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6. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi impact on yield attributes, protein quantity and quality in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under drought stress.

Author

Abdi, Neila, Van Biljon, Angeline, Steyn, Chrisna, and Labuschagne, Maryke

Subjects
*GLUTELINS, *VESICULAR-arbuscular mycorrhizas, *HEAT shock proteins, *BREAD quality, *PROTEIN fractionation, *WHEAT
Abstract

Drought is increasingly becoming a production constraint in wheat world-wide. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-bread wheat symbiosis has been shown to improve the tolerance under drought stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of AMF inoculation on yield attributes (spike number per plant, spike weight per plant, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and 1000 grain weight) and protein quantity and quality in two bread wheat cultivars (PAN3497 and SST806) grown under drought stress. Plant growth was significantly reduced due to drought stress in both cultivars. Shoot dry weight was significantly increased (23%) due to AMF inoculation in SST806. AMF inoculation caused a further significant increase of protein content in both cultivars (10.70% and 13.42% in PAN3497 and SST806, respectively). Low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin was significantly decreased in PAN3497 under drought stress. However, the monomeric proteins were significantly increased by drought and/or a combination of drought and AMF inoculation in both cultivars. In cultivar SST806, significant reduction of polymeric protein was observed due to application of both AMF (6%) and a combination of AMF with drought stress (4%). Regarding the two-dimensional separation of the gluten proteins, drought had the largest effect on protein spots, with AMF causing up-regulation of only some spots. SST806 was generally more drought tolerant than PAN3497. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Combining ability estimates for quality and non-quality protein maize inbred lines for grain yield, agronomic, and quality traits

Author

Amegbor, Isaac Kodzo, van Biljon, Angeline, Shargie, Nemera Geleta, Tarekegne, Amsal, and Labuschagne, Maryke T.

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Horticulture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract

IntroductionBiofortified maize varieties could contribute to the fight against hunger and malnutrition of the increasing human population and help meet the high demand of maize for human consumption, industrial use and feed for animal and poultry. The understanding of the genetic mechanisms conditioning the inheritance of grain yield and other agronomic and quality traits is essential in the development of superior maize genotypes. The main objective of this study was to determine the combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits of QPM and non-QPM inbred lines crossed with two QPM and two non-QPM testers.Materials and methodsA total of 130 hybrids were obtained by crossing 10 non-QPM and 23 QPM lines with four elite testers (two QPM and two non-QPM). The 130 single cross hybrids were evaluated at 13 sites in 2018 and 2019.Results and discussionThe results showed significant general combining ability (GCA) for lines and testers as well as significant specific combining ability (SCA) for hybrids for most of the measured traits. Non-additive gene action controlled the inheritance of grain yield while agronomic and quality traits were controlled by additive gene action. QPM lines 11, 14 and 28 and non-QPM tester CML444 showed desirable GCA effects for grain yield, indicating that these lines in combination with tester CML444 should be considered when targeting development of superior maize genotypes with QPM traits.ConclusionsBased on the SCA values, crosses 120, 108, 105, 99, 85, and 41 were identified as the best hybrids across the locations. It is recommended that maize breeding programs targeting the development of high yielding QPM hybrids should exploit QPM lines with high GCA values for heterosis to be realized. In addition, the identified superior hybrids may be further evaluated and consequently promoted for commercial release which could increase incomes of farmers and help to alleviate poverty, hunger and malnutrition in southern Africa and sub-Saharan Africa at large.

Published
2023
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21. Predicting zinc‐enhanced maize hybrid performance under stress conditions.

Author

Matongera, Nakai, Ndhlela, Thokozile, van Biljon, Angeline, and Labuschagne, Maryke

Subjects
BIOFORTIFICATION, GRAIN yields, DEFICIENCY diseases, HETEROSIS, CORN, FORECASTING, ZINC
Abstract

The low yield potential of most biofortified maize is a barrier to its full adoption and reduces its potential to curb various macro‐ and micronutrient deficiencies highly prevalent in low‐income regions of the world, such as sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). By crossing biofortified inbred lines with different nutritional attributes such as zinc (Zn), provitamin A and protein quality, breeders are attempting to develop agronomically superior and stable multi‐nutrient maize of different genetic backgrounds. A key question, however, is the relationship between the biofortified inbred lines per se and hybrid performance under stress and non‐stress conditions. In this study, inbred line per se and testcross performance were evaluated for grain yield and secondary traits of Zn‐enhanced normal, provitamin A and quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids and estimated heterosis under combined heat and drought (HMDS) and well‐watered (WW) conditions. Responses of all secondary traits, except for the number of days to mid‐anthesis, significantly differed for HMDS and WW conditions. The contribution of heterosis to grain yield was highly significant under both management levels, although higher mid and high‐parent heterosis was observed under WW than HMDS conditions. However, the findings suggest that inbred line performance was the best determinant of hybrid performance under HMDS. Strong correlations were observed between grain yield and secondary traits for both parents and hybrids, and between secondary traits of inbred lines and hybrids under both management levels, indicating that hybrid performance can be predicted based on intrinsic inbred line performance. Phenotypic correlation between grain yield of inbred lines and hybrids was higher under HMDS than WW conditions. This study demonstrated that under HMDS conditions, performance of Zn‐enhanced hybrids could be predicted based on the performance of their corresponding inbred lines. However, the parental inbred lines should be systematically selected for desirable secondary traits correlated with HMDS tolerance during inbred line development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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23. Zn Fertilizer and Mycorrhizal Inoculation Effect on Bread Wheat Cultivar Grown under Water Deficit.

Author

Abdi, Neila, Van Biljon, Angeline, Steyn, Chrisna, and Labuschagne, Maryke

Subjects
*WHEAT farming, *WHEAT, *DROUGHT tolerance, *BREAD, *VACCINATION, *BETAINE, *FERTILIZERS
Abstract

During drought stress, many enzymes are inactivated in plants due to Zn deficiency. Zn application and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF)–wheat symbiosis reportedly improve the tolerance of plants to drought stress. This study was done to investigate the effect of Zn and AMF on plant growth, yield attributes, relative water content (RWC), harvest index (HI), photosynthetic activity, solute accumulation, glycine betaine (GB) accumulation, antioxidant activities [(catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and ionic attributes in a bread wheat cultivar (SST806) under drought-stress in plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Zn application and AMF inoculation, separately and combined, enhanced all plant growth parameters and yield. Root dry weight (RDW) was increased by 25, 30, and 46% for these three treatments, respectively, under drought conditions compared to the control treatment. Overall, Zn application, AMF inoculation, and their combination increased protein content, RWC, and harvest index (HI) under drought stress. However, AMF inoculation improved proline content more than Zn application under the same conditions. Regarding GB accumulation, AMF, Zn, and the combination of Zn and AMF increased GB under drought compared to well-watered conditions by 31.71, 10.36, and 70.70%, respectively. For the antioxidant defense, AMF inoculation and Zn application improved SOD and CAT activity by 58 and 56%, respectively. This study showed that Zn and/or AMF increased antioxidant levels and ionic attributes under abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Combining ability and testcross performance of multi-nutrient maize under stress and nonstress environments.

Author

Matongera, Nakai, Ndhlela, Thokozile, van Biljon, Angeline, Kamutando, Casper N., and Labuschagne, Maryke

