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Cartagena is a city located at the Caribbean coast of Colombia, founded in 1533 by the Spanish. Its population consists over one million inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Colombia. Due to its strategic location, the port of Cartagena has grown into the largest port of the Caribbean coast, making it very important for the Colombian economy. The city is famous for its colonial centre ’Centro Historico’, that is a UNESCO world heritage site since 1984. Together with Centro, the peninsula of Bocagrande, Castillogrande and El Laguito, attract a lot of tourists thanks to its wide stretching beaches. The areas are however prone to flooding. The focus of this project is to provide a well-structured analysis of the flood problems in the neighbourhoods Centro, Bocagrande, Castillogrande and El Laguito, because of their major importance to the touristic, economic and cultural values of Cartagena. From this analysis an integrated conceptual solution is performed to improve the drainage and coastal protection system to ensure the future development of the city in a political and social desirable way. In the current situation the studied areas suffer from frequent flooding. The coastal protection and drainage system are insufficient. The surface level gradient is too small and the outlet drains are constructed as holes through the coastal protection, allowing the seawater to intrude during high water levels at sea. Flooding already occurs at mild conditions, such as spring tide or a single heavy rainfall event. These floods cause a lot of damage to properties and the infrastructure. The salt water intrusion causes damage to cars and buildings. Also hinder to all kind of commercial activities due to significant congestion, or even inaccessibility, results in a huge loss of revenue. Prognosis is that the frequency and intensity of these problems will increase in the future, due to the expected sea level rise and land subsidence. In recent years, various studies have, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Cartagena is a city located at the Caribbean coast of Colombia, founded in 1533 by the Spanish. Its population consists over one million inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Colombia. Due to its strategic location, the port of Cartagena has grown into the largest port of the Caribbean coast, making it very important for the Colombian economy. The city is famous for its colonial centre ’Centro Historico’, that is a UNESCO world heritage site since 1984. Together with Centro, the peninsula of Bocagrande, Castillogrande and El Laguito, attract a lot of tourists thanks to its wide stretching beaches. The areas are however prone to flooding. The focus of this project is to provide a well-structured analysis of the flood problems in the neighbourhoods Centro, Bocagrande, Castillogrande and El Laguito, because of their major importance to the touristic, economic and cultural values of Cartagena. From this analysis an integrated conceptual solution is performed to improve the drainage and coastal protection system to ensure the future development of the city in a political and social desirable way. In the current situation the studied areas suffer from frequent flooding. The coastal protection and drainage system are insufficient. The surface level gradient is too small and the outlet drains are constructed as holes through the coastal protection, allowing the seawater to intrude during high water levels at sea. Flooding already occurs at mild conditions, such as spring tide or a single heavy rainfall event. These floods cause a lot of damage to properties and the infrastructure. The salt water intrusion causes damage to cars and buildings. Also hinder to all kind of commercial activities due to significant congestion, or even inaccessibility, results in a huge loss of revenue. Prognosis is that the frequency and intensity of these problems will increase in the future, due to the expected sea level rise and land subsidence. In recent years, various studies have, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Cancer develops through a multistep process in which normal cells progress to malignant tumors via the evolution of their genomes as a result of the acquisition of mutations in cancer driver genes. The number, identity and mode of action of cancer driver genes, and how they contribute to tumor evolution is largely unknown. This study deployed the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) as an insertional mutagen to find both the driver genes and the networks in which they function. Using deep insertion site sequencing we identified around 31000 retroviral integration sites in 604 MMTV-induced mammary tumors from mice with mammary gland-specific deletion of Trp53, Pten heterozygous knockout mice, or wildtype strains. We identified 18 known common integration sites (CISs) and 12 previously unknown CISs marking new candidate cancer genes. Members of the Wnt, Fgf, Fgfr, Rspo and Pdgfr gene families were commonly mutated in a mutually exclusive fashion. The sequence data we generated yielded also information on the clonality of insertions in individual tumors, allowing us to develop a data-driven model of MMTV-induced tumor development. Insertional mutations near Wnt and Fgf genes mark the earliest ‘‘initiating’’ events in MMTV induced tumorigenesis, whereas Fgfr genes are targeted later during tumor progression. