of the microscleres. The range in sizes and overlap of larger naviculichelae and the smaller ones in some specimens, with the larger naviculichelae rare and/or barely different in size make distinction between two categories not obvious. Sigmas may be abundant or more rare, and extremely small or large ones are often rare or absent. The limits of variation of the present species remain to be further established. In view of the lack of normal-shaped chelae, it could be argued, that this species only has anisochelae II and III, and lacks anisochelae I, because the normal-shaped anisochelae in the remaining species are always the largest anisochelae., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 152-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII.","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 624.","Hajdu, E. (1999) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the mycalids with anisochelae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), and comments on the status of Naviculina Gray, 1867. In: Hooper J. N. A. (Ed.), Origin and Outlook. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, pp. 225 - 238.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5","Lerner, C. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Two new Mycale (Naviculina) Gray (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from the Paulista biogeographic province (Southwestern Atlantic). Revista brasiliana de Zoologia, 19 (1), 109 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752002000100009","Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (A), Zoologie, 49, 1 - 116, pls. I-X.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1864) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 1. Ray Society, London, xx + 290 pp., XXXVII pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2038"]}

Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium (Von Lendenfeld, 1888) Esperella penicillium Von Lendenfeld, 1888: 213; Hallmann 1914: 408, pl XXIV fig. 1, text-fig. 15. Paresperella repens Whitelegge, 1907: 487, pl. XIV fig. 22. Mycale moluccensis var. dichela Hentschel, 1911: 305, fig 10. Summary description (mostly from Hallmann 1914: 408–411 and Hentschel 1911: 305–306). The type specimen consists of ‘a few ill-preserved scraps attached to pieces of shells and other débris’, presumably encrusting, which is confirmed by the specimens from Whitelegge and Hentschel. The ectosomal skeleton is a tangential aegogropilalike paucispicular reticulation. The choanosomal skeleton is a loose reticulation of spicule tracts up to 150 µm in thickness, which subdivide near the surface supporting the ectosomal skeleton. Spicules mycalostyles with bidentate ending, occasionally with bluntly rounded ending, 192–410 x up to 8 µm, anisochelae I 29–39 µm, anisochelae II 9–22.5 µm, sigmas I, serrated, 44–52 µm. Distribution. Port Jackson, SE Australia; Shark Bay, West Australia, shallow water. Comment. See for further remarks above in the discussion of M. (P.) moluccensis, which differs from M. (P.) penicillium in possessing only one size category of anisochelae as well as toxas, while M.(P.) moluccensis has two sizes of anisochelae and lacks toxas. Key to the Mycale (Paresperella) species from the region 1 Serrated sigmas> 200 µm................................................... Mycale (Paresperella) macrosigma - Serrated sigmas only Mycale (Paresperella) serratohamata 3 Megascleres exclusively tylote-like with symmetrical swollen endings; serrated sigmas large (> 100 µm).................................................................................. Mycale (Paresperella) seychellensis sp.nov. - Megascleres include bidentate, tridentate or polydentate mycalostyles............................................ 4 4 Toxas present....................................................... Mycale (Paresperella) sceptroides sp.nov. - No toxas............................................................................................ 5 5 One size category of anisochelae.............................................. Mycale (Paresperella) moluccensis - Two size categories of anisochelae.............................................. Mycale (Paresperella) penicillium Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Paresperella) We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Paresperella) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 17. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 113. The subgenus is circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate waters, with a few penetrating into colder temperate waters. Subgenus Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) Kent, 1870 Rhaphidotheca Kent, 1870: 219. Gomphostegia Topsent, 1896: 149. Sceptrospongia Dendy, 1926: 6. Mycale (Rhaphidotheca); Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 684. Type species. Rhaphidotheca marshallhalli Kent, 1870 (= Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) marshallhalli). Remark. No species were found in the material we studied. Additional Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) species from the region, Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 174-176, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Von Lendenfeld, R. (1888) Descriptive Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum, Sidney. Taylor & Francis, London, xiv + 260 pp., 12 pls.","Hallmann, E. F. (1914) A revision of the monaxonid species described as new in Lendenfeld's ' Catalogue of the Sponges in the Australian Museum'. Part I, II, III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 39, 263 - 315 + 327 - 376 + 398 - 446, pls. XV-XXIV. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2286","Whitelegge, T. (1907) Sponges. Part I. - Addenda. Part II. Monaxonida continued. In: Scientific Results of the Trawling Expedition of H. M. C. S. ' Thetis' off the Coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4 (10), pp. 487 - 515. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1907.1506","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Spalding, M. D, Fox, H. E., Allen, G. E., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halperin, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707","Kent, W. S. (1870) On two new Siliceous Sponges taken in the late Dredging-Expedition of the Yacht ' Norma' off the Coasts of Spain and Portugal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 6 (33), 217 - 224, pl. XV. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937008696236","Topsent, E. (1896) Campagnes du Yacht Princesse Alice. Sur deux curieuses Esperellines des Acores. Bulletin de la Societ Zoologique de France, 2 1, 147 - 150.","Dendy, A. (1926) On the Origin, Growth and arrangement of Sponge spicules: A study in Symbiosis. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 70 (277), 1 - 74.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5"]}

Mycale (Paresperella) seychellensis sp.nov. Figs 112 a–g ? Paresperella spec. Dendy, 1922: 58. ? Mycale sp. 2 Vacelet & Vasseur 1971: 89, fig. 39. Material examined. ZMA Por. 12658, Seychelles, Amirantes, Desroches Atoll, SW rim, outer reef slope, 5.7167°S 53.6167°E, depth 5–30 m, SCUBA, coll. M.J. de Kluijver, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 774, field nr. IOP-E 774/04b, 30 December 1992 (yellowish). Description. Tiny specimen encrusting on calcareous sponge (Borojevia tubulata Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018). Life color noted as yellowish, pale beige in preservation. Size 1–2 mm 3. After two thick sections were made, the left over material was barely enough for further subsampling for SEM and light microscopy. Skeleton (Figs 112 a–b). Feebly developed due to being a small specimen. Plumose choanosomal tracts of 60–80 µm diameter subdivide into thinner tracts below the surface. The ectosomal skeleton is an irregular aegogropila-type tangential arrangement of intercrossing spicule tracts of about 20 µm diameter (3–4 spicules in cross section) and single megascleres, forming meshes of about 200 µm in widest expansion. Rosettes of anisochelae I of 45–60 µm diameter and spined sigmas are scattered in the ectosomal meshes. Spicules (Figs 112 c–g). Megascleres, two categories of anisochelae, sigmas, toxas. Megascleres (Fig. 112c,c 1) are anisotylote and anisostrongylote forms, with slightly unequal swollen rounded ends on both sides, straight or curved, sometimes slightly sinuous, 401– 418.9 –434 x 5– 5.9 – 7 µm. Anisochelae I (Figs 112d), well-developed, with curved shaft, overall shape similar to those of M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov., cf. above, but smaller, 23– 26.8 – 31 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 112e), similar to anisochelae I, but less well-developed and distinctly smaller, 15– 15.5 – 17 µm. Sigmas I (Figs 112f,f 1), approximately symmetrical, thickness about 3 µm, with curvature of both endings provided with a series of flattened spines, clearly larger in size than above treated Mycale (Paresperella) species, 105– 124.8 – 138 µm. Toxas (Fig. 112g), in dragmas or occasionally single, similar in shape to those of M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov., 15– 29.8 – 36 µm. Distribution and ecology. Seychelles, on reefs, down to 30 m. Remarks. The present material is close to M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov. but differs clearly in (1) shape of the megascleres which lack the polyaxone ending, (2) the size of the anisochelae I (37–57 µm vs 23–31 µm), and (3) size of the serrated sigmas (63–87 vs 105–138 µm). Less important differences are the more robust choanosomal tracts and the lack of toxodragmas in M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov. A further closely related species appears to be M. (P.) serratohamata (Carter, 1880), likewise apparently only known from tiny specimens, which has similar spiculation including toxas. A distinct difference with the new species is that the serratohamata has commonplace mycalostyles with pointed endings and much smaller size (175 x 6 µm); toxas (in dragmas like our specimen) are 50 µm. East Pacific Mycale (Paresperella) psila (De Laubenfels, 1930) as redescribed recently by Carballo & Cruz-Barraza (2010) differs clearly from the new species in having a second smaller category of sigmas, and its sigmas I and toxas are distinctly larger (130–188 µm and 42–63 respectively). It is possible that Dendy’s (1922: 58) record of a Paresperella spec. from Salomon Island (Chagos, British Indian Ocean Territory) is a member of the new species, but only a large serrated sigma is known for it. Similarly, Vacelet & Vasseur’s (1971) record of Mycale sp. 2 appears a potential member of the new species, with the main difference being bundled raphides of 280–320 µm, lacking in our tiny specimen. Additional species of Mycale (Paresperella) from the region

Mycale (Carmia) suezza (Row, 1911) Esperella suezza Row, 1911: 338, text-fig. 18. Summary description. Irregular (preserved) dark grey mass, partly growing on a mussel. Surface slightly conulose but otherwise smooth. Consistency soft, easily fragmented. Skeleton consists of sinuously curved spicule tracts, branching but not anastomosing. Tracts variable in thickness, containing 2–6 spicules in the peripheral region, but in deeper parts may be 20–25 spicules thick. There are also many loose scattered megascleres. No ectosomal skeleton. Mycalostyles 320–330 x 4 µm, abundant anisochelae in two? size categories, the larger of which are 40 µm or less, sigmas 70 x 4 µm (occasionally tri-forked or swollen), toxas long, possibly raphidotoxa-like, but usually with abrupt median curve, 210–310 µm. Distribution. Suez, northern Red Sea, shallow depth. Comment. For the time being we maintain this species as separate, but its published description makes it very similar to the junior Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana Annandale, 1914. This is described as being a thin brick-red crust, but no other differences are apparent., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Row, R. W. H. (1911) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S. XIX. Report on the Sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part II. Non-Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 31 (208), 287 - 400, pls. 35 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1911. tb 00461. x","Annandale, N. (1914) Fauna symbiotica indica. 5. Some sponges commonly associated with oysters and mussels in Madras Harbour and the Chilka Lake. Records of the Indian Museum, 10, 149 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5625"]}

Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov. Figs 87 a–d, 88a–g Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 02904, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sapeh Strait, 8.3916°S 119.0733°E, bottom corals and shells, depth 69 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 049a, field nr. SE1345.4, 14 April 1899. Paratype ZMA Por. 01613, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, between Komodo and Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E, bottom dead corals and sand, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 310, field nr. SE54 CXIII–I, 12 February 1900. Description (Fig. 87 a–b). The holotype (Fig. 87a) has a detached cylindrical shape with both ends rounded, size 3 cm high, 1 cm in diameter. The paratype (Fig. 87b) has a similar cylindrical shape, so this is likely an important feature of the species, Surface is smooth (holotype) or slightly roughened (paratype) and lacks visible openings. The color in alcohol is dirty white to pale orange. Consistency compressible, but crumbly and easily damaged. Skeleton (Figs 87 c–d). Plumose, with long undivided spicule tracts (Fig. 87c), 80–130 µm in diameter, separated at distances of 400–600 µm. In the deeper parts of the choanosome many loose megascleres are strewn without arrangement. Anisochelae I occur in clusters (Fig. 88a) that may be characterized as indistinct rosettes and and anisochelae II occur in vaguely circular arrangement (Fig. 88b), associated with the skeletal tracts, but neither form clear rosettes. At the surface (Fig. 87d), there is a dense mass of intercrossing tangentially arranged megascleres, carried by the extended endings of the choanosomal tracts. Spicules (Figs 88 c–i). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, trichodragmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 88c,c 1), slightly rounded or straight, with narrow bluntly rounded heads, without visible constricted ‘neck’, with sharply pointed end, 405– 485.7 –576 x 11– 14.1 – 19 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 88d), of ‘normal’ shape, with free part of the shaft approximately 35% of spicule length, with prominent oval upper alae, lower median alae broad with straight upper rim, lower latera alae rounded, 57– 77.8 – 90 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 88e), very common in both specimens, shape compact, globular in outline, with free part of the shaft 15% or less of the length of the spicule, with upper alae extended outwards but with rims curved inwards agains, shape of alae oval with rounded rims, with lower alae also well-developed, both median and lateral alae rounded, 25– 30.6 – 37 µm. Anisochelae III (Fig. 88f), upper alae dominating, forming a sheath around the upper part of the shaft, lower part lacking alae and provided with a distinct spur, 16– 18.8 – 22 µm. Sigma I (Fig. 88g), about 1–1.5 µm in thickness, asymmetrical, 39– 48.1 – 60 µm. Sigma II (Fig. 88h), thin, tending to be symmetrical, 13– 19.3 – 24 µm. Trichodragmas (Fig. 88i), straight, compact, variable in length, 15– 28.5 –39 x 5– 6.4 – 9 µm. Distribution and ecology. Both specimens were obtained from nearby localities in Sape (or Sapeh) Strait between the islands of Komodo and Sumbawa, Indonesia, at greater depths (69–73 m). Etymology. Grandoides is a composite word consisting of grandis, a Latin adjective meaning great or large, and -oides, a suffix from Ancient Greek meaning ‘resembling’; the composite name is chosen because of the similarity of the present species to Mycale (Mycale) grandis. Remarks. The new species resembles M. (M.) grandis in the overall spicule complement, with all spicule types of that species present in approximately the same size range, except for anisochelae I. The latter lacks the size and characteristic shape, being much more compact, with oval upper alae and shorter free part of the shaft. Anisochelae II are even more compact than those of M. (M.) grandis, and its upper alae curve outwards giving the shape a characteristic globular outline. The mycalostyles appear oxea-like in having a narrow bluntly rounded head lacking any swelling or subterminal neck. The shape of the specimens is fingerlike unlike most M. (M.) grandis specimens. Because of the paucity of material for the new species and lack of in situ images, it is possible that some of the mentioned differences may turn out to have limited value for distinction of M. (M.) grandis and M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. if more and better known material will be found. The nearest to this species in morphology is probably Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis sp.nov. The two are compared below. There is also considerable similarity with M. (M.) crassissima, which has the same spicule complement, but the shape of the anisochelae II is clearly different., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 135-137, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930

Mycale (Carmia) militaris Annandale, 1914 Mycale aegagropila var. militaris Annandale, 1914: 151, pl. X fig. 2; Ali 1956: 295 (misspelled as aegagsopila). Mycale aegagropala (sic) var. milataris (sic); Pattanayak 2009: 24. Summary description. Thin film on Mytilus mussels. Bright scarlet in life, turning dull green in preservation. No description of skeleton but stated to be similar to Esperella aegagropila sensu Vosmaer & Pekelharing 1897. This description concerns Dutch populations of Mycale (Carmia) encrusting oysters. It is likely that these authors studied Mycale (Carmia) micracanthoxea Buizer & Van Soest, 1977, which is commonly found in the oysterbeds in SE Netherlands. Annandale’s material is thus likely to belong to subgenus Carmia. Mycalostyles 240–270 µm, anisochelae I (not in rosettes) 44 µm, sigmas I 95 µm, toxas 148–200 µm. Distribution. Madras (= Chennai) Harbor, depth 1– 2 m. Comment. This description reminds strongly of Mycale (Carmia) madraspatana Annandale, 1914. The only difference is the presence of rosettes of anisochelae in that species. Ali (1956) reports sigmas of 120 µm., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Annandale, N. (1914) Fauna symbiotica indica. 5. Some sponges commonly associated with oysters and mussels in Madras Harbour and the Chilka Lake. Records of the Indian Museum, 10, 149 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5625","Ali, M. A. (1956) Additions to the sponge fauna of Madras. Journal of the Madras University, Section B, 26 (2), 289 - 301.","Pattanayak, J. G. [Patnayak, J. G.] (2009) Catalogue of extant marine Porifera type specimens in the Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey Occasional Paper, 309, 1 - 219, pls. 1 - 139.","Buizer, D. A. G. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (1977) Mycale micracanthoxea nov. spec. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 11 (3), 297 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0077 - 7579 (77) 90010 - 2"]}

Mycale (Carmia) vermistyla Li, 1986 Mycale vermistyla Li, 1986: 87 (Chinese text), 110 (English text), Fig. 10. Summary description. Branched, firm body, surface irregular, color brown. Skeleton with isolated bundles of mycalostyles. Mycalostyles, alleged to be in two categories (straight and vermiform) 134–254 x 3–8 µm, anisochelae 14–16 µm, sigmas I 36–39 µm, sigmas II peculiarly curved, 14–17 µm. Distribution. Yulin, south coast of Hainan, South China Sea, approx. 18.2°N 109.54°E. no depth data. Comment. The ‘vermiform’ mycalostyles are probably just juvenile spicules (see above in the New Caledonian specimen of M. (C.) monomicrosclera sp.nov., which has similar vermiform spicules). The small sigmas are indicated as ‘much more curved’ and peculiar. We believe that the ramose growth form is the distinctive feature of the species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Li, J. (1986) Sponges as marine fouling organisms in China waters. I. Studia Marina Sinica, 26 (2), 76 - 116."]}

Subgenus Mycale (Oxymycale) Hentschel, 1929 Oxymycale Hentschel, 1929: 932. Mycale (Oxymycale); Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 682; Van Soest 2018: 50. Type species. Esperia intermedia Schmidt, 1874 (= Mycale (Oxymycale) intermedia)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Hentschel, E. (1929) Die Kiesel- und Hornschwamme des N ˆ rdlichen Eismeers. In: R ˆ mer, F., Schaudinn, F., Brauer, A. & Arndt, W. (Eds.), Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen mit besonderer Ber ʾ cksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das N ˆ rdliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898. 5 (4). Fischer, Jena, pp. 857 - 1042, pls. XII-XIV.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5","Van Soest, R. W. M. (2018) Mycale (Oxymycale) klausjanusorum sp. nov. (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from Flores Sea deep water, Indonesia. In: Klautau, M., Perez, T., Cardenas, P. & De Voogd, N. (Eds.), Deep Sea and Cave Sponges. Zootaxa, 4466 (1), 49 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4466.1.6","Schmidt, O. (1874) Kieselspongien. Die Zweite deutsche Nordpolfahrt in 1869 - 70 (' Germania' Expedition), 2 (13), 429 - 433."]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) prognatha sp.nov. Figs 9 a–d, 10a–g Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 15822, Mauritius, Chenal du Trou d’Eau Douce, reef, 20.24°S 57.80°E, depth 8–10 m, coll. J.H. Stock, 7 February 1964 (color violet). Description. Lobate, massive (Fig. 9a), consolidating algae and bryozoans, which provide much of the support. Size of the mass 10 x 5 x 2 cm. Live color cited as violet by its collector, orange beige in alcohol. Surface optically smooth, slightly bumpy, generally lipostomous, but with a few slightly raised oscules. Consistency firm, probably due to the enclosed algae and bryozoans. Skeleton. The usual ectosomal aegogropila-skeleton (Fig. 9b) of intercrossing spicule tracts is present. Tracts are 50–70 µm in diameter (8–10 spicules), forming meshes of 300–600 µm in size. Rosettes of anisochelae I are common in the ectosome and are 60–110 µm in diameter. Few subectosomal spicule tracts are present, only some bundles supporting the ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is largely replaced by algal thallus threads (Fig. 9c), with many loose megascleres and microscleres strewn among them. Spicules (Figs 9d, 10 a–g). Mycalostyles, anisochelae in three categories, sigmas in two categories, toxas and toxodragmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 10a,a 1), similar to those of M.(Ae.) orientalis: moderately robust, with faint constriction below an elongated, barely swollen head, 318– 342.9 –381 x 8– 10.3 – 11 µm. Anisoschelae I (Fig. 10b), rather robust, alae well-developed, and the shaft straight and free for about 45% of the spicule length, with outwardly curved upper median alae, 49– 52.3 – 57 µm. Anisochelae II (Figs 10c), differentiated in two overlapping types, one approximately similar to those of M. (Ae.) orientalis with narrow shape and broad median alae, the other more robust, with upper median ala rather narrow and the upper lateral alae broadly developed, with lower median ala broad and with slightly incurved rim, the two types in overlapping sizes, 23– 26.4 – 30 µm. Anisochelae III (Figs 10d,d 1), characteristically with upper median ala overlapping the lower median ala, and tapering proximally towards a pointed ending, lower median ala with median protrusion; free shaft approximately 1/3 of the length of the spicule, size rather uniform, 9– 12.6 – 14 µm. Sigmas I (Fig.10e), robust, rather narrow, with strongly curved apices, 96– 107.1 – 111 µm, up to 10 µm in thickness. Sigmas II (Figs 10f), thin, rather evenly curved, in a large size range but not clearly divisible in size categories, 15– 24.3 – 36 µm. Toxas (Figs 10g,g 1), shallow-curved, in a large size range but not clearly divisible in separate sizes, smaller toxas partially arranged in toxodragmas (Figs 10g 1), tending to be diamond-shaped (‘double’ toxodragmas), sizes 36– 64.9 – 132 µm, the larger sizes have a thickness up to 2 µm. Etymology. The species name is an adjective derived from ‘prognath’, a medical term referring to a protruding jaw condition in humans. We consider this an apt description of the condition found in the anisochelae III. Distribution and ecology. Mauritius, shallow reef locality. Remarks. The specimen resembles specimens assigned here to M. (Ae) orientalis, but it differs substantially in (1) having two shapes of anisochelae II, (2) prognath anisochelae III, and (3) toxodragmas. The skeleton is also peculiar in being fortified by algal thallus. Live color is violet in stead of the orange color in M. (Ae.) orientalis. There is resemblance in anisochelae II between the two Oman specimens of M. (Ae.) orientalis, which are also relatively robust, perhaps evidence of the existence of a distinct Indian Ocean population which could include the present specimen. However, additional features such as the toxodragmas, and especially the peculiar shape of anisochelae III, are absent in these specimens. Mycale aegagropila sensu Wilson 1925, here considered to belong to M. (Ae.) orientalis, was mentioned to possess a few toxodragmas, a further indication that our new species is close to M. (Ae.) orientalis. Prognath anisochelae III remind of the condition in the Caribbean species Mycale (M.) arndti Van Soest, 1984 as demonstrated in Hajdu & R̹tzler’s (1998) fig. 3g.

Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi & Lévi, 1983 Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi & Lévi, 1983: 953, pl. VII fig. 6, text-fig. 17. Material examined. MNHN DCl 2966, holotype, New Caledonia, Banc de la Torche, 300 m depth. Summary description. Semiglobular, yellow-ochraceous, firm mass, size 3 x 2.5 x 1.5 cm. Surface smooth formed by a thick ectosomal skeleton of tangential megascleres. Choanosomal skeleton consisting of thick megasclere tracts dividing dichotomously in the subectosomal region carrying the ectosomal region. Rosettes of anisochelae I and also of anisochelae II are found in the ectosomal region. Spicules: mycalostyles 750–900 µm, strongly curved anisochelae I with broad short upper alae 85–90 µm, anisochelae II 20–25 µm, trichodragmas/raphides 120 µm, the latter occurring in dense masses. Distribution. New Caledonia, deep water. Comment. Because of the shape of the anisochelae I, the present species appears closely related to Mycale (Mycale) dendyi, but that has anisochelae III, sigmas, and the mycalostyles are distinctly smaller., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1983) Demosponges bathyales recoltees par le N / O ' Vauban' au sud de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 4, 5 (A, 4), 931 - 997."]}

Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971 Figs 93 a–c, 94a–j, 95a–g, 96 Mycale cleistochela Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971: 87, fig. 36. Mycale cleistochela var. flagellifera Vacelet & Vasseur, 1971: 87, fig. 37 Mycale (Aegogropila) peculiaris Pulitzer-Finali, 1996: 116, fig. 14. Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela; Hajdu 1999: 228. Mycale (Naviculina) peculiaris; Hajdu 1998: 228. Material examined. MSNG 48704, slide of holotype of Mycale peculiaris Pulitzer-Finali, 1996, MSNG 48704, Papua New Guinea, Laing Island, 4.15°S 144.8667°E, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. G. Pulitzer-Finali, field nr. P54, 12 August 1986. ZMA Por. 08512, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N coast of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.32°S 118.24°E, depth 5–7 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 114, field nr. 114/ III/15, 21 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA Por. 08896, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/15, 25 September 1984 (orange); ZMA Por. 08897, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/15, 25 September 1984 (orange); ZMA Por. 08917a, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, NE Take Bone Rate, S of Tarupa Kecil, 6.5°S 121.1333, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 139, field nr 139/ IV/36, 25 September 1984; ZMA Por. 13069, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Samalona, 4.8747°S 119.3419°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SA / NV/280497/02, 28 April 1997 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 15126, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Samalona, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 220608, 22 June 1997 (orange); ZMA Por. 15185, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Samalona E, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 060502, 6 May 1997 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 15246, South Africa, Port Elizabeth, Cove Rock, 33.1°S 27.8333°E, depth 0–2 m, snorkeling, coll. A. van Schie, field nr. UPES–96–158, 19 March 1996; ZMA Por. 17503, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, SCUBA, coll. D. Erpenbeck & N.J. de Voogd, field nr. 2–21, 12 May 2001; RMNH Por. 1904, Indonesia, Bali, Tulamben area, bay S of Emeral Hotel, 8.2847°S 115.603°E, depth 4 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, field nr. BAL.23/140401/190, 5 April 2001 (orange); RMNH Por. 4260, Indonesia, East Kalimantan, Berau region, W Panjang, 2.3312°N 118.1791°E, depth 10 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. BER.106/140808/059, 14 August 2008. Description (Figs 93 a–c). Massively lobate orange sponges (Fig. 93a) with characteristic reticulated surface. The lobes are crowned by large oscules, up to 1 cm in diameter, with membranous transparent upper parts. Size may be considerable, often 12 cm or more in lateral expansion and 3–5 cm high, but incipient specimens may be thin crusts of only a few cm in size. Below the surface membrane many rounded lacunae are visible, producing a coarsely punctate aspect. In preservation, colors become light beige or reddish brown (Figs 93 b–c), and the surface membrane is easily detachable. Consistency softly compressible, easily damaged. Skeleton (Figs 94 a–b). The choanosome has large lacunae, but between these the skeleton has very thick spicule tracts up to 1 mm in diameter with numerous megascleres in cross section. Towards the surface these subdivide into thinner tracts which are 60–100 µm in diameter, carrying the surface skeleton. This tangential ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 94a) is of the aegogropila-type, with intercrossing spicule tracts of about 50 µm diameter (6–10 spicules in cross section) forming triangular meshes. Rosettes of anisochelae (Figs 94 a–b) are found in the ectosomal region, concentrated on the intersections of the ectosomal tracts. Spicules (Figs 94 c–j, 95a–g). Mycalostyles, normal shaped anisochelae, two categories of naviculichelae, two categories of sigmas one of which may be flagellated, toxas. Mycalostyles (Figs 94c,c 1, 95a,a 1), comparatively long, slim, or thicker, with barely developed subapical constriction, sharply pointed or mucronate ending, size possibly regionally determined, 360– 497.1 –588 x 8– 10.6 – 15 µm (Vacelet & Vasseur 1971: 480–640 x 5–18 µm). Anisochelae I (Figs 94d, 95b), normal-shaped, elongate, with free part of the shaft 30–40% of spicule length, with upper and lower alae well-developed, upper median alae comparatively narrow, 42– 50.9 – 63 µm (V&V: 42–50 µm). Anisochelae II (Figs 94e, 95c), naviculichela-shape, tending to be rectangular in shape, having distinctly different asymmetrical sides (Figs 94e), one side with alae smoothly merging with central plate, the other provided with sharp ridges, upper rim of central plate provided with one or more spines, size 23– 29.1 – 35 µm (V&V: 20–30 µm). Anisochelae III (Figs 94f, 95d), naviculichela-shape, similar to anisochelae II, but with oval outline, 12– 17.4 – 22 µm (V&V: 12–18 µm). Sigmas Ia (Figs 94h, 95e), normal-shaped, about 1.5 µm in diameter, almost symmetrical, with incurved endings, 37– 54.7 – 66 µm (V&V: 70–90 µm); always present. Flagellated sigmas (sigmas Ib) (Fig. 94g), asymmetrical, at least as wide as high but usually wider, with sharply incurved endings, presence variable, occasionally entirely absent or shape merged with normal-shaped sigmas I, width x height 39– 73.3 –96 x 34– 54.8 – 78 µm (V& V: 65–75 µm). Sigmas II (Figs 94i, 95f), thin, symmetrical, with incurved endings, 11– 14.3 – 32 µm (V&V: 15–45 µm). Toxas (Figs 94j, 95g), with wide curve and upturned endings, may occur in small bundles but usually single, 9– 21.4 –33 (V&V: 15–20 and 30–60 µm). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 96). Indonesia, South Africa, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea. In shallow water down to 15 m depth, frequent on reefs. Remarks. The occurrence of specimens with few or even absent flagellated sigmas in combination with sigmas I of about the same size differing from flagellated sigmas only in the amount of curvature has convinced us that the variety flagellifera is not specifically different from M. (N.) cleistochela. Since there is no clear geographic separation between specimens with many (e.g. ZMA Por. 15126) and specimens with few flagellosigmas (e.g. ZMA Por. 08897), the likelihood of separate subspecies is judged to be low. Thus, both varieties are here merged. One detail, provided in the description of Vacelet & Vasseur (1971) did not match our specimens, i.e the toxas reported in Mycale cleistochela by them were up to 60 µm, twice the size of the toxas found by us. Still, toxas are notably variable in length in most toxa-bearing Mycale species, so not much value can be attached to the length difference. Below we describe a set of specimens as a new species from Rodrigues Island in the Mascarenes, which possess flagellosigmas and naviculichelae, but lack proper sigmas and toxas. Pulitzer-Finali’s Mycale peculiaris was re-examined and flagellated sigmas were found in his material. It conforms closely in spicule shapes and sizes with the present species. Remarkably, Lerner & Hajdu (2002: p. 112), did not accept M. peculiaris as a member of subgenus Mycale (Naviculina), as it would have a separate type of anisochelae proposed to be named ‘peculichelae’. We do not agree after examination of a slide of the holotype. M. peculiaris has the naviculichelae in the shape and the size of M. (N.) cleistochela and is a clear junior synonym., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 147-151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1996) Sponges from the Bismarck Sea. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universit di Genova, 60 - 61, 101 - 138.","Hajdu, E. (1999) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the mycalids with anisochelae (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida), and comments on the status of Naviculina Gray, 1867. In: Hooper J. N. A. (Ed.), Origin and Outlook. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, pp. 225 - 238.","Hajdu, E. & R ʾ tzler, K. (1998) Sponges, genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae: Porifera), from a Caribbean mangrove and comments on subgeneric classification. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 111 (4), 737 - 773.","Lerner, C. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Two new Mycale (Naviculina) Gray (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from the Paulista biogeographic province (Southwestern Atlantic). Revista brasiliana de Zoologia, 19 (1), 109 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752002000100009"]}

Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina (Whitelegge, 1906) Figs 55 a–e Esperella ancorina Whitelegge, 1906: 466, pl. XLIII, fig. 6.3. Mycale parasitica; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 289 (not: Carter 1885 = Mycale (Grapelia) australis). Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina; Hajdu 1995: 79, figs 6.17, 25–33. Not: Mycale ancorina; Capon & Macleod 1987: 225 (= Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis). Material examined. ZMA Por. 10908, fragment of neotype AMS Z1440, Australia, New South Wales, E of Woollongong, Tethys Expedition stat. 48, depth 100 m, substrate sand and mud to rock, trawl, 18 March 1898. Summary description (based on Whitelegge 1906 and Hajdu 1995). Stalked-arborescent (Fig. 55a), with thick branches tending to be arranged in one plane, branch length up 23 cm x 2.5 cm in diameter. Surface optically smooth, wrinkled in dried condition. Magnified there are small dermal conules up to 1 mm high. Oscula are scattered, up to 2 mm in diameter. Consistency firm, preserved color dark cream. Skeleton consisting of strong plumoreticulate spicule tracts, 200–400 µm in diameter ending at the surface in spicule brushes carrying a confused mass of tangential spicules. Spicules (Figs 55 b–e) include robust mycalostyles (Figs 55b,b 1) 300–330 x 10–15 µm and three categories of anisochelae, (I) 47–61 µm, (II) 15–18 µm (I and II are arranged in rosettes of respectively 125 and 40 µm diameter), and (III) 18–22 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 55c,c 1) strongly curved with four upper unguiferous alae and squarish lower alae, anisochelae II (Figs 55d,d 1) with curved shaft and upper alae fused with frayed rim, with lower alae also with frayed rims, anisochelae III (Figs 55e) spurred, palmate with upper lateral alae fused to the shaft and almost meeting the lower lateral alae. No sigmas. Only two specimens from South East Australia have been reliably identified, one of which was lost; other specimens reported under this name (Capon & Macleod 1987) were found to be misidentified (cf. Hajdu 1995). Distribution. South East Australia. Remarks. Hajdu (1995) distinguished this species from the sympatric Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1867) (cf. below) on the branching vs massive-sprawling habitus and the size of anisochelae III being larger than that of anisochelae II. Both species differ from other Mycale (Grapelia) species in lacking sigmas., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Whitelegge, T. (1906) Sponges. Part 1. Monaxonida, Ridley and Dendy. In: Scientific Results of the Trawling Expedition of H. M. C. S. ' Thetis' off the Coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, 4 (9), 453 - 484, pls. XLIII-XLIV. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1967.4.1906.1505","Hooper, J. N. A. & Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 12. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 624.","Carter, H. J. (1885) Descriptions of Sponges from the Neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 15 (86), 107 - 117, pl. IV. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938509459306","Capon, R. J. & Macleod, J. K. (1987) Structural and stereochemical studies on marine norterpene cyclic peroxides, Part 2. Journal of Natural Products, 50 (2), 225 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.1021 / np 50050 a 018","Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII."]}

Mycale (Mycale?) multisclera Pulitzer-Finali, 1993 (incertae sedis) Mycale multisclera Pulitzer-Finali, 1993: 290 (no illustrations). Summary description. Membership of the subgenus Mycale (Mycale) is by no means certain, and based solely on the diversity of microscleres and lack of positive information on the ectosomal skeleton. Only known from dried fragments of a sponge indicated as ‘grey’ in life. No further details of habitus or consistency. Spicules: mycalostyles apparently quite variable in shape and size with styles, subtylostyles and strongyles of 180–310 x 3–8 µm, anisochelae I 37–47 µm, anisochelae II 17–20 µm, sigmas 80–90 µm, toxas 60–300 µm, raphides 150 µm. Distribution. Mombasa, Kenya, shallow water. Comment. The spicule complement resembles that of Mycale macilenta var. australis Hentschel, 1911 (see above as M. (M.) ernsthentscheli Van Soest & Hooper, 2020 comb.nov.), and it is possible that the two are conspecific. However, the description is inadequate for proper evalution of its identity vis-à-vis other species of the region. We consider this Mycale incertae sedis until redescription will have provided clarity over its skeletal properties., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 247 - 350.","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393."]}

Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) coronata (Dendy, 1926) Fig. 114a Sceptrospongia coronata Dendy, 1926: 6, pl. I figs 1–8; Burton 1928: 121, text-figs 4–5. Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) coronata; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 684, fig. 14. Summary description (after Dendy 1926; Burton 1928; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002). The sponge is subspherical, attached to deep-water corals. The larger of the two specimens (the holotype cf. Burton (1928), which is however not further identified by Dendy, so in fact is a lectotype) measuring 1.5 cm in diameter. Surface hispid. Oscules slit-like. Color (in alcohol) yellowish grey. For the skeleton and the spicules we reproduced the illustrations of Burton (1928), text-figure 4 and 5, cf. our Fig. 114. The ectosomal skeleton is a confused tangential layer of normal mycalostyles upon which are single erect exotyles arranged perpendicularly, heads embedded in the ectosomal layer, giving the sponge the hispid surface. The choanosomal skeleton has thick megasclere tracts radiating from a confused interior spicule mass towards the surface. In between the radial tracts are numeorous microscleres and loose megascleres. Spicules normal mycalostyles, variable in shape, averaging 360 x 13 µm, exotyles (dubbed ‘stephanotyles’ by Dendy), same size as the mycalostyles, anisochelae I 75 µm, anisochelae II 27 µm, anisochelae III 15 µm, sigmas I 45 µm, sigmas II 18 µm, trichodragmas 15–45 x 9 µm. Distribution. Arabian Sea, 16.6667°N 71.8883°E, also Andaman Islands, approx. 12.88°N 92.62°E, depth of lectotype 1134 m, paralectotype 81– 486 m. Comments. The exotyles are peculiar in having a spined polyaxone ending, neatly inbetween the globular exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) marshallhalli (Kent, 1870) and the flattened cup-like exotyles of Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) loricata (Topsent, 1896). The polyaxone ending of the exotyles is similar to the endings found in non-exotyle megascleres of Mycale (Paresperella) moluccensis and M. (P.) sceptroides sp.nov. (cf. above, Figs 109a, 111a). The type material consisting of two specimens from quite distant localities (Arabian Sea and Andaman Islands) is very casually treated by both Dendy and Burton. Dendy did not indicate in his publication which of the two specimens was the holotype, and Burton subsequently described the ‘holotype’ (which is thus in fact a lectotype), which presumably is the specimen from the Arabian Sea as this is the first specimen mentioned (Indian Museum P. 308). Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 5. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 115. The subgenus is common in northern colder waters, with a few penetrating into the tropics. Subgenus Mycale (Zygomycale) Topsent, 1930 Zygomycale Topsent, 1930: 431. Mycale (Zygomycale); Lévi et al. 1998; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 687. Type species. Raphiodesma parishii Bowerbank, 1875 (= Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii). Subgenus Mycale (Zygomycale) Topsent, 1930 Zygomycale Topsent, 1930: 431. Mycale (Zygomycale); Lévi et al. 1998; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 687. Type species. Raphiodesma parishii Bowerbank, 1875 (= Mycale (Zygomycale) parishii)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1926) On the Origin, Growth and arrangement of Sponge spicules: A study in Symbiosis. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, New Series, 70 (277), 1 - 74.","Burton, M. (1928) Report on some Deep-Sea Sponges from the Indian Museum collected by R. I. M. S. ' Investigator'. Part II. Tetraxonida (concluded) and Euceratosa. Records of the Indian Museum, 3 0 (1), 109 - 138.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5","Kent, W. S. (1870) On two new Siliceous Sponges taken in the late Dredging-Expedition of the Yacht ' Norma' off the Coasts of Spain and Portugal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 6 (33), 217 - 224, pl. XV. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937008696236","Topsent, E. (1896) Campagnes du Yacht Princesse Alice. Sur deux curieuses Esperellines des Acores. Bulletin de la Societ Zoologique de France, 2 1, 147 - 150.","Spalding, M. D, Fox, H. E., Allen, G. E., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halperin, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707","Topsent, E. (1930 [1929]) Chondrocladia yatsui n. sp., de la Baie de Sagami. Annotationes zoologicae japonenses, 12, 421 - 432.","Levi, C., Laboute, P., Bargibant, G. & Menou, J. L. (Eds.) (1998) Sponges of the New Caledonian Lagoon. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 211 pp.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1875) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part VII. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 281 - 296."]}

Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis n.sp. Figs 89 a–d, 90a–h, 91a–b Mycale murrayi; Burton 1959: 228 (not: Ridley & Dendy 1886: 338). Mycale massa var. oceanica; Burton 1959: 229 (not: Topsent 1924). Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01603, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, off E coast of Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 310, field nr. SECXIII–II, 12 February 1900. Examined for comparison: BMNH 1936.3.4.541, Mycale massa var. oceanica sensu Burton, 1959, from the South Arabian coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m; BMNH 1887.5.2.155, holotype of Esperella murrayi Ridley & Dendy, 1886, from Port Jackson; BMNH 1936.3.4.542, holotype of Mycale topsenti Burton, 1959, from South Arabian coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m; BMNH 1923.10.1.102, spicule slide of holotype of Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924, from Three Kings Island, New Zealand. Description (Fig. 89a). Globular sponge of 3 cm diameter, with a disk-like area of attachment. Color in alcohol dirty white, tending to light beige. Surface optically smooth but microscopically uneven, rough. No visible oscules or openings. Consistency firm. Skeleton (Figs 89 b–d). Plumose thick spicule tracts of 150–200 µm diameter (approximately 15 spicules in cross section) traverse the choanosome and fanning out at the surface carry the ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 89b). They are spaced parallelly at distances of 200–500 µm and have only few interconnecting tracts. The inner parts of the choanosome contain also a mass of megascleres strewn without direction. The region between this unorganized interior skeleton and the surface is occupied by large lacunae crossed over only by skeletal tracts, sparingly ‘echinated’ by groups of anisochelae. Ectosomal region (Fig. 89c) a dense mass of tangentially arranged megascleres pierced by brushed endings of the choanosomal spicule tracts. These brushes are responsible for the rough surface. Anisochelae do not form clear rosettes, but form small groups (pseudorosettes, cf. Fig. 89d) of 4–5 spicules attached here and there to the spicule tracts. Spicules (Figs 90 a–h). Mycalostyles in two distinct size categories, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, and trichodragmas. Mycalostyles I (Figs 90a,a 1), found especially frequent in the choanosomal tracts and the surfaces brushes, long and thin, thickest about halfway the length of the spicule, slightly curved, occasionally slightly sinuous, heads elongate, with barely any constriction subterminally (at low magnification appearing oxea-like), 901–998.3– 1092 x 12 – 15.4 – 19 µm. Mycalostyles II (Fig. 90b), found especially in the ectosomal crust but occurring also in the choanosomal spicule mass, generally similar to mycalostyles I, but more curved and looking more robust because of having the same thickness while being shorter, 591– 621.6 –678 x 12– 13.3 – 16 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 90c), with upper and lower alae broadly developed, with free part of the shaft about 40–45% of spicule length, 71– 87.5 – 98 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 90d), elongated oval in shape, with both upper and lower alae well-developed, compared to anisochelae I they are more narrow-shaped, 28– 36.1 – 42 µm. Anisochelae III (Fig. 90e), similar in shape to anisochelae II, but only almost half the length, and provided with a small spur, 19– 22.2 – 27 µm. Sigmas I (Fig. 90f), thin (about 1 µm in thickness), normal shaped, symmetrical, 42– 45.9 – 50 µm. Sigmas II (Fig. 90g), comparatively thick (1.5–2 µm in thickness), symmetrical, with ends incurved and bluntending, occasionally slightly swollen, 19– 25.6 – 32 µm. Trichodragmas (Figs 90h), variable in length, but no distinct categories, comparatively thick and tending to be fusiform, 35– 78.0 –91 x 10– 13.2 – 18 µm. Etymology. The name is a composite word meaning ‘from Lesser Sunda’ referring to the province in which the type locality is found. Distribution and ecology. Dredged between Sumbawa and Pulau Banta at 73 m depth. Remarks. The new species is characterized by the two distinct size classes of mycalostyles and the peculiarly shaped sigma II. Burton (1959) reported a specimen named Mycale massa var. oceanica Topsent, 1924 from the South Arabian coast (21.8333°N 59.8667°E) at considerable depth (1046 m). The specimen (BMNH 1936.3.4.541) was re-examined (Fig. 91a) and it likely belongs to the present new species (Burton also labeled the present ZMA holotype with the same name in his unpublished manuscript on the Siboga sponges). The South Arabian specimen has mycalostyles of 1000 x 20 µm, three sizes of anisochelae, 90–100 µm, 40–44 µm and 20 µm, two sizes of sigmas 52–72 µm and 10–12 µm, and trichodragmas of 30–100 µm (measurements taken from Burton’s paper), thus almost identical to the present holotype. Topsent’s (1924) original description of M. (M.) massa var. oceanica concerns deep water material from the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. In a previous paper (Van Soest et al. 2014, pp. 62–65) we described similar specimens from the Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania and Morocco and concluded the var. oceanica fell within the variation of Mycale (Mycale) massa (Schmidt, 1862) s.l. There is a general similarity in spiculation with our new species, but the division in two discrete size categories of mycalostyles is not found in the Mediterranean-Atlantic specimens, and the shape of the sigma II is also different (asymmetrical, thin). Burton (1959) reported Mycale (Mycale) murrayi (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) from the Gulf of Aden (11.895°N 51.22°E) at 73–220 m depth. We re-examined the specimen (BMNH 1936.3.4.589) (cf. Fig. 91b) and found it to be similar to our new species in most aspects, except the slightly larger size of sigma II). Provisionally, we reassign this record to our new species. Southeast Australian Mycale (Mycale) murrayi Ridley & Dendy, 1886 (type specimen BMNH 1887.5.2.155 from Port Jackson re-examined) appears indeed close to our new species in spiculation, although styles are smaller (528– 621.6 –714 x 13– 16.9 – 22 µm), occur in a single size category, and have a proper mycalostyle form with clearly developed head, but there are only few subtle differences in the remaining spicules: slimly built anisochelae I (76–83.3– 91 µm) occurring in rosettes, anisochelae II (30– 43.7 – 61 µm), spurless anisochelae III (18–22.2– 24 µm), sigmas I (37– 44.5 – 51 µm), sigmas II (22– 26.4 – 31 µm) and trichodragmas (63–75.6–93 x 4–11.2– 15 µm). A strong further difference with our (and also Burton’s specimen named M. massa var. oceanica), however, is the elaborate upright habitus of M. (M.) murrayi with characteristic groove pattern, reminding rather strongly of North Atlantic Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank, 1866), unlike the present and Burton’s specimen. On paper the new species is also similar to Mycale (Mycale) topsenti Burton, 1959 described from the same locality as the above mentioned South Arabian M. (M.) massa var. oceanica. We re-examined Burton’s holotype, BMNH 1936.3.4.542) and found his description accurate. The shape of the specimen (Fig. 91c) is more widespread, less compact, the mycalostyles (900 x 18 µm) with more distinct heads (not oxea-like at low magnification), and there is only a single category of sigmas, clearly larger (60–80 µm) than those of our material (see also below). With New Zealand Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 (type slide BMNH 1923.10.1.102, re-examined by us) the new species shares the presence of two sizes of mycalostyles (I 972– 1116 x 23–30 µm, and II 498–678 x 10–23 µm, and overall spicule complement: anisochelae I 81–92 µm, anisochelae II 36–43 µm, anisochelae III 24–30 µm, sigmas I 33–72 µm, sigmas II 14–19 µm, and trichodragmas 51–96 x 7–9 µm. The habitus of the type of M. (M.) novaezealandiae is club-shaped, so not unlike our present species, but the surface is corrugated-grooved, clearly different from M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov. There are also compelling differences in the smaller mycalostyles, which are oxeote in M. (M.) novaezealandiae, in the shape of the anisochelae I (curved in M. (M.) novaezealandiae), and in the presence of peculiarly swollen sigmas II in M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov. The present new species shows considerable similarity to the above described Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov., as the locality (Nusa Tenggara at greater depth), the shape (compact cylindrical) and the overall spicule complement are virtually the same. There are two distinct differences: M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. has only a single category of mycalostyles with length only about half of the longer category of M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov., and M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. has characteristic peculiarly compact anisochelae II, not found in the present species. We are confident the two belong to closely related but different species. Additional species of Mycale (Mycale) from the region, Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 138-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Burton, M. (1959) Sponges. Scientific Reports John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34, British Museum (Natural History), London, 10 (5), 151 - 281.","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Topsent, E. (1924) Revision des Mycales de l'Europe occidentale. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 1 (3), 77 - 118.","Van Soest, R. W. M., Beglinger, E. J. & De Voogd, N. J. (2014) Mycale species (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) of Northwest Africa and the Macaronesian Islands. Zo ˆ logische Mededelingen Leiden, 88 (4), 59 - 109.","Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, viii + 88 pp., 7 pls.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp."]}

Mycale (Naviculina) microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976 Figs 104 a–j Mycale microxea Vacelet et al., 1976: 50, fig. 30. Material examined. Fragment of MNHN DVVL 43, holotype of Mycale microxea, Madagascar, Tuléar, Grand Récif, Corne Nord, under coral rubble, depth 34 m. Summary description. Thinly encrusting (Fig. 104a), several cm 2, orange in life, with smooth surface, provided with subdermal veins and oscules with raised rims. Ectosomal skeleton aegogropila-like (Fig. 104b,c) with meshes of 250 µm diameter formed by intercrossing tracts with up to 10 spicules in cross section. Choanosomal skeleton with spicule tracts of 30–150 µm diameter ending below the surface with bouquets carrying the ectosomal skeleton. Mycalostyles (Figs 104e,e 1) 325–400 x 5–8 µm (our measurements: up to 432 x 8 µm), a single category of small naviculichelae (Figs 104b) 12.5–14 µm (our measurements: 11–23 µm), sigma I 30–35 µm, sigma II 15– 17.5 µm, sigma III 7.5–10 µm (our measurements: two sigma size categories (Figs 104g) 20–24 µm and 10–19 µm, only a single larger sigma of 38 µm was observed, cf. Fig. 103c), and thin isolated microxeas (Figs 104d,h) 35–100 x 0.5–1 µm (our measurements: 36–102 x 0.5–1 µm). Distribution. Madagascar, deep reef. Comments. There is compelling similarity with Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni (Gray, 1867), because the specimen lacks ‘normal’ chelae and its spiculation is largely similar in shape and size. According to Vacelet et al. ’s description it differs from M. (N.) cliftoni in the possession of only small naviculichelae, and microxeas and three size categories of sigmas. Our observations do not confirm the size categories of the sigmas, as we found predominantly sigmas in the 15–24 µm range, extreme values around 10 and 35 were very rare. We also found a few naviculichelae of 18–20 µm, clearly larger than the main size of 12.4–14 µm. The presence of microxeas is the only character definitely separating our M. (N) cliftoni and the present species. Key to the Mycale (Naviculina) species from the region Remark. The key partly overlaps with the ‘world-wide’ key of Lerner & Hajdu (2002), as it concentrates on the species listed above. 1 Anisochelae are all naviculichelae, no ‘normal’ anisochelae present............................................. 2 - Anisochelae include both ‘normal’ and naviculichelae........................................................ 3 2 Microxeas present.............................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) microxea - No microxeas.................................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni 3 Microscleres include (small) toxas............................................... Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela - No toxas............................................................................................ 4 4 Sigmas include flagellate forms........................................ Mycale (Naviculina) mascarenensis sp.nov. - Sigmas only normal............................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) obscura Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Naviculina) We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Naviculina) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 13. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 105 (question marks in the map concern the dubious status as a member the subgenus of the Arctic species Mycale thaumatochela Lundbeck, 1905). The subgenus is circumglobal in tropical warm-temperate waters, but is so far lacking from the tropical East Pacific. The Indo-West Pacific appears a focal region for Mycale (Naviculina) diversity.

Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis n.sp. Figs 89 a–d, 90a–h, 91a–b Mycale murrayi; Burton 1959: 228 (not: Ridley & Dendy 1886: 338). Mycale massa var. oceanica; Burton 1959: 229 (not: Topsent 1924). Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01603, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, off E coast of Sumbawa, 8.5°S 119.125°E, depth 73 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 310, field nr. SECXIII–II, 12 February 1900. Examined for comparison: BMNH 1936.3.4.541, Mycale massa var. oceanica sensu Burton, 1959, from the South Arabian coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m; BMNH 1887.5.2.155, holotype of Esperella murrayi Ridley & Dendy, 1886, from Port Jackson; BMNH 1936.3.4.542, holotype of Mycale topsenti Burton, 1959, from South Arabian coast, 21.8333°N 59.8667°E, depth 1046 m; BMNH 1923.10.1.102, spicule slide of holotype of Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924, from Three Kings Island, New Zealand. Description (Fig. 89a). Globular sponge of 3 cm diameter, with a disk-like area of attachment. Color in alcohol dirty white, tending to light beige. Surface optically smooth but microscopically uneven, rough. No visible oscules or openings. Consistency firm. Skeleton (Figs 89 b–d). Plumose thick spicule tracts of 150–200 µm diameter (approximately 15 spicules in cross section) traverse the choanosome and fanning out at the surface carry the ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 89b). They are spaced parallelly at distances of 200–500 µm and have only few interconnecting tracts. The inner parts of the choanosome contain also a mass of megascleres strewn without direction. The region between this unorganized interior skeleton and the surface is occupied by large lacunae crossed over only by skeletal tracts, sparingly ‘echinated’ by groups of anisochelae. Ectosomal region (Fig. 89c) a dense mass of tangentially arranged megascleres pierced by brushed endings of the choanosomal spicule tracts. These brushes are responsible for the rough surface. Anisochelae do not form clear rosettes, but form small groups (pseudorosettes, cf. Fig. 89d) of 4–5 spicules attached here and there to the spicule tracts. Spicules (Figs 90 a–h). Mycalostyles in two distinct size categories, three categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, and trichodragmas. Mycalostyles I (Figs 90a,a 1), found especially frequent in the choanosomal tracts and the surfaces brushes, long and thin, thickest about halfway the length of the spicule, slightly curved, occasionally slightly sinuous, heads elongate, with barely any constriction subterminally (at low magnification appearing oxea-like), 901–998.3– 1092 x 12 – 15.4 – 19 µm. Mycalostyles II (Fig. 90b), found especially in the ectosomal crust but occurring also in the choanosomal spicule mass, generally similar to mycalostyles I, but more curved and looking more robust because of having the same thickness while being shorter, 591– 621.6 –678 x 12– 13.3 – 16 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 90c), with upper and lower alae broadly developed, with free part of the shaft about 40–45% of spicule length, 71– 87.5 – 98 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 90d), elongated oval in shape, with both upper and lower alae well-developed, compared to anisochelae I they are more narrow-shaped, 28– 36.1 – 42 µm. Anisochelae III (Fig. 90e), similar in shape to anisochelae II, but only almost half the length, and provided with a small spur, 19– 22.2 – 27 µm. Sigmas I (Fig. 90f), thin (about 1 µm in thickness), normal shaped, symmetrical, 42– 45.9 – 50 µm. Sigmas II (Fig. 90g), comparatively thick (1.5–2 µm in thickness), symmetrical, with ends incurved and bluntending, occasionally slightly swollen, 19– 25.6 – 32 µm. Trichodragmas (Figs 90h), variable in length, but no distinct categories, comparatively thick and tending to be fusiform, 35– 78.0 –91 x 10– 13.2 – 18 µm. Etymology. The name is a composite word meaning ‘from Lesser Sunda’ referring to the province in which the type locality is found. Distribution and ecology. Dredged between Sumbawa and Pulau Banta at 73 m depth. Remarks. The new species is characterized by the two distinct size classes of mycalostyles and the peculiarly shaped sigma II. Burton (1959) reported a specimen named Mycale massa var. oceanica Topsent, 1924 from the South Arabian coast (21.8333°N 59.8667°E) at considerable depth (1046 m). The specimen (BMNH 1936.3.4.541) was re-examined (Fig. 91a) and it likely belongs to the present new species (Burton also labeled the present ZMA holotype with the same name in his unpublished manuscript on the Siboga sponges). The South Arabian specimen has mycalostyles of 1000 x 20 µm, three sizes of anisochelae, 90–100 µm, 40–44 µm and 20 µm, two sizes of sigmas 52–72 µm and 10–12 µm, and trichodragmas of 30–100 µm (measurements taken from Burton’s paper), thus almost identical to the present holotype. Topsent’s (1924) original description of M. (M.) massa var. oceanica concerns deep water material from the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. In a previous paper (Van Soest et al. 2014, pp. 62–65) we described similar specimens from the Cape Verde Islands, Mauritania and Morocco and concluded the var. oceanica fell within the variation of Mycale (Mycale) massa (Schmidt, 1862) s.l. There is a general similarity in spiculation with our new species, but the division in two discrete size categories of mycalostyles is not found in the Mediterranean-Atlantic specimens, and the shape of the sigma II is also different (asymmetrical, thin). Burton (1959) reported Mycale (Mycale) murrayi (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) from the Gulf of Aden (11.895°N 51.22°E) at 73–220 m depth. We re-examined the specimen (BMNH 1936.3.4.589) (cf. Fig. 91b) and found it to be similar to our new species in most aspects, except the slightly larger size of sigma II). Provisionally, we reassign this record to our new species. Southeast Australian Mycale (Mycale) murrayi Ridley & Dendy, 1886 (type specimen BMNH 1887.5.2.155 from Port Jackson re-examined) appears indeed close to our new species in spiculation, although styles are smaller (528– 621.6 –714 x 13– 16.9 – 22 µm), occur in a single size category, and have a proper mycalostyle form with clearly developed head, but there are only few subtle differences in the remaining spicules: slimly built anisochelae I (76–83.3– 91 µm) occurring in rosettes, anisochelae II (30– 43.7 – 61 µm), spurless anisochelae III (18–22.2– 24 µm), sigmas I (37– 44.5 – 51 µm), sigmas II (22– 26.4 – 31 µm) and trichodragmas (63–75.6–93 x 4–11.2– 15 µm). A strong further difference with our (and also Burton’s specimen named M. massa var. oceanica), however, is the elaborate upright habitus of M. (M.) murrayi with characteristic groove pattern, reminding rather strongly of North Atlantic Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank, 1866), unlike the present and Burton’s specimen. On paper the new species is also similar to Mycale (Mycale) topsenti Burton, 1959 described from the same locality as the above mentioned South Arabian M. (M.) massa var. oceanica. We re-examined Burton’s holotype, BMNH 1936.3.4.542) and found his description accurate. The shape of the specimen (Fig. 91c) is more widespread, less compact, the mycalostyles (900 x 18 µm) with more distinct heads (not oxea-like at low magnification), and there is only a single category of sigmas, clearly larger (60–80 µm) than those of our material (see also below). With New Zealand Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 (type slide BMNH 1923.10.1.102, re-examined by us) the new species shares the presence of two sizes of mycalostyles (I 972– 1116 x 23–30 µm, and II 498–678 x 10–23 µm, and overall spicule complement: anisochelae I 81–92 µm, anisochelae II 36–43 µm, anisochelae III 24–30 µm, sigmas I 33–72 µm, sigmas II 14–19 µm, and trichodragmas 51–96 x 7–9 µm. The habitus of the type of M. (M.) novaezealandiae is club-shaped, so not unlike our present species, but the surface is corrugated-grooved, clearly different from M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov. There are also compelling differences in the smaller mycalostyles, which are oxeote in M. (M.) novaezealandiae, in the shape of the anisochelae I (curved in M. (M.) novaezealandiae), and in the presence of peculiarly swollen sigmas II in M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov. The present new species shows considerable similarity to the above described Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov., as the locality (Nusa Tenggara at greater depth), the shape (compact cylindrical) and the overall spicule complement are virtually the same. There are two distinct differences: M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. has only a single category of mycalostyles with length only about half of the longer category of M. (M.) sundaminorensis sp.nov., and M. (M.) grandoides sp.nov. has characteristic peculiarly compact anisochelae II, not found in the present species. We are confident the two belong to closely related but different species. Additional species of Mycale (Mycale) from the region

Mycale (Carmia) lissochela Bergquist, 1965 Figs 37 a–e, 38a–e Mycale lissochela Bergquist, 1965: 168, figs 22a–b Not: Alcolado 1976: 5 (= presumably M. (C.) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927). Material examined. USNM 23702, fragment of holotype Palau Islands, Koror, E side of mouth of Kaki-suido, Oyster Pass, coll. Project Coral Fish Expedition, depth 1–7 m, 22 October 1955. ZMA. Por. 09632, Indonesia, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Badi, 4.96°S 119.28°E, depth 20 m, SCUBA, coll. H. Moll, 1 October 1980 (mottled brown-white). Description (Figs 37a, 38a). Encrusting on erect hydroids, soft corals, and partially covered in zoanthids. Length and width of sponge dependent of substratum dimension (up to 10 cm or more in lateral expansion), thickness several mm. Surface conulose due to protruding hydroid/coral substratum. Live color of ZMA 09632 was reported as mottled brown-white. The type material is pinkish grey to cream-yellow in alcohol. The preserved ZMA specimen is blackish brown, due to color contamination from verongid sponges subsequent to collecting. Consistency soft. Skeleton (Figs 37b, 38b). Thin spicule tracts, 30–60 µm in diameter branching sinuously (Fig. 37b) but not anastomosed, fanning out towards the surface (Fig. 38b). There is no tangential skeleton of megascleres, only scattered microscleres. Overall spicular density low, with both megascleres and microscleres thinly developed. Spicules (Figs 37 c–e, 38c–e). Mycalostyles, a single category of anisochelae, a single category of sigmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 37c,c 1, 38c,c 1), slightly curved, with thin elongated head and sharply pointed ending, type specimen: 212–275 x 3–4.5 µm, Indonesian specimen: 237– 253.8 –276 x 2– 3.6 – 5 µm. Anisochelae (Figs 37d, 38d), not common, narrow-shaped, with upper alae 50% of spicule length, type specimen: 13–20 µm, Indonesian specimen: 14– 16.4 – 18 µm Sigmas (Figs 37e, 38e), common, in a single thin, elongate category, variable in size, type specimen: 19–40 µm, Indonesian specimen: 24– 34.0 – 38 µm. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Palau Islands, on reefs, at 1–20 m depth. Remarks. The species is characterized by poor development of silica, with thin spicule tracts, thin mycalostyles and thin microscleres, with only the sigmas commony present. The type material from Palau and the Sulawesi specimen are closely similar in these aspects, as well as in spicule dimensions. On paper the description sounds rather similar to several other thinly encrusting Mycale (Carmia) species, such as M. (C.) phyllophila Hentschel, 1911 (cf. below), M. monanchorata Burton & Rao, 1932 (cf. above and below), and perhaps also M. (Ar.) tenuispiculata (cf. above), but the combination of poorly developed skeleton attached to anthozoan or hydrozoan substratums, with single size categories of small thin anisochelae and small thin sigmas, appears distinct. Alcolado’s (1976) record of this species from Cuba is obviously incorrect., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Bergquist, P. R. (1965) The Sponges of Micronesia, Part I. The Palau Archipelago. Pacific Science, 19 (2), 123 - 204.","Alcolado, P. M. (1976) Lista de nuevos registros de Poriferos para Cuba. Serie Oceanologica, 36, 1 - 11.","Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 02501006","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Burton, M. & Rao, H. S. (1932) Report on the shallow water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum, 34 (3), 299 - 356."]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai et al. 2013 Mycale (Aegogropila) furcata Calcinai et al., 2013: 41, figs 25A���F, 26A���F. Summary description (from Calcinai et al. 2013). Smooth white-transparent sponge very thinly encrusting on Paratelesto (Octocorallia), size 13���16 cm in lateral expansion. Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate, tangential ectosomal skeleton with thin tracts interconnected by single spicules. Rosettes of anisochelae I present on the tracts. Mycalostyles small and straight, 140���190 x 2���4 ��m, anisochelae I averaging 28.5 ��m, anisochelae II averaging 13.3 ��m, both well developed and lower median alae provided with upward pointing protrusion, anisochelae II narrowshaped, sigmas in two size categories, I often with bifid ending, 53���88 ��m, with thickness 2���5 ��m, II very thin, 25���36 ��m, and toxas faintly curved (raphidotoxas), 51���223 ��m. Distribution. North Sulawesi, Indonesia, depth unknown. Comment. This is one of several Mycale species with raphidotoxas (M. (Ae.) erythraean a (cf. above), M. (Ae.) mannarensis (cf. below), M. (Carmia) raphidiophora (cf. below). M. (C.) rhaphidotoxa (cf. below), M. (C.) suezza (cf. below) and a new species described below. Among these, the present species stands out in having short mycalostyles, which is the only clear difference with M. (Ae.) erythraeana, discussed above. A close comparison of the type material of all these species is warranted to confirm they are valid separate species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G., Bertolino, M., Pica, D., Wagner, D. & Cerrano, C. (2013) Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3617 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3617.1.1"]}