Abstract

While significant progress has been made by several international breeding institutions in improving maize nutritional quality, stacking of nutritional traits like zinc (Zn), quality protein, and provitamin A has not received much attention. In this study, 11 newly introduced Zn-enhanced inbred lines were inter-mated with seven testers from normal, provitamin A and quality protein maize (QPM) nutritional backgrounds in order to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for grain yield (GY) and secondary traits under stress conditions [(combined heat and drought stress (HMDS) and managed low nitrogen (LN)] and non-stress conditions [(summer rainfed; OPT) and well-watered (irrigated winter; WW)] in Zimbabwe. Lines L6 and L7 had positive GCA effects for GY and secondary traits under OPT and LN conditions, and L8 and L9 were good general combiners for GY under HMDS conditions. Superior hybrids with high GY and desirable secondary traits were identified as L10/T7 and L9/T7 (Zn x normal), L2/T4, L4/T4, L3/T5 (Zn x provitamin A), and L8/T6 and L11/T3 (Zn x QPM), suggesting the possibility of developing Zn-enhanced hybrids with high yield potential using different nutritional backgrounds. Both additive and dominance gene effects were important in controlling most of the measured traits. This suggests that selecting for desirable traits during inbred line development followed by hybridization and testing of specific crosses under different management conditions could optimize the breeding strategy for stacked nutritionally-enhanced maize genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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27. Diversity and Quality Analysis of Tetraploid Wheat Farmer Varieties from Ethiopia with HPLC and Pheno-quality Parameters.

Author

Hailu, Faris, Labuschagne, Maryke, Persson-Hovmalm, Helena, Van Biljon, Angeline, and Johansson, Eva

Subjects
WHEAT varieties, WHEAT quality, WHEAT farmers, HIGH performance liquid chromatography, PLANT breeding
Abstract

Tetraploid wheat, including landraces, is a traditional and important food crop in Ethiopia and its protein composition determines the quality and usefulness of the crop. A total of 49 landraces of tetraploid wheat was obtained from Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute and grown on farmland of Dessie Zuria and Kutaber districts. The landraces were evaluated for diversity in protein composition via size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography, reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography and phenoquality traits were determined in the field. The result showed a high level of variation among the landraces evaluated both for pheno-quality traits and for protein composition, indicating opportunities to use the landraces directly for crop production or in breeding for quality varieties. Accessions containing HMW and LMW glutenin alleles known to correlate with quality characters were present in the material, as were accessions with similar or higher values for grain protein concentration and gluten strength (obtained from SE-HPLC) as compared to commercial varieties. Results from RP-HPLC indicated a closer correspondence in variations of wheat from Ethiopian regions situated close to each other, although a similar pattern was not seen for the quality evaluation by SE-HPLC. Crop development time was found correlating with SE-HPLC quality parameters. Thus, the study showed the presence of wide variation in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat landraces with high quality traits being promising candidates to be used for pasta production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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31. Developing a breeding strategy for butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) in South Africa

Author

Swanepoel, Jacobus Francois, Van der Merwe, Rouxlene, Van Biljon, Angeline, Swanepoel, Jacobus Francois, Van der Merwe, Rouxlene, and Van Biljon, Angeline

Abstract

Knowledge about inheritance mechanisms of economically important traits and the influence of environmental factors on their expression are crucial for the formulation of an appropriate breeding strategy in any crop. Currently limited information is available on this subject in butternut and even more so with regard to internal fruit quality characteristics. The aim of this study was to design an effective breeding approach to improve butternut internal fruit quality, without sacrificing yield. The aim was extended with the objectives to quantify phenotypic and genotypic variability in 42 genotypes for characteristics across environments and confirm stability in high-performing individuals, and to identify characteristics showing the greatest potential for improvement through estimating the genetic parameters and interrelations between these characteristics. From heterosis studies, it could be confirmed which characteristics should be improved through hybridisation. From the combined analysis of variance on 15 morpho-agronomic and internal fruit quality characteristics over three locations and two seasons, highly significant differences (p≤0.001) were observed between genotypes for all traits including leaf chlorophyll content (CHL), green-red (Leaf a*) and yellow-blue colour contribution in the leaf canopy (Leaf b*), leaf width (LW), petiole length (PL), average fruit mass (AFM), dry matter yield (DMY), fruit number (FN), uniformity, yield, total soluble solids (TSS), dry matter content (DMC), green-red colour contribution in the fruit mesocarp (Fruit a*), internal fruit breakdown (IBD) and penetrometer readings as an indication of mesocarp firmness (PEN). With the exception of CHL and LW, all characteristics displayed significant mean square differences for genotype x location x season interactions, suggesting differential ranking of genotypes across environments. Phenotypic variability attributed to genetic variation ranged from 14% to 33% in plant morphological c

Published
2021

35. Recent advances in banana (Musa spp.) biofortification to alleviate vitamin A deficiency (BFSN-2018-3364)

Author

Amah, Delphine, van Biljon, Angeline, Brown, Allan, Perkins-Veazie, Penelope, Swennen, rony, and Labuschagne, Maryke

Subjects
food and beverages
Abstract

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies that disproportionately affects low income populations in developing countries. Traditional breeding and modern biotechnology have significant potential to enhance micronutrient bioavailability in crops through biofortification. Bananas (Musa spp.) are economically important fruit crops grown throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where VAD is most prevalent. Some banana genotypes are rich in provitamin A carotenoids (pVACs), providing an opportunity to use bananas as a readily available vehicle for provitamin A delivery. This review summarizes the progress made in carotenoid research in bananas relative to banana diversity and the use of conventional breeding and transgenic approaches aimed at banana biofortification to address vitamin A deficiency. Existing reports on sampling strategies, pVAC retention and bioavailability are also evaluated as essential components for a successful banana biofortification effort. The wide variability of pVACs reported in banana cultivars coupled with recent advances in unraveling the diversity and genetic improvement of this globally important but often-neglected staple fruit crop underscores their importance in biofortification schemes. ispartof: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition vol:59 issue:21 pages:3498-3510 ispartof: location:United States status: accepted

Published
2019

36. The impact of wheat stripe rust in the presence of resistance genes Yr9, Yr10, and Yr15on gluten proteins: Insights from size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography analysis

Author

Sivhada, Ridokunda, Boshoff, Willem, van Biljon, Angeline, and Labuschagne, Maryke

Abstract

In the race to overcome the severe effects of climate change on crop production, yield and disease resistance are often prioritised while neglecting the nutritional quality. Wheat stripe rust constrains the photosynthetic functioning of plant leaves, which affects the supply and movement of assimilation products. Bread wheat quality is influenced by genetic and environmental effects and their interactions. The end-use quality of wheat is largely determined by specific gluten protein composition and molecular weight distribution. In this study, the effect of the presence and absence of stripe rust on gluten protein fractions in Avocet near-isogenic lines with resistance genes Yr9, Yr10, and Yr15was determined, compared to the stripe rust susceptible Avocet S. The results highlights a relationship between the presence of the stripe rust disease, disease resistance genes and protein quality, therefore, breeding programs should consider this relationship when aiming to enhance resistance breeding as this can affect the end-use quality of wheat. Although effects of the resistance genes were not consistent, significant variations in the different protein fractions were noted.

Published
2025
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37. Genetic improvement of beta carotene in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces

Author

Peprah, Bright Boakye, Labuschagne, Maryke T., Parkes, Elizabeth Yaa, Van Biljon, Angeline, Peprah, Bright Boakye, Labuschagne, Maryke T., Parkes, Elizabeth Yaa, and Van Biljon, Angeline

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify farmers’ adoption challenges, perceptions and preferences of yellow-flesh cassava. Combining ability and stability of these genotypes were also determined. Total carotenoid content (TCC), proximate values and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) of the yellow-flesh cassava were measured and the retention of carotenoids in boiled biofortified cassava was determined. This information will help breeders to identify genotypes with the best nutritional quality across the tested locations for planting and promotion in Ghana also could provide a basis for implementing a recurrent selection scheme for developing cassava varieties with high levels of carotenoids and dry matter. In all the locations visited, farmers’ knowledge on the improved cassava varieties (white flesh) and the yellow-flesh cassava were generally poor among the men and women interviewed, due to their inability to access planting materials, which could be improved by strengthening the cassava seed system for awareness, and increased availability of the varieties to farmers. Very few men and women cultivated improved varieties and yellow-flesh cassava. The young adults, who are the future of the agricultural sector, lacked access to improved varieties and they must be given extra attention to understand the activities of cassava breeding programmes, to empower them to make use of these materials. The general combining ability (GCA) was larger than specific combining ability (SCA) for cassava mosaic disease (CMD), harvest index (HI) and TCC, with predictability ratios (0.98, 0.88 and 0.92 respectively) close to one. Hence, there is a possibility for improvement of the characteristics by selection. Positive significant correlation between pulp colour and TCC (r=0.59) and pulp colour and cortex colour (r=0.58) were observed. Negative significant correlation were seen between CGM and HI (r=-0.50), CMD and RTN (r=-0.45), and HI and RTN (r=-0.51). It implies that these key traits could be