Mycale (Arenochalina) imperfecta Baer, 1906 Figs 20 a–g, 21a–d, 22a–d, 23 Mycale imperfecta Baer, 1906: 20, pl. II fig. 5, pl. V figs 3–8; Vacelet & Vasseur 1971: 86, fig. 35; Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 291; Barnes & Bell 2002 a: table 1 (listed only). Mycale fistulata Hentschel, 1911: 292, fig. 4. Mycale fistulata var. macrochela Hentschel, 1911: 294. ? Mycale monanchorata Burton & Rao, 1932: 329, text-fig. 6; Rao 1941: 446. Mycale trincomaliensis Rao, 1941: 447, pl. XII fig. 19, text-figs 23–25. Mycale spongiosa; Thomas 1973: 36, pl. II fig. 8, pl. V fig. 9, pl. VII fig. 8 (not: Dendy 1896 = M. (Ar.) mirabilis). Mycale tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a: 102, figs 13–14. ? Mycale sp. Thomas 1973: 37, pl. II fig. 9, pl. V fig. 6. Mycale setosa; Van Soest 1984: 30; Erpenbeck et al. 2016: supplementary data COI tree (not: Gelliodes setosa Keller, 1889). Mycale tricomaliensis (sic); Pattanayak 2009: 26. Material examined. ZMB 4398 (Figs 26a), syntype (2 specimens, 2 slides) of Mycale fistulata Hentschel, 1911, Australia, West Australia, Sharksbay, ca. 6 miles S of Denham, coll. R. Hartmeyer & W. Michaelsen 1905; ZMB 4399 (Fig. 26b), holotype of Mycale fistulata var. macrochela, Australia, Sharksbay, South Passage, coll. Hartmeyer & Michaelsen. ZMA Por. 01611, Indonesia, N Maluku, Halmahera, anchorage N of Salomakiee (Damar) Island, 0.942°S 128.3241°E, depth 45 m, bottom coralline algae, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 144, field nr. SE1199, 7 August 1899; ZMA Por. 11438, Seychelles, Mahé, Praslin Island, NW coast, Chevalier Bay, 4.2833°S 55.7°E, depth 2–10 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 703, field nr. IOP-E 703/11, 17 December 1992 (dirty grey); ZMA Por. 12656, Seychelles, Mahé, NE of Aride Island, 4.2°S 55.6833°E, depth 40 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 715, field nr. IOP-E 715/02, 19 December 1992 (purple); ZMA Por. 12657, Seychelles, Mahé, E of Bird Island, 3.75°S 55.2333°E, depth 45 m, trawl, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 720, field nr. IOP-E 720/20, 20 December 1992; ZMA Por. 12703, Seychelles, Amirantes, St. Joseph Atoll, NW rim, reef slope, 5.4167°S 53.3167°E, depth 5–22 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 753, field nr. IOP-E 753/22, 26 December 1992 (purple); ZMA Por. 13409, Seychelles, Mahé, SE coast near Pointe Cocos, coral rubble, 4.75°S 53.55°E, depth 40 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 738, field nr. IOP-E 738/17, 24 December 1992 (rose-purple); ZMA Por. 13728, Seychelles, Mahé, W of Bird Island, 3.6833°S 55.2°E, depth 1 m, snorkeling, coll. W. Kooistra, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 722, field nr. IOP-E 722/1A, 19 December 1992; ZMA Por. 17888, Oman, Dhofar province, Mirbat Peninsula, 16.95°N 54.82°E, depth 5–15 m, SCUBA, coll. R.G. Moolenbeek, R. Gómez & O. Eerland, December 2002. Description (Figs 20 a–d, Figs 21a, Figs 22a,a 1). Cushion-shaped, erect-lobate, or thick encrustations. Size of specimens up to 10 x 8 x 4 cm. Color in life purple or greyish purple. Surface flaky and/or irregularly smooth to spiny (preserved condition), due to choanosomal fibres protruding through the surface membrane. In preserved samples oscules small and spread over the surface. Consistency compressible, rather soft. Skeleton (Figs 20 e–g). As usual for the subgenus, the skeleton consists of a reticulation of spongin-encased spicule tracts. In this species, the spongin is often almost entirely obscured by the solid mass of the mycalostyles. Meshes are square, 1–2 mm wide, with primary tracts 200–300 µm in diameter and secondary tracts of 10–100 µm anastomosing at right angles. Microscleres common, anisochelae arranged in rosettes (Fig. 20g) of up to 65 µm in diameter. Spicules (Figs 21 b–d, 22b–d). Mycalostyles, one size of anisochelae, one size of sigmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 21b,b 1, 22b,b 1), variable in thickness, straight, with oval heads, 241– 275.2 –309 x 2– 5.4 – 10 µm. Anisochelae (Figs 21c, 22c), variable in length and in abundance among specimens but less so within a given specimen, with prominent upper lateral alae and narrow median alae, fully developed lower alae, 18– 25.5 – 42 µm. Sigmas (Figs 21d, 22d), variable in size, but within an individual there is less variation; no sigma size categories are evident; most are almost half-circular in outline, with slightly incurved apices; occasionally they are more elongate in shape, 42– 74.6 – 104 µm. Distribution and ecology (Fig. 23). Indonesia, Seychelles, Oman, Zanzibar, Madagascar, West Australia, India, in shallow reefs down to 45 m. Remarks. Type specimens of Mycale fistulata Hentschel, 1911 and its variety macrochela were re-examined and re-assigned to Baer’s species, which has priority. Microscleres among the various specimens here assigned to M. (Ar.) imperfecta show the same large range of sizes (anisochelae 18–42 µm, sigmas 45–104 µm) as in M. (Ar.) regularis, a size range that in other subgenera of Mycale would cover two or more categories. However, the size range within specimens of this species is narrow, with little variation in size, whereas among specimens it is wide, but no regional patterns are apparent. The characters distinguishing the present species from other Mycale (Arenochalina) members of the region are lobate shape, purple live color, thin primary and secondary spicule tracks completely filled with often relatively robust mycalostyles. Baer mentions mycalostyles of only 186–246 x 3–4 µm whereas in our specimens these are longer and barely overlap Baer’s specimens, but in view of the large variation of spicule lengths and thickness, this is thought to fall within the variation. Vacelet & Vasseur’s (1971) description of a Madagascar specimen reports longer but equally thin mycalostyles. Baer’s, Vacelet & Vasseur’s and Pulitzer-Finali’s specimens had on average smaller anisochelae, and they do not mention presence of rosettes, but otherwise the descriptions match ours. In our specimens the spicule data show a large range. Hentschel’s (1911) material of Mycale fistulata is similar in shape to Baer’s type, but shares the longer mycalostyles with Vacelet & Vasseur’s (1971) material and the present specimens from the Seychelles. Hentschel’s var. macrochela is here regarded as belonging to this species, but in some individuals the sigmas are larger than average. Future studies might show there is taxonomic diversity in this presumed variable species. Mycale trincomaliensis Rao, 1941 from India conforms in all aspects to the present species. We believe Thomas’ (1973) description of Mycale spongiosa from the Seychelles likely concerns the present species, as the shape (encrusting a ‘twig’), the skeleton (‘scalariform’ with main fibres of 180 µm diameter cored by 30–50 megascleres), and the spicules (anisochelae in rosettes, fairly large sigmas) match Baer’s and our description. Esperella spongiosa Dendy, 1896 is convincingly synonymized with M. (Ar.) mirabilis by Wiedenmayer (1989). That author also synonymized the present species with M. (Ar.) mirabilis (cf. above), but we disagree because of the consistent differences of our specimens with Von Lendenfeld’s species. That species has erect-pedunculate shape, cream or yellow color, has foreign material enclosed in its primary fibres and its microscleres are virtually absent. In the absence of more definite information we believe that Mycale sp. sensu Thomas (1973) from the Seychelles could also belong to the present species. Vacelet & Vasseur (1971) suggested the present species is close to Esperella tenuispiculata Dendy, 1905. However, Dendy’s species (cf. also below) has much smaller sigmas (36 µm) and the skeleton and tissue is filled with sand grains and foreign material. It may be closer to M. (Ar.) mirabilis. Below, we recognize specimens in our collection as close to if not conspecific with M (Ar.) tenuispiculata. Mycale tylostrongyla Pulitzer-Finali, 1982a was also suggested as a synonym of M. (Ar.) mirabilis by Wiedenmayer (1989), but in view of the apparently abundant presence of microscleres, both anisochelae and sigmas, it is perhaps closer to the present species. In contrast, the fibres are described to be filled mostly with sand grains, rendering it not certainly a member of M. (Ar.) imperfecta. Rosettes of anisochelae are shared with M. (Ar.) regularis Wilson, 1925 (cf. below), and in many other aspects, e.g. the semicircular, slightly incurved shape of the sigmas, this species is closest to the present. However, the habitus of M. (Ar.) regularis is persistently tubular, fibres are thicker and contain more spongin. If Wiedenmayer’s hypothesis of polymorphism in Indo-West Pacific Arenochalina specimens would prove to be for real, then chances are that what we described above under M. (Ar.) euplectellioides and below under M.(Ar.) regularis belong to the same species as the present. In that case, the name M. (Ar.) imperfecta would have priority. We prefer to emphasize the difference in overall shape as a specific feature. We suggest that Indian Mycale monanchorata Burton & Rao, 1932 could be a junior synonym, even though no sigmas have been reported from it. Several specimens assigned here to M. (Ar.) imperfecta had their sigmas only rarely present (e.g. ZMA. Por. 13728 and 17888), and paucity of microscleres is characteristic of the subgenus Arenochalina in general. Re-examination of the type material is necessary to confirm the synonymy. In the course of the study of this species we discovered that Mycale fistulata var. macrochela Hentschel, 1911 (here re-assigned to M. (Ar.) imperfecta Baer, 1906) is a senior primary homonym of Mycale macrochela Burton, 1932 from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica (Burton 1932: 289, pl. 51 fig. 6). Despite the synonymic status of the former, the junior primary homonym must be replaced (ICZN Art. 57.2), and we propose Mycale (Mycale) mauricei sp.nov., named after Maurice Burton (there is already a combination Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995, cf. below)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 37-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Baer, L. (1906) Silicispongien von Sansibar, Kapstadt and Papeete (Inaugural Dissertation, Berlin). Archiv f ʾ r Naturgeschichte, 72 (1,1), 1 - 32, pls. I-V.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 247 - 350.","Barnes, D. K. A. & Bell, J. J. (2002) Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean: taxonomic affinities, richness and diversity. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2028.2002.00387. x","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Burton, M. & Rao, H. S. (1932) Report on the shallow water marine sponges in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part I. Records of the Indian Museum, 34 (3), 299 - 356.","Rao, H. S. (1941) Indian and Ceylon sponges of the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm collected by K. Fristedt. Records of the Indian Museum, 43, 417 - 469.","Thomas, P. A. (1973) Marine Demospongiae of Mahe Island in the Seychelles Bank (Indian Ocean). Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique central, Sciences zoologiques, 203, 1 - 96, pls. 1 - 8.","Dendy, A. (1896) Catalogue of Non-Calcareous Sponges collected by J. Bracebridge Wilson, Esq., M. A., in the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series, 8, 14 - 51.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 a [1980 - 1981]) Some new or little-known sponges from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universit di Genova, 48 - 49, 87 - 141.","Van Soest, R. W. M. (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 66 (199), 1 - 167.","Erpenbeck, D., Voigt, O., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L., B ʾ ttner, G., Catania, D., Guirguis, A. N., Paulay, G., Schatzle, S. & W ˆ rheide, G. (2016) Molecular biodiversity of Red Sea demosponges. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105, 507 - 514. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2015.12.004","Keller, C. (1889) Die Spongienfauna des Rothen Meeres (I. Halfte). Zeitschrift f ʾ r wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 48, 311 - 405, pls. XX-XXV.","Pattanayak, J. G. [Patnayak, J. G.] (2009) Catalogue of extant marine Porifera type specimens in the Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey Occasional Paper, 309, 1 - 219, pls. 1 - 139.","Wiedenmayer, F. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs Museum Victoria, 50 (1), 1 - 242, pls. 1 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 1989.50.01","Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 3 (Supplement 18), pp. 57 - 246, pls. I-XVI.","Wilson, H. V. (1925) Siliceous and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 10. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (2, part 4), 273 - 532, pls. 37 - 52."]}

Mycale (Carmia) confundata (De Laubenfels, 1954) Oxycarmia confundata De Laubenfels, 1954: 155, text fig. 101. Summary description. Thin red crust on sponge Neopetrosia pandora De Laubenfels, 1954 [junior synonym of N. chaliniformis (Thiele, 1903)]. Skeleton not clearly described (lots of foreign oxeas obscured the structure), but bundles of ‘tylostyles’ and a ‘protoplasmic dermis’ suggest membership of subgenus Carmia. Spicules mycalostyles of 225 x 1 µm, a single category of anisochelae of 20 µm (rosettes were not reported), two size categories of sigmas, 70 and 20 µm, toxas possibly in two size categories, 130–235 and 60 µm, raphides drawn in a small bundle (so possibly raphidotoxas), 60–120 x 0.3 µm. Distribution. Pohnpei, Federate States of Micronesia (East Caroline Islands), 5 m depth. Comment. The genus Oxycarmia De Laubenfels, 1954 is confirmed here to be a junior synonym of Mycale (Carmia) as already proposed by Van Soest & Hajdu (2002: 679). The present species still needs re-examination in order to properly delimit it from other Mycale (Carmia) species from the region., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["De Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Zoology, 7, i-x + 1 - 306, pls. I-XII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516","Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 933 - 968, pl. XVIII.","Van Soest, R. W. M. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Family Mycalidae Lundbeck, 1905. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 669 - 690. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5"]}

Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row, 1911) Figs 74 a–c, 75a–d, 76a–h, 77, Table 5 Esperella dendyi Row, 1911: 332, fig. 15. Mycale sulcata Hentschel, 1911: 307, fig. 11; Lévi 1963: 11, Pl. IB, text-fig. 4. ? Mycale sulcata var. minor Hentschel, 1911: 310, fig. 12. Mycale sulcata var. aruensis Hentschel, 1912: 340. ? Mycale (Mycale) sulcata; Burton 1959: 238. Mycale (Mycale) aruensis; Hajdu 1995: 101. Mycale (Mycale) dendyi; Hajdu 1995: 101. Mycale (Mycale) minor; Hajdu, 1995: 104. Material examined. SMF983, holotype of Mycale sulcata var. aruensi s, Indonesia, Aru Islands, N of Penembulai, depth 8 m, coll. Merton Expedition, stat. 10, 2 April 1908. BMNH 1936.3.4.587, Mycale sulcata, Murray collection stat. 24, Gulf of Aden, 11.895°N 51.22°E, depth 73– 220 m, 9 October 1933. ZMA Por. 07964, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, Sumba, NE coast, E of Melolo, 9.9167°S 120.75°E, gently sloping reef flat, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 052, field nr. 052/ II/03, 13 September 1984 (orange); ZMA Por. 08935, Indonesia, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, SW Salayar, reef N of Pulau Bahuluang, 6.45°S 120.43°E, depth 10–15 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 169, field nr. IOP-E 169/ IV/03, 30 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA Por.P. 11920 (slide only), Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, Take Bone Rate, S of Pulau Tarupa Kecil, 6.535°S 121.15°E, depth 59 m, coll. Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 4.232, 16 October 1984; ZMA Por. 11124, Seychelles, Mahé, N of Aride Island, 4.2°S 55.6833°E, depth 40 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 715, field nr. IOP-E 715/12A, 19 December 1992 (orange); ZMA Por. 11447a, Mahé, N of Aride Island, 4.2°S 55.6833°E, depth 40 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 715, field nr. IOP-E 715/12, 19 December 1992 (orange); ZMA Por. 15216, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Lae-lae, 5.134°S 119.338°E, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, field nr. 240503, 24 May 1997 (orange); ZMA Por.P. 27690–27693 (thick sections and spicule mounts, slides only), South Africa, Port Elizabeth region, coll. A. van Schie, field nr. UPE 96–133–134, March 1996; RMNH Por. 2180, Indonesia, Bali, Sanur, Bangsai Point, slowly declining reef slope, 8.6706°S 115.2644°E, depth 6 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001 stat.06, field nr. BAL06/020401/024, 2 April 2001 (orange); RMNH Por. 2582, Singapore. Pulau Hantu Besar, W side, 1.2264°N 103.7463°E, depth 6 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.19/020406/144, 2 April 2006 (orange); RMNH Por. 5226, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Manado, Tua South Negen, 1.625°N 124.7056°E, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD08 /150501/051, 15 May 2001; RMNH Por. 5837, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Karanrang, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. UPG011/200810/037, 20 August 2008 (yellow); RMNH Por. 11767, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Karanrang, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 10 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. CEL094, 27 April 2018 (orange); RMNH Por. 11768, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Karanrang, 4.8556°S 119.3769°E, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. CEL116, 27 April 2018. Description (Figs 74 a–c, 76a). Massively encrusting sponge growing among corals, with coarsely grooved irregular surface, often encrusted with sediment (Fig. 74a). The grooves meander over the surface (Fig. 74b) forming characteristic polygonal ‘islands’ of thick surface flakes. Oscules in life large (1–2 cm in diameter) and composite, but they may contract in preservation. Small openings are found in the grooves (Fig. 74c). Size may be considerable, up 12 cm in lateral expansion, up to 10 cm in thickness, but much smaller thinly encrusting specimens are also found. Color in life bright orange, in preservation becoming shades of brown, the surface regions darker brown, the inner and lower parts of specimens lighter brown or beige. Consistency rather soft and compressible, coarsely fibrous. Skeleton (Figs 75 a–d). Plumoreticulate skeleton of thick spicule tracts (Fig. 75a), deep in the choanosome being 300–400 µm in diameter, gradually subdividing towards the surface into thinner tracts, ending up subectosomally into tracts of 50 µm or less which carry the surface crust. The ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 75b) is a thick (100 µm), dense layer of tangentially arranged individual megascleres. Inbetween the intercrossing megascleres there is a dense mass of trichodragmas and individual raphides. In the subectosomal region numerous rosettes of anisochelae I are found (Fig. 75 c–d), in a large size variation, 60–210 µm in diameter; the smaller rosettes appear to be of small anisochelae I (Fig. 75d). Spicules (Figs 76 b–h). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, a single category of sigmas, trichodragmas. Mycalostyles (Fig. 76b,b 1), robust, straight, elongately fusiform with barely developed heads, in a large size variation, possibly regionally determined, 318– 484.6 –781 x 3– 10.4 – 16 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 76c), mostly arranged in globular rosettes, robust, strongly curved, free part of the shaft about 40% of total spicule length, with short rounded upper alae and squarish lower alae, in a large size range, 48– 62.9 – 75 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 76d), of normal shape, with well-developed upper and lower alae, free part of the shaft about 25%, 16– 22.3 – 30 µm. Anisochelae III (Fig. 76e), dominated by well-developed upper alae, lower alae complicated, irregularly divided (not clearly visible in light microscopy, only properly observed with SEM), with basal spur, 11– 13.9 – 18 µm. In one of our specimens no anisochelae III were found, in most specimens they were rare or moderately rare. Sigmas (Fig. 76f), predominantly thin, symmetrical, occasionally with slightly incurved endings, frequency variable in various specimens, size usually 13– 21.8 – 34 µm, but a few—possibly foreign—larger sigmas have been found, 48–60 µm. Trichodragmas, very common, especially the larger sizes; in many specimens there are distinctly larger trichodragmata (I, Fig. 76g), 61– 84.9 –144 x 5– 10.7 – 16 µm, and smaller (II, Figs 76h), 12– 22.3 –35 x 5–7 µm. In two of our specimens, trichodragmas II were rare or absent. Distribution and ecology (Fig. 77). Indonesia, Singapore, Seychelles, Red Sea, West Australia, Gulf of Aden, Maldives, South Africa, possibly South Korea, from shallow water reefs down to 59–73 m, possibly deeper down to 220 m. Remarks. We follow Hajdu (1995) in considering Mycale sulcata Hentschel, 1911 synonymous with Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row, 1911). Hajdu examined type material of Row and found that the differences on paper between the two descriptions were non-existent, e.g. Row’s material did contain sigmas and two sizes of trichodragmas. As Hajdu (1995) (p. 101) pointed out, the publication date of Esperella dendyi Row, 1911 was printed to be November 30, 1911, whereas Hentschel’s publication of Mycale sulcata bears no print information other than the year 1911. According to the ICZN (art. 21.3.2), the printed date of the latter is then determined to be December 31, 1911. Accordingly, if both are the same species as assumed here, the name Mycale (Mycale) dendyi (Row, 1911) has priority. Hajdu (1995) listed specimens of this species from Korea, which need further examination. Mycale sulcata var. minor Hentschel, 1911 was listed as Mycale minor in Hajdu (1995: 104), but he did not study it and he did not comment on it. Hentschel (1911: 311) stated it was a reduced form (hence the varietal name minor), but he also suggested a similarity with his Mycale parasitica var. arenosa considered now a junior synonym of Mycale (Grapelia) australis (cf. above). The specimen was dried and thus could have been macerated and lost part of its spicule complement. In the absence of further information we consider it a member of the present species, but it needs to be further studied. We examined a microscopic slide of Mycale sulcata var. aruensis Hentschel, 1912 from the Aru Islands, raised to species status by Hajdu (1995) without discussion. We found that it conformed to the typical variety from Western Australia. Differences between the two noted by Hentschel (1912) were clearly the result of a difference in frequency of occurrence of anisochelae II and III and sigmas. These were observed in both ‘varieties’, thus removing their differences. One of our specimens (RMNH Por. 5226), appeared to have two distinct rosette sizes (140–180 µm vs. 60–70 µm), the smaller of which contained smaller than usual anisochelae I (less than 45 µm). Other features of the specimen did not differ from the characters of M. (M.) dendyi, so we refrained from attaching taxonomic significance to this. Burton’s (1959) material from the Indian Ocean of this species (as Mycale sulcata) consists of several fragments with thick surface crust and irregular skeleton, similar to the Sulawesi specimen ZMA Por. 15216 (cf. Fig. 63a), but it contained large sigmas up to 86 µm. That sigma size exceeds those of all our specimens, so it is uncertain whether Burton’s material could be conspecific with M. (M.) dendyi. Hajdu (1995) proposed part of the sample to be a separate species, his Mycale (Mycale) sp. 4. Proper redescription of the sample is necessary. Mycale (Mycale) myriasclera Lévi & Lévi, 1983 shares the shape of the anisochelae I with the present species, but differs clearly in lacking anisochelae III and sigmas (cf. below). Outside our target region, Mycale (Mycale) novaezealandiae Dendy, 1924 (see also Bergquist & Fromont 1988), possesses a similar spicule complement, including curved anisochelae I. Thanks to Eduardo Hajdu’s thesis work, we were able to examine a spicule suspension made from the type specimen BMNH 1923.10.1.102, which revealed two size categories of mycalostyles (972– 1116 x 23–30 µm and 511–678 x 10–23 µm), and anisochelae I 81–92 µm, clearly larger than those of the present species, confirming that the species differs from M. (M.) dendyi. See for further details also below. The shape of anisochelae I of this species reminds rather strongly of those found in Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995, a deviating Grapelia because of the absence of unguiferous upper alae. In combination with the peculiar anisochelae III in the present species showing strongly indented lower alae, it would seem possible that M. dendyi is also a Grapelia, and not a member of the subgenus Mycale. That would then also apply to Antarctic Mycale (Mycale) tridens Hentschel, 1914, which is even more Grapelia -like as its upper alae are pointed and could be termed ‘unguiferate’ (cf. Hentschel 1914: pl. V fig. 6; Ríos 2006: fig. 191). Elsewhere, several other Mycale (Mycale) species have such strongly curved anisochelae I, further complicating eventual close affiliations between subgenera Mycale and Grapelia. We will have to await molecular support. We compared spicule size data from Indo-West Pacific and Western Indian Ocean specimens assigned to this species (cf. Table 5), but no clear differences were found., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 116-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Row, R. W. H. (1911) Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., B. Sc., F. Z. S. XIX. Report on the Sponges collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part II. Non-Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 31 (208), 287 - 400, pls. 35 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1911. tb 00461. x","Hentschel, E. (1911) Tetraxonida. 2. Teil. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna S ʾ dwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger s ʾ dwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. 3 (6 - 10). Fischer, Jena, pp. 279 - 393.","Levi, C. (1963) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (1) Poecilosclerides. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Afric a, 37 (1), 1 - 72, pls. I-X. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196309519054","Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325","Burton, M. (1959) Sponges. Scientific Reports John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34, British Museum (Natural History), London, 10 (5), 151 - 281.","Levi, C. & Levi, P. (1983) Demosponges bathyales recoltees par le N / O ' Vauban' au sud de la Nouvelle-Caledonie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Series 4, 5 (A, 4), 931 - 997.","Bergquist, P. R. & Fromont, J. (1988) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4. Poecilosclerida. New Zealand Oceanaographic Institute Memoir, 96, 1 - 97.","Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwamme und Hornschwamme der Deutschen S ʾ dpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche S ʾ dpolar-Expedition, 15 (1), 35 - 141, pls. IV-VIII."]}