Published
2020

38. Yield linkage drag in quality protein maize inbred lines and hybrids

Author

Amegbor, Isaac Kodzo, Labuschagne, Maryke T., Van Biljon, Angeline, Shargie, Nemera, Tarekegne, Amsal T., Amegbor, Isaac Kodzo, Labuschagne, Maryke T., Van Biljon, Angeline, Shargie, Nemera, and Tarekegne, Amsal T.

Abstract

The development of high yielding and stable quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids is important for increasing grain yield output per unit area, to support the fight against hunger and malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as well as for feed supplement formulation for the animal and poultry industries. Despite the development of QPM genotypes with increased lysine and tryptophan content, important information is lacking on the yield potential of QPM genotypes compared to non-QPM (normal) genotypes. The main objective of this study was to quantify grain yield reduction (if any) due to the QPM trait. The specific objectives were to: (i) compare QPM and non-QPM inbred lines for yield and yield related traits, as well as quality traits, and determine stability for grain yield, (ii) compare QPM and non-QPM hybrids for yield and yield stability, (iii) estimate the combining ability for grain yield and quality traits of QPM and non-QPM inbred lines (iv) estimate the heritability, variance components, principal components, correlation coefficients, and do path analysis of grain yield, and agronomic and quality traits. In this study, 130 single cross hybrids were developed from 33 QPM and non-QPM inbred lines and four testers (two QPM and two non-QPM). Five hybrid checks (two QPM and three non-QPM, all single cross hybrids) were included, obtained from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Zimbabwe. The 135 hybrids together with the 40 inbred lines were evaluated in South Africa and Zimbabwe during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 cropping seasons. The inbred lines were evaluated at seven locations using a 5 x 16 alpha lattice design, while the hybrids were evaluated at 13 locations using a 5 x 27 alpha lattice design with two replications. In the field experiments, two plants per plot were selfpollinated for the determination of zein, tryptophan, amylose and starch, protein, oil, moisture and fibre contents. In the inbred line trials, the top six performing lin

Published
2020

48. Seedling Shoot and Root Growth Responses among Soybean (Glycine max) Genotypes to Drought Stress

Author

Mwenye, Obed J., Van Rensburg, Leon, Van Biljon, Angeline, Van der Merwe, Rouxlene, Mwenye, Obed J., Van Rensburg, Leon, Van Biljon, Angeline, and Van der Merwe, Rouxlene

Abstract

Drought stress is a major limiting factor in soybean production in South Africa. The development of soybean varieties with enhanced tolerance to soil waterlimited induced stress (WLIS) is one sustainable way to deal with drought. Root traits have shown strong potential for improvement of drought tolerance through breeding. The objectives of this study were to evaluate seedling shoot- and root growth responses under WLIS in order to study root morphology as a mechanism to cope with drought stress and to determine if there were genotypic differences in shoot- and root morphology between drought tolerant and -sensitive soybean genotypes. Seedlings of three drought tolerant and one sensitive genotype were subjected to soil WLIS in deep-root-pots for 21 days. Results suggested significant genotypic differences for shoot length, number of leaves, tap root length and root-to-shoot length ratio. Soybean tolerant genotypes were associated with moderate shoot biomass, deep rooting abilities and maintained a large root-to-shoot ratio under WLIS conditions. In contrast, the sensitive genotype was associated with a reduced root-to-shoot ratio and shallower root system. Soybean genotypes showed varying seedling root growth responses to soil WLIS, while shoot biomass characteristics were similar.

Published
2018
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