Mycale (Mycale) crassissima (Dendy, 1905) Figs 70 a–d, 71a–h, 72, 73, Table 4 Esperella crassissima Dendy, 1905: 160, pl. XI fig. 6. Mycale crassissima; Hentschel 1912: 339 (Indonesia, yellow green); Dendy, 1922: 55, pl. 5 fig. 1; Lévi 1961b: 124 (Vietnam, ochre-rose); Vacelet & Vasseur 1971: 85, fig. 34 (Madagascar, bright orange); Pulitzer-Finali 1993: 289 (Tanzania, light greenish blue or orange); Chervyakova 2007: 241 (Southern Vietnam, listed only). Mycale (Mycale) crassissima; Pattanayak 2006, figs 42a–f, pl. VII fig. E (Andaman Islands); Azzini et al. 2007: Table 1 (Vietnam, listed only). Mycale (Aegogropila) crassissima; Lim et al. 2008: 101 (Singapore, light green); Calcinai et al. 2013: 35 (Vietnam, yellow); Minh-Quang Thai 2013: 114 (listed only); Samaai et al. 2019: 43, figs 17A–I. Material examined. ZMA Por. 01566, Indonesia, Papua, W coast, between Loslos and Broken Island, 1.2092°S 130.5979°E, depth 18 m, dredge, Siboga Expedition, stat. 162, 18 August 1899; ZMA Por. 01567, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Borneo Bank, 2.4166°S 117.7166°E, depth 40–50 m, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 080, field nr. SE713, 13 June 1899; ZMA Por. 01568, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Tana Djampea, Kambaragi Bay, 7.1058°S 120.6274°E, depth 0–32 m, trawl, Siboga Expedition, stat. 064, 4 May 1899; ZMA Por. 1569, Indonesia, Sumatera, N tip, Pulau Weh, E coast, 5.828°N 95.378°E, growing on undersea cable, coll. Lt. Van Nouhuys on board of K.S.’ Telegraaf’, 17 August 1906; ZMA Por. 01570, Indonesia, Sumatera, N tip, Pulau Weh, E coast, 5.828°N 95.378°E, growing on undersea cable, coll. Lt. Van Nouhuys on board of K.S.’ Telegraaf’, 17 August 1906; ZMA Por. 01571, Indonesia, Sumatera, N tip, Pulau Weh, E coast, 5.828°N 95.378°E, growing on undersea cable, depth 73 m, coll. Lt. Van Nouhuys on board of K.S.’ Telegraaf’, 17 Augutst 1906; ZMA Por. 01572, Indonesia, Siboga Expedition, station unknown; ZMA Por. 01573, Indonesia, Maluku, Banda anchorage, bottom black sand, coral, 4.5398°S 129.9084°E, depth 9–45 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 240, 22 November 1899; ZMA Por. 01574, Indonesia, Kalimantan, Pulu Kaniungan Ketjil, 1.1332°N 118.8897°E, depth 11 m, Siboga Expedition, stat. 089, 21 June 1899; ZMA Por. 01575, Indonesia, Maluku, Banda anchorage, bottom black sand, coral, 4.5398°S 129.9084°E, depth 9–45 m, trawl and dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 240, 22 November 1899; ZMA Por. 01576, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Bay of Bima, near South Fort, 8.05 S 118.695°E, depth 55 m, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 047, 8 April 1899; ZMA Por. 01577, Indonesia, Papua, Aru Islands, Pearl Banks, anchorage off Pulau Jedan, 5.4134°S 134.6677°E, depth 13 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 273, field nr. SE139, 23 December 1899; ZMA Por. 01578, Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Rotti Island, Cyrus Bay, 10.8733°S 123.0183°E, depth 36 m, dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 299, 27 January 1900; ZMA Por. 01578, Indonesia, Kalimantan, East side, Moearas Reef, Karang Lintang and Pulau Palabangan, 1.7714N 118.9615°E, depth 0–54 m, trawl/dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 091, 22 June 1899; ZMA Por. 01580, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Salayar anchorage and surroundings, 6.0963°S 120.4481°E, depth 0–36 m, trawl, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 213, field nr. SE1602, 26 September 1899; ZMA Por. 02907, Indonesia, Maluku, Kai Islands, Duroa Strait, 5.6501°S 132.7103°E, depth 22 m, dredge, Siboga Expedition, stat. 258, 12 December 1899; ZMA Por. 06530, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.3416667°S 118.2616667, depth 0–1 m, snorkeling, coll. J. Brouns, field nr. 120/06A, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 120, 23 September 1984; ZMA Por. 07997 Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, E of Komodo, Teluk Slawi, N cape of entrance, 8.6°S 119.52°E, depth 1–4 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 069 / II/6 A, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 069, 17 September 1984 (yellow-brown); ZMA Por. 08641 Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Salayar, NW coast of Pulau Guang, 6.35°S 120.45°E, depth 4–12 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 152 / III/24, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 152, 28 September 1984 (dark red, probably caused by red alga); ZMA Por. 08872, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, N of Sumbawa, Bay of Sanggar, 8.3383333°S 118.273333, depth 8–11 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 122 / IV/15, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 122, 21 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA Por. 10174, Papua New Guinea, coll. M.C. Daz, field nr. 92119; ZMA Por. unregistered slide, Indonesia, Nusa Tenggara, NE coast of Sumba, E of Melolo, 9.9°S 120.708333, depth 6 m, SCUBA, coll R. W.M. van Soest, field nr. 048/ III/4, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition, stat. 048, 13 September 1984 (yellow); ZMA Por. 10564, Seychelles, Mahé, N of Bird Island, 3.7°S 55.2167°E, depth 50–52 m, trawl, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition, stat. 729, field nr. IOP-E 792/05, 22 December 1992 (bright orange); ZMA Por. 11713, Seychelles, Mahé, Bird Island, off E coast, 3.7167°S 55.2167°E, depth 3 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition, stat. 717, field nr. IOP-E 717/04B, 20 December 1992 (pink); ZMA Por. 12037, Seychelles, Amirantes, N of Île Desnoeufs, 6.1333°S 55.0333°E, depth 54 m, trawl, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition, stat. 782, field nr. IOP-E 782/17, 2 January 1993 (orange); ZMA Por. 12563, Seychelles, Amirantes, Poivre Atoll, N rim, reef flat, 5.7333°S 53.3167°E, depth 7–8 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 768, field nr. IOP-E 768/06, 30 December 1992 (light grey blue); ZMA Por. 12705, Seychelles, Mahé, W of Aride Island, 4.2167°S 55.5667°E, depth 47 m, rectangular dredge, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 702, field nr. IOP-E 702/21, 17 December 1992 (light brown); RMNH Por. 1835, Indonesia, Bali, NE side Pulau Serangan, Loloan Serangan, 8.7275°S 115.2536°E, depth 0–17 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. BAL.13/050401/065, Bali-Lombok Strait Expedition 2001, 5 April 2001 (white fluorescent green blue); RMNH Por. 2057, Indonesia, Java, Kepulauan Seribu (Thousand Islands), off Jakarta, 5.698889°S 106.538722°E, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SER.25/160905/095, Kepulauan Seribu Expedition 2005, stat. SER.25, 18 September 2005; RMNH Por. 2538, Singapore, Pulau Tekukor (Monkey Island), SE side, 1.23005°N 103.8401667°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.12/300306/100, 30 March 2006 (green); RMNH Por. 2587 Singapore, Terumbu Pempang Tengah, W side, 1.232183333°N 103.73185°E, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. SIN.20/030406/149, 3 April 2006 (fluorescent blue); RMNH Por. 5330, Indonesia, Halmahera, Mataira Mataira W, 0.7299°N 121.3624°E, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition 2009 stat. TER:09, field nr. TER:09/291009/081, 29 October 2009; RMNH Por. 5846, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SW Sulawesi, Spermonde Archipelago, Kapoposang, 4.6913°S 118.9456°E, depth 9 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. UPG012/210810/046, 21 August 2010 (yellow); RMNH Por. 6541, Indonesia, N Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, Desa Pandean, 1.42113°N 125.1813°E, depth 12 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. LEM28/140212/185, 14 February 2012; RMNH Por. 7234, Indonesia, Java, Semak Daun, 5.73290602°S 108.570303°E, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. JAK04 PS–NV115, 28 July 2011 (brown); RMNH Por. 11766, Taiwan, Penghu Island, Xiying Rainbow Bridge, 23.5709°N 119.5619°E, exposed during low tide, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ORC–008, 29 July 2018 (orange). Description (Figs 70a,a 1, 71a). Massively lobate, cushion-shaped or encrusting sponges with optically smooth surface, but microscopically slightly uneven. Some larger specimens (e.g. RMNH Por. 6541) show surface grooves, making them look similar to M.(M.) dendyi. A subsurface reticulated pattern is often observed in situ. Specimens may occasionally encrust algae and branching octocorals. Lobate specimens have apical small oscules about 1–3 mm in diameter, with size up to 10 x 7 x 4 cm. Color in life mostly yellowish to orange (Fig. 70a 1), but red, pink, brown, light brown, white, fluorescent blueish (Fig. 70a) or greenish specimens have been recorded. Some of these shades may have been influenced by symbiont algae or bacteria. In preserved condition colors vary from pale yellow or white to reddish beige. Consistency is firm, but compressible. Skeleton (Figs 70 b–d). Choanosomal skeleton plumo-reticulate, built of usually strongly developed spicule tracts, 50–180 µm in diameter (6–14 spicules in cross section), interconnected by thinner tracts. Main tracts end at the surface by fanning out (Fig. 70b) to carry a tangential ectosomal skeleton. The main tracts in peripheral parts are echinated by anisochelae I, which do not form rosettes, but in stead form dense elongated concentrations along the tracts. Ectosomal skeleton (Fig. 70c), tangential, rather lightly developed, with few intercrossing tracts and many individual spicules. Authors, including Dendy, have been characterizing the skeleton as Mycale (Aegogropila) -like, but this is likely based on observation of the subsurface reticulation of choanosomal tracts carrying the true ectosomal skeleton. We maintain this is basically Mycale (Mycale) -like. The ectosomal region of many specimens is characterized by crowded trichodragmas (Fig. 70d). Spicules (Figs 71 b–h, 72). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, two of sigmas, and trichodragmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 71b,b 1), robust, with barely developed elongated heads, pointed opposite end, often curved, size variable, possibly due to regional diversity, 288– 434.7 –663 x 4– 10.5 – 21 µm. Anisochelae I (Figs 71c, 72), robust, with upper and lower frontal alae slightly flaring outwards, both upper and lower lateral alae well-developed, with free part of the shaft approximately one third of the length of the spicule. In many specimens a considerable part of the anisochelae I have a faint spur-like lower outgrowth (cf. Fig. 72, second row) but smoothly rounded lower parts are also common (Figs 72, first row). Size quite variable between specimens, possibly regionally determined, 37– 56.7 – 86 µm, but there is limited variation within a single specimen. Anisochelae II (Figs 71d, 72, third row), in overall shape usually similar to anisochelae III, with prominent upper frontal and lateral alae, a short free part of the shaft, but with the lower frontal ala plate-like and the lateral alae developed as usual, not reduced stick-like as in anisochela III. There is usually a lower terminal spur developed but this may be very short or absent in some specimens. The size slightly overlaps with anisochelae III, 19– 25.8 – 33 µm (possibly up to 35 µm, see below). Anisochelae III (Figs 71e, 72, fourth row) with well developed upper alae, dominating the spicule shape when examined with lower magnification, with the free part of the shaft extending to the lower part of the spicule which lacks developed alae and ends in a prominent spur. Size variable, possibly regionally determined, 12– 15.8 – 20 µm. Sigma I (Fig. 71f), thin, not clearly different in shape from sigma II, but there is no overlap in size despite rather large variation between specimens, 27– 38.6 – 60 µm. Sigma II (Fig. 71g), thin, not clearly different in shape from sigma I, limited variation in size, 12– 17.4 – 24 µm. Trichodragmas (Fig. 71h), straight, tightly bound, usually small (20–30 µm long) but in several specimens there was quite a range in size, overall sizes 10– 32.1 –75 x 5– 8.4 – 13 µm. In many specimens the short trichodragmas were observed occurring in larger clusters (Fig. 70d). Distribution and ecology (Fig. 73). Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Vietnam, Taiwan, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa (Sodwana Bay). The species occurs on shallow reefs and in deeper waters on available hard substratums, from the tide mark down to 73 m. Remarks. This is probably one of the more common widespread Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Due to this wide distribution, most characters are quite variable, but all identified specimens share a massive-encrusting shape, lightly developed ectosomal tangential skeleton, well-developed choanosomal spicule tracts, anisochelae I crowded on the tracts in an echinating position, but not forming rosettes, rare anisochelae II usually spurred, smallest anisochelae spurred, with stick-like lower alae, thin sigmas I and II, and tightly packed trichodragmas. Anisochelae I in most specimens were of two more or less distinct types, the first (Fig. 72, first row) have a smoothly rounded lower end between the lateral and median alae, the second (Fig. 72, second row) have a small point or spur at their lower end. The frequency of the two types differs in various specimens. Since they were both of approximately the same size, we do not consider them distinct from each other. Most authors, including Dendy (1905) did not distinguish anisochela II as a separate spicule type. With some effort, in all specimens we examined, anisochelae II were found. The presence of a separate ‘middle-sized’ anisochela was earlier also observed by Vacelet & Vasseur (1971) and Pulitzer-Finali (1993). Nevertheless, anisochelae II were usually quite rare. This meant that they could not always be found in dissociated spicule mounts and in an SEM examination. This is likely the reason that other other authors (Hentschel 1912; Lévi 1961b; Calcinai et al. 2013; Samaai et al. 2019) did not distinguish them from the smaller anisochelae III. They are distinguished from anisochela I by smaller size and a shape lacking offstanding median frontal alae. Anisochela II differs consistently from anisochela III in having proper lower frontal and lateral alae, whereas anisochela III has a narrow stick-like frontal ala only, lacking lateral alae entirely. Anisochela III always has a spur. Both anisochelae I and anisochelae II may or may not have a spur, if present often faintly developed, often blunt. The lower alae condition in anisochela II with broadly developed frontal alae is also found in Caribbean Mycale (M.) laevis (Carter, 1882) presented in SEM photos in Hajdu & Desqueyroux’s (1994) fig. 41 (from holotype BMNH 1887.5.2.189 of Esperella fusca Ridley & Dendy, 1886 considered synonymous with M.(M.) laevis), in Hajdu’s (1995) chapter 5 and fig. 5.41, and in Hajdu & R̹tzler‘s (1998) fig. 15d. In these cases the anisochelae were treated as ‘robust’ versions of anisochelae III, which in majority have the stick-like condition as in M.(M.) crassissima. In contrast, we postulate here that the spurred anisochelae with broadly developed lower fronal alae in M. (M.) laevis in reality are anisochelae II, not previously recognized in this species. Sigma categories are not obvious because the shape and thickness of the larger and the smaller sigmas are largely similar. For that reason they were not distinguished by some authors (Dendy 1905; Hentschel 1912; Calcinai et al. 2013), but from the size ranges provided by these authors it is likely that they were present. We believe the two sigma size categories are shared with related species (e.g. Mycale (Mycale) grandis, cf. below), so it is important to distinguish them as separate spicule types. Trichodragmas are predominantly small (20–30 µm long), but some specimens (six of our 25 specimens) have a wider size range, up to 75 µm. We could not find a correlation with other features of the sponges. Calcinai et al. (2013) report the presence of very small smooth microxeas (2.5 µm, apparently visible only with SEM) in the type specimen BMNH 1907.12.1.56 and in their own specimen from Vietnam. Although very small rod-like grains or debris is often present in our specimens, we failed to consistently find sufficient numbers of such tiny objects. Colors reported for this species are so varied, that taxonomic diversity could be presumed. However, no correlation was evident between colors (the more yellow-red colored vs the more green or blueish green specimens) and spicule measurements and frequency of occurrence of the various spicule types. Color variation (greenish blue and orange) was also reported by Pulitzer-Finali (1993), so we must accept at this stage of our knowledge that color is not a consistent feature of the species. Regional differences in spicule size data are also not clear (cf. Table 4), although most Seychelles specimens (except ZMA Por. 12705) have shorter mycalostyles and shorter anisochelae I than those of Indonesian specimens. Skeletal tracts of Seychelles specimens on average appear thinner (50–100 µm with 6–10 spicules in cross section) than Indonesian specimens (60–180 µm with 8–14 spicules in cross section). The name M. (M.) crassissima Dendy, 1905 is threatened by M. (M.) gelatinosa (Ridley, 1884), which may turn out to be a senior synonym (see also below). Ridley’s description of the skeleton and the spicules appears to overlap with the data provided above. The only clear distinction is the shape of the smallest anisochelae, which would lack the spur. This can be distinguished with certainty by SEM. We were unable to reexamine Ridley’s material, so this remains to be established definitively. The description of Mycale (Mycale) digitata Bergquist & Tizard, 1967 (as Mycale (Carmia), reported also by Kelly-Borges & Bergquist (1988) as Aegogropila digitata, reminds of the present species, but short trichodragmas are apparently not present in that species (see also below)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 110-116, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, 3 (Supplement 18), pp. 57 - 246, pls. I-XVI.","Hentschel, E. (1912) Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 34 (3), 293 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85325","Dendy, A. (1922) Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Sealark' in the Indian Ocean. In: Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, Volume 7. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 18 (1), 1 - 164, pls. 1 - 18.","Levi, C. (1961 b) Eponges intercotidales de Nha Trang (Vietnam). Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale, 100, 127 - 148.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1993) A collection of marine sponges from East Africa. Annali Museo Civico Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 89, 247 - 350.","Chervyakova, N. A. (2007) Porifera (Demospongia) of the Nhatrang bay. In: Britayev, T. A. & Pavlov, D. S. (Eds.), Benthic fauna of the Bay of Nhatrang, Southern Vietnam. Vol. 1. KMK Scientific Press Ltd., Moscow, pp. 248 [not seen]","Pattanayak, J. G. (2006) Marine sponges of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Papers, 255, 1 - 152, pls. 1 - 12.","Azzini, F., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G. & Pansini, M. (2007) Sponges of the marine karst lakes and of the coast of the islands of Ha Long Bay (North Vietnam). In: Custodio, M. R., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research. Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Livros de Museu Nacional 28. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 157 - 164.","Lim, S. C., De Voogd, N. J. & Tan, K. S. (2008) A guide to sponges of Singapore. Science Centre, Singapore, 173 pp.","Calcinai, B., Bavestrello, G., Bertolino, M., Pica, D., Wagner, D. & Cerrano, C. (2013) Sponges associated with octocorals in the Indo-Pacific, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 3617 (1), 1 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3617.1.1","Thai, M. - Q. (2013) A review of the diversity of sponges (Porifera) in Vietnam. In: The 2 nd International Workshop on Marine Bioresources of Viet Nam. s. n., Hanoi, pp. 109 - 115.","Samaai, T., Pillay, R. & Janson, L. (2019) Shallow-water Demospongiae (Porifera) from Sodwana Bay, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. Zootaxa, 4587 (1), 1 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4587.1.1","Carter, H. J. (1882) Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 9 (52), 266 - 301, 346 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459052","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 366 - 482 + 582 - 630, pls. 39 - 43 + 53 - 54.","Bergquist, P. R. & Tizard, C. A. (1967) Australian Intertidal Sponges from the Darwin Area. Micronesica, 3 (2), 175 - 202.","Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P. R. (1988) Sponges from Motupore Island, Papua New Guinea. Indo-Malayan Zoology, 5, 121 - 159."]}

Mycale (Aegogropila) gravelyi Burton, 1937 comb.nov. Figs 2 a–e, 3a–f Mycale gravelyi Burton, 1937: 24, pl. II fig. 16; Vacelet & Vasseur 1965: 102, pl. VII, fig. 25; Vacelet & Vasseur 1971: 86. ? Mycale rotalis; Burton 1926: 80 (listed for Suez Canal, Red Sea, without description) (not: Bowerbank, 1874) ? Mycale pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996: 117, fig. 16. Mycale (Mycale) gravelyi; Minh-Quang Thai: 114 (listed only). Material examined. ZMA Por. 07864a, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon,Ambon Bay, Hative Besar, 3.6833°S 128.1333°E, depth 1–4 m, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, snorkeling, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 002, field number 002 / II/18, 6 September 1984 (color grey; grainy interior); ZMA Por. 07884, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon, Ambon Bay, near Tawiri, 3.7°S 128.1167°E, depth 1–4 m, coll. J. Brouns, snorkeling, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 010, field number 010 / II/08, 6 September 1984 (color grey; grainy interior); ZMA Por. 08199a, Indonesia, Maluku, Ambon, Ambon Bay, near Eri, 3.75°S 128.1333°E, depth 3–7 m, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, SCUBA, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 007, field number 007 / III/33, 3 September 1984 (color grey; on coral clump; grainy); RMNH Por. 11765, Taiwan, Lanyu Island, Iraraley Bay, 22.0813°N 121.5226°E, depth 3 m, coll. N.J. de Voogd, SCUBA, field number KUE141A (encrusting on an Agelas sp.; slide only). Description. The three specimens from Ambon Bay are thinly encrusting on dead corals and among the base of living corals, forming patches up to several cms long and wide (cf. Fig 2a, arrows), thickness between 0.5 and 1.5 mm. The specimen from KUE grew on the surface of a sponge (Agelas sp.) collected from a cave. Consistency firm. Surface smooth with faint canal patterns visible in preserved condition. Color in life reported as greyish or light reddish, in alcohol it becomes light beige. The tissue between the skeletal tracts of our specimens is grainy in outlook and consists of unidentified polyangular particles of about 2–5 µm in diameter. Skeleton. The tangential ectosomal skeleton (Figs 3f,f 1) is formed by robust intercrossing spicule tracts of 30–120 µm in diameter, in cross section consisting of 3–10 aligned spicules. The ectosomal tracts form triangular meshes, with mesh sizes between the tracts variable, approximately 250–450 µm wide. Rosettes of anisochelae 105–125 µm in diameter are common between the tracts. The choanosomal skeleton consists of thick plumose tracts fanning out peripherally, carrying the ectosomal skeleton. Tracts are 100–200 µm in thickness, formed by up to 15 spicules in cross section, and they are positioned at approximately 500–600 µm distance from each other. ZMA Por. 07684 has overall a slightly less robust skeleton compared to ZMA Por. 08199a. Spicules (Figs 2 b–e, 3a–e). Mycalostyles, three categories of anisochelae, and one of sigmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 2b,b 1, 3a,a 1), fusiform, with elongate head and clearly constricted neck, gradually but somewhat abruptly pointed, 524– 548.4 –616 x 11– 16.6 – 22 µm. Anisochelae I (Figs 2c, 3b), robust, with alae all well-developed and the shaft free for about 1/3 of the spicule length, with slightly outwardly curved median alae, 38– 47.6 – 57 µm. Anisochelae II (Fig. 2d,d 1, 3c), narrow-shaped, with upper alae longer than half the length of the spicule, often 2/ 3 in length, with lower alae relatively small and the free part of the shaft short, 21– 23.2 – 25 µm (in both specimens approximately the same size). Anisochelae III (Figs 2e,e 1, 3d), narrow and thin, with small lateral alae, looking undeveloped, but they are similar in both specimens, 12– 14.4 – 20 µm. Sigmas I (Figs 2f, 3e), robust, with unequally curved apices, occasionally S-shaped, similar in both specimens, 69– 80.9 – 93 µm, thickness 3.5– 4.4 – 5.5 µm. Distribution and ecology. Indonesia, Ambon Bay, depth 1–7 m, on corals, Taiwan, Lanyu, in cave, encrusting an Agelas specimen; Krusadai Island, Gulf of Manaar, India (no further data); Tuléar, Madagascar, whitish, among corals and in shallow reef caves, depth 1– 2 m. Remarks. This species, named after the naturalist F.H. Gravely, is only rarely reported and remains insufficiently known. The identification of our specimens must be considered tentative, because Burton’s description of the type (BMNH 1931.11.28.178) is ambiguous, as there is no information on the dermal skeleton and spicule data contrast between description and illustration. Vacelet & Vasseur (1965, 1971) cited occurrence of this species in Madagascar, and described the ectosomal skeleton as possessing a ‘réseau régulier de fibres de styles’, which we interpret as conforming to that of the subgenus Aegogropila. Thus our identification with Burton’s species rests on Vacelet & Vasseur’s subsequent description. Still, the spicule size information of the type conforms closely with that from our specimens: styles 510 x 14 µm, anisochelae I (in rosettes) 35–45 µm, anisochelae II/III 14–24 µm (not separated by Burton), sigmas 70 µm. In Burton’s drawing of the spicules, there is a difference with the description, as he pictures two sizes of sigmas (not mentioned in the description) and his two anisochelae drawings are not clearly different in shape and size from each other and we classify them both as anisochelae I. We assume that the drawing of the small sigma must be attributed to the smallest anisochela category (III) as this appears with the barely developed alae almost like a sigma at the magnification used by Burton (500 x). Tissue of the type was noted to be charged with refringent granules, which were also present in our specimens (and assumed to be evidence of mucus production). Vacelet & Vasseur (l.c.) report similar spicule sizes as our specimens: styles 400–500 µm, anisochelae I (rosettes) 45 µm, anisochelae II 18–24 µm, anisochelae III 10–12 µm, sigmas I 75–85 µm, but they make no mention of grainy tissue. Burton (1926: 80) listed Mycale rotalis (Bowerbank, 1874) as occurring in the Suez Canal, but he failed to provide a description. Unless this Atlantic-Mediterranean species has performed a reversed Lessepsian migration, this record possibly concerns a member of the present species. However, re-examination of the specimen is necessary. A species close to, and possibly a junior synonym, is Mycale (Aegogropila) pachysigmata Pulitzer-Finali, 1996 from Papua New Guinea. The overall data of the shape and the sizes of the spicules match the present material, but there are two distinct differences, the sigmas may be as thick as up to 14 µm, and the ectosomal spicule tracts are up to 1 mm in diameter, both sizes clearly in excess of those of the above discussed likely members of M. (Ae.) gravelyi. Mycale (Aegogropila) meridionalis sensu Samaai & Gibbons 2005 (not: Lévi 1963) from the Atlantic coast of South Africa appears similar to the present species, but the sigmas of the South African specimen are clearly smaller, only 23–28 µm and the anisochelae I have a curved shape, unlike those of M. (Ae.) gravelyi. With its narrow-shaped anisochela II, Mycale (Aegogropila) gravelyi is obviously close to M. (Ae.) orientalis (Topsent, 1897) and M. (Ae.) sulevoidea (Sollas, 1902), but differs from these species in having larger styles, lacking sigmas II and toxas. We searched exhaustively for these microscleres and are certain they were absent in our four specimens. It is possible that Esperella porosa Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 338; Ridley & Dendy 1887: 68, pl.XV figs 6,9,17, pl. XVI fig. 5 from Southeast Australia, now reassigned as Mycale (Aegogropila) porosa (cf. World Porifera Database, Van Soest et al. 2020) is a senior synonym of the present species. The general description fits, but Ridley & Dendy’s mycalostyles are only 380 x 16 µm, only a single anisochela is reported and sigmas are much larger, 160 x 8.5 µm, than those of the present specimens. The species was only reported outside our regional limits and is here further ignored, but comparison of the two types is recommended., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Burton, M. (1937) Supplement to the Littoral Fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Manaar. Porifera. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, New Series, Natural History Section, 1 (2, part 4), 1 - 58, pls. I-IX.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1965) Spongiaires des grottes et surplombs des recifs de Tulear (Madagascar). Recueil des Travaux de la Station marine d'Endoume, 2 - 4, 71 - 123.","Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Eponges des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). Tethys, Supplement 1, 51 - 126.","Bowerbank, J. S. (1874) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Volume 3. Ray Society, London, xvii + 367 pp., XCII pls.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1996) Sponges from the Bismarck Sea. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universit di Genova, 60 - 61, 101 - 138.","Samaai, T. & Gibbons, M. J. (2005) Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. African Natural History, 1, 1 - 96.","Levi, C. (1963) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (1) Poecilosclerides. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Afric a, 37 (1), 1 - 72, pls. I-X. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196309519054","Topsent, E. (1897) Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 4, 421 - 487, pls. 18 - 21.","Sollas, I. B. J. (1902) On the Sponges collected during the ' Skeat Expedition' to the Malay Peninsula 1899 - 1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 72 (3), 210 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1902. tb 08232. x","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325 - 351 + 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998"]}

Mycale (Carmia) maunakea De Laubenfels, 1951 Mycale maunakea De Laubenfels, 1951 a: 261, fig. 7; Bergquist 1967: 159 (misspelled as manuakea). Mycale cecilia sensu De Laubenfels 1950: 25, fig. 15; Bergquist 1977: 65; Kelly et al. 2003: Appendix p. 6 (?not: Mycale cecilia De Laubenfels, 1936 b) Summary description. Encrusting, 1 mm thick, pale pink in life, soft. Oscules about 200 µm. Ectosome contains numerous microscleres but no megascleres. Skeleton formed by spicule tracts forming columns 30–40 µm in diameter, 100–200 µm apart, that do not anastomose or branch. At the surface they make dermal tufts. Mycalostyles 160–240 x 2–6 µm, anisochelae, narrow, almost isochelae-like, in one (?) size, 13–22 µm, sigmas 37–42 µm. Distribution. Island of Hawaii, Hilo Harbor, Coconut Island, depth 2 m. Comment. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia sensu Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2010 (p. 180 in part, the Hawaiian record) may be conspecific with this species, because these authors synonymized the present species with De Laubenfels’ (1936b) M. (C.) cecilia, a species from the Pacific coast of Panama. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia sensu Kelly et al. 2003 from Micronesia (Northern Mariana Islands, Saipan), identified by Michelle Kelly, may also be referred here. Without closer comparison between the present species and the type of M. (C.) cecilia it appears prudent to keep M. (C.) maunakea and M. (C.) cecilia as separate species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 83, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["De Laubenfels, M. W. (1951) The sponges of the island of Hawaii. Pacific Science, 5 (3), 256 - 271.","De Laubenfels, M. W. (1950) The Sponges of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Pacific Science, 4 (1), 3 - 36.","Bergquist, P. R. (1977) Porifera. In: Devaney, D. M. & Eldredge, L. G. (Eds.), Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 1: Protozoa through Ctenophora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, pp. 53 - 69.","Kelly, M., Hooper, J., Paul, V., Paulay, G., Van Soest, R. & De Weerdt, W. (2003) Taxonomic inventory of the sponges (Porifera) of the Mariana Islands. Micronesica, 35 - 36, 100 - 120.","De Laubenfels, M. W. (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 467 (Tortugas Laboratory Paper 30), 1 - 225, pls. 1 - 22.","Carballo, J. L. & Cruz-Barraza, J. A. (2010) A revision of the genus Mycale (Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) from the Mexican Pacific Ocean. Contributions to Zoology, 79 (4), 165 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 18759866 - 07904003"]}

Mycale (Mycale) digitata Bergquist & Tizard, 1967 comb.nov. Mycale (Carmia) digitata Bergquist & Tizard, 1967: 187, pl. 5 fig. 2, text-fig. 2. Aegogropila digitata; Kelly-Borges & Bergquist 1988: 134, pl. 2 fig. d. Summary description. Massive sponge with conical digitations. Color in life yellow or greenish, internally orange. Consistency firm. Surface optically smooth, punctate. Ectosomal skeleton with tangential megascleres strewn without order, and with rosettes of anisochelae I, diameter 150–180 µm. Choanosomal skeleton of stout anastomosing tracts with little visible spongin carrying the surface skeleton. Spicules: mycalostyles 416–540 x 7.5–16 µm, anisochelae I 53–65 µm, anisochelae II 24–29 µm, anisochelae III 16–18 µm, sigmas, apparently not divisible in size groups, 16–45 µm. Raphides, which are not certainly proper (not mentioned in Kelly-Borges & Bergquist 1988), 140–350 µm. Distribution. North Australia (Darwin region) and S Papua & New Guinea (Motupore Island), shallow water. Comment. The descriptions of this species and the illustrations, especially the SEM photo of an anisochela II (?) provided in Bergquist & Kelly 1988: Pl. 2d, remind rather strongly of Mycale (Mycale) crassissima. Conspecificity is precluded by the apparent absence of trichodragmas, and also the presence of rosettes of anisochelae in the present species.

Mycale (Mycale) digitata Bergquist & Tizard, 1967 comb.nov. Mycale (Carmia) digitata Bergquist & Tizard, 1967: 187, pl. 5 fig. 2, text-fig. 2. Aegogropila digitata; Kelly-Borges & Bergquist 1988: 134, pl. 2 fig. d. Summary description. Massive sponge with conical digitations. Color in life yellow or greenish, internally orange. Consistency firm. Surface optically smooth, punctate. Ectosomal skeleton with tangential megascleres strewn without order, and with rosettes of anisochelae I, diameter 150–180 µm. Choanosomal skeleton of stout anastomosing tracts with little visible spongin carrying the surface skeleton. Spicules: mycalostyles 416–540 x 7.5–16 µm, anisochelae I 53–65 µm, anisochelae II 24–29 µm, anisochelae III 16–18 µm, sigmas, apparently not divisible in size groups, 16–45 µm. Raphides, which are not certainly proper (not mentioned in Kelly-Borges & Bergquist 1988), 140–350 µm. Distribution. North Australia (Darwin region) and S Papua & New Guinea (Motupore Island), shallow water. Comment. The descriptions of this species and the illustrations, especially the SEM photo of an anisochela II (?) provided in Bergquist & Kelly 1988: Pl. 2d, remind rather strongly of Mycale (Mycale) crassissima. Conspecificity is precluded by the apparent absence of trichodragmas, and also the presence of rosettes of anisochelae in the present species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Bergquist, P. R. & Tizard, C. A. (1967) Australian Intertidal Sponges from the Darwin Area. Micronesica, 3 (2), 175 - 202.","Kelly-Borges, M. & Bergquist, P. R. (1988) Sponges from Motupore Island, Papua New Guinea. Indo-Malayan Zoology, 5, 121 - 159."]}

Mycale (Mycale) aff. grandis (Gray, 1867) ‘white’ Figs 82 a–f, 83a–e, 84a–h, 85, 86, Table 7 Material examined. ZMA Por. 08554, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, Take Karlarang, 6.45°S 121.2083°E, reef, depth 8 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 147, field nr. 147/ III/01, 27 September 1984 (grey-white); ZMA Por. 08996, Indonesia, Sulawesi, SE Sulawesi, Tukang Besi Islands, SW of Taipabu, 5.9333°S 123.975°E, reef slope, depth 15–30 m, SCUBA, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Indonesian-Dutch Snellius II Expedition stat. 044, field nr. 044/ V/02, 11 September 1984 (white); ZMA Por. 14549, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, North East Bunaken Island, 1.6376°N 124.7647°E, steep slope, depth 35 m, SCUBA, coll. B.W. Hoeksema, SYMBIOSPONGE project, field nr. 98/NS/MAY10/BH/103, 10 May 1998 (white); ZMA Por. 17384, Indonesia, North Sulawesi, SW Siladen Island, 1.6167°N 124.7833°E, depth 15 m, SCUBA. coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD11 /170502/049, 17 May 2002 (white, yellow inside); ZMA Por. 18757, Thailand, Trad, Chang Island, S of Ko Mark, 11.786°N 102.4873°E, fringing reef, depth 3 m, SCUBA, coll. Sumaitt Putchakarn, field nr. CHAD–08, 19 November 2001; RMNH Por. 3699, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, SW Bunaken Island, Alung Banua, 1.618°N 124.7583°E, depth 20 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MD07 /150502/NV049, 16 May 2002 (white, yellow inside); RMNH Por. 5434, Indonesia, Halmahera, Ternate, Tarau, 0.8417°N 127.3772°E, depth 10 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, Ternate-Halmahera Expedition stat. TER.17, field nr. TER.17/021109/ NV185, 2 November 2009 (white); RMNH Por. 6595, Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, Tanjung Nanas Island, 1.46097°N 125.2266°E, depth 15 m, SCUBA, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. LEM33/170212/NV283, 17 February 2012 (white). Description (Figs 82 a–f, 83a, 84a). Thickly encrusting to massively lobate epilithic sponges, with punctate smooth surface, white colored in life, white-beige in preserved condition. Size often considerable (Fig. 83a), up to 20 x 15 cm in lateral expansion, up to 10 cm thick. Oscules in life may be up to 1 cm in diameter, contracted in preservation to a few mm. Consistency firm, hard, barely compressible. Skeleton (Figs 83 b–e). Choanosomal skeleton plumoreticulate with thick spicule tracts of up to 1.5–2 mm diameter dividing towards the surface into tracts of 300–600 µm diameter. Main tracts are irregularly connected by thinner tracts of approximately 200–600 µm. Spicule tracts closely to the surface are echinated by individual anisochelae I, these are not crowded and do not form rosettes. Meshes of the choanosomal skeleton are up to 6 mm in size, which causes the punctate aspects of live specimens. Ectosomal skeleton is a tangential layer of confused single intercrossing megascleres. Anisochelae are distributed individually or in small groups along the subectosomal tracts. Trichodragmas are scattered throughout the sponge, often in great numbers. Spicules (Figs 83e, 84 b–h, 85). Mycalostyles, three/four categories of anisochelae, two categories of sigmas, trichodragmas. Mycalostyles (Figs 84b,b 1), usually curved, with heads elongate and with faintly developed neck, pointed often mucronate or bluntly rounded, 444– 571.3 –660 x 10– 15.2 – 21 µm. Anisochelae I, in most specimens divisible in two overlapping size categories which also have subtle different shapes, here dubbed anisochela Ia and Ib. Anisochelae Ia (Figs 84c, 85), usually exceeding 100 µm in length, with characteristic, strongly developed upper alae standing off from the shaft; upper alae are often sharply pointed, especially the lateral ones, but more rounded rims are not infrequent; shaft straight until just above the lower alae, where the lateral alae are positioned slightly higher along the shaft than the median alae; rims of the lower lateral alae are rounded, median lower alae are broad and the rims may be somewhat irregular in outline; sizes variable among specimens, 96– 112.5 – 147 µm. Anisochelae Ib (Fig. 83e), more or less of the same shape as anisochela Ia, but with shorter shaft. This causes the spicule to look slightly different due to changed proportions of upper alae; the spicule is often rare, but can always be found and may occasionally be more common than anisochelae Ia; size variable, 56– 73.2 – 84 µm. Anisochelae II (Figs 84d,d 1), robust, with free part of shaft short (on average 15% of spicule length), with upper alae long (average 60% of spicule length), curved slightly inwards, rims rounded, median upper alae often grooved; lower alae well-developed, median lower alae with rounded rim or tending to form a bluntly pointed rim; spicule may be rare or more common; size 24– 28.1 – 36 µm. Anisochelae III (Figs 84e,e 1), with dominant upper alae (40–60% of spicule length), with lower alae reduced to stick-like extension of the shaft, lacking any bladed extensions laterally or medially, with prominent spur on the distal part of the spicule; size 14– 16.3 – 21 µm. Sigmas I (Fig. 84f), thin, on average 2 µm in thickness or less, usually slightly asymmetrical, size 41– 57.3 – 73 µm. Sigmas II (Fig. 84g), thin, on average 1 µm in thickness, similar in shape to sigma I, but slightly more incurved, size 14– 17.5 – 22 µm. Trichodragmas (Fig. 84h), fusiform shape, size 27– 65.3 –92 x 9– 10.1 – 12 µm. Distribution and ecology (Fig. 86). In our material, most specimens were limited to northeastern Indonesia, usually in deeper reef parts; one specimen was collected in Thailand. Shallow reefs down to 35 m. Remarks. One of us (NJdV) collected specimens from the type locality (Ternate, Indonesia) of Thiele’s Mycale armata, and these were white. It is thus tempting to assume that Thiele’s species could be valid as distinctly different in color from Mycale (Mycale) grandis. However, there is no definite evidence that Thiele’s material was white, so we adopt here the assumption that it probably was red as most of the specimens we examined were red if live color was reported. The white form is apparently more rare and has a more restricted distribution, known from Indonesia and Thailand, but so far not reported from elsewhere. We could find no consistent spicular difference with red/orange colored members of the species (see Table 7). To emphasize this, we compared in Fig. 85 anisochelae Ia of six red specimens + the Mycale armata type of which no color was known (upper row), with anisochelae Ia of four white specimens (lower row), and found them to be clearly similar to one another. Compare also spicule packages of Figs 79, 80 and 84. In the field, the two are easily recognized by the white vs the red color and presumably also the more cryptic occurrence of the red form, but it is indeed remarkable that the spiculation does not reflect these differences. A potential parallel is found in West Atlantic Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882), which is known to occur in orange and white forms (Loh et al. 2012). Mycale (Mycale) crassissima (cf. above) also occurs in a wide range of live colors, including reddish, purplish and whitish or yellow-white shades. Color differences may be less distinctive then presumed at first glance. A further reason for us to choose to name the white form also M. (M.) grandis (with ‘aff.’ to acknowledge the differences), is because there is no information on the color of earlier synonyms of M. (M.) grandis (Esperia pellucida Ridley, 1884, Esperia indica Carter, 1887 and Mycale armata Thiele, 1903), each of which might compete with any new name proposed., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 129-134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII.","Thiele, J. (1903) Kieselschwamme von Ternate. II. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, 933 - 968, pl. XVIII.","De Laubenfels, M. W. de (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Zoology, 7, i-x + 1 - 306, pls. I-XII. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516","Carter, H. J. (1882) Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 9 (52), 266 - 301, 346 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459052","Loh, T. L., Lopez-Gentil, S., Song, B. & Pawlik, J. R. (2012) Phenotypic variability in the Caribbean Orange Icing sponge Mycale laevis (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida). Hydrobiologia, 687, 205 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 011 - 0806 - 1","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 366 - 482 + 582 - 630, pls. 39 - 43 + 53 - 54.","Carter, H. J. (1887) Report on the Marine Sponges, chiefly from King Island, in the Mergui Archipelago, collected for the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. John Anderson, F. R. S., Superintendent of the Museum. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 21 (127 - 128), 61 - 84, pls. 5 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1887. tb 00381. x"]}

Mycale (Naviculina) microxea Vacelet, Vasseur & Lévi, 1976 Figs 104 a–j Mycale microxea Vacelet et al., 1976: 50, fig. 30. Material examined. Fragment of MNHN DVVL 43, holotype of Mycale microxea, Madagascar, Tuléar, Grand Récif, Corne Nord, under coral rubble, depth 34 m. Summary description. Thinly encrusting (Fig. 104a), several cm 2, orange in life, with smooth surface, provided with subdermal veins and oscules with raised rims. Ectosomal skeleton aegogropila-like (Fig. 104b,c) with meshes of 250 µm diameter formed by intercrossing tracts with up to 10 spicules in cross section. Choanosomal skeleton with spicule tracts of 30–150 µm diameter ending below the surface with bouquets carrying the ectosomal skeleton. Mycalostyles (Figs 104e,e 1) 325–400 x 5–8 µm (our measurements: up to 432 x 8 µm), a single category of small naviculichelae (Figs 104b) 12.5–14 µm (our measurements: 11–23 µm), sigma I 30–35 µm, sigma II 15– 17.5 µm, sigma III 7.5–10 µm (our measurements: two sigma size categories (Figs 104g) 20–24 µm and 10–19 µm, only a single larger sigma of 38 µm was observed, cf. Fig. 103c), and thin isolated microxeas (Figs 104d,h) 35–100 x 0.5–1 µm (our measurements: 36–102 x 0.5–1 µm). Distribution. Madagascar, deep reef. Comments. There is compelling similarity with Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni (Gray, 1867), because the specimen lacks ‘normal’ chelae and its spiculation is largely similar in shape and size. According to Vacelet et al. ’s description it differs from M. (N.) cliftoni in the possession of only small naviculichelae, and microxeas and three size categories of sigmas. Our observations do not confirm the size categories of the sigmas, as we found predominantly sigmas in the 15–24 µm range, extreme values around 10 and 35 were very rare. We also found a few naviculichelae of 18–20 µm, clearly larger than the main size of 12.4–14 µm. The presence of microxeas is the only character definitely separating our M. (N) cliftoni and the present species. Key to the Mycale (Naviculina) species from the region Remark. The key partly overlaps with the ‘world-wide’ key of Lerner & Hajdu (2002), as it concentrates on the species listed above. 1 Anisochelae are all naviculichelae, no ‘normal’ anisochelae present............................................. 2 - Anisochelae include both ‘normal’ and naviculichelae........................................................ 3 2 Microxeas present.............................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) microxea - No microxeas.................................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) cliftoni 3 Microscleres include (small) toxas............................................... Mycale (Naviculina) cleistochela - No toxas............................................................................................ 4 4 Sigmas include flagellate forms........................................ Mycale (Naviculina) mascarenensis sp.nov. - Sigmas only normal............................................................. Mycale (Naviculina) obscura Global diversity and distribution of the subgenus Mycale (Naviculina) We queried the World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al. 2020) and added the above results from our Indo-West Pacific Mycale (Naviculina) study to arrive at the current tentative estimate of known accepted species, which numbers 13. Their distribution over the world oceans summarized as the numbers of species found in Marine Ecoregions of the World (cf. Spalding et al. 2007) is presented in Fig. 105 (question marks in the map concern the dubious status as a member the subgenus of the Arctic species Mycale thaumatochela Lundbeck, 1905). The subgenus is circumglobal in tropical warm-temperate waters, but is so far lacking from the tropical East Pacific. The Indo-West Pacific appears a focal region for Mycale (Naviculina) diversity., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 161-163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930, {"references":["Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Levi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des recifs coralliens de Tulear (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (A), Zoologie, 49, 1 - 116, pls. I-X.","Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558, pls. XXVII-XXVIII.","Lerner, C. & Hajdu, E. (2002) Two new Mycale (Naviculina) Gray (Mycalidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from the Paulista biogeographic province (Southwestern Atlantic). Revista brasiliana de Zoologia, 19 (1), 109 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752002000100009","Spalding, M. D, Fox, H. E., Allen, G. E., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halperin, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57 (7), 573 - 583. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707","Lundbeck, W. (1905) Porifera (Part II) Desmacidonidae (Pars). The Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 6 (2), 1 - 219."]}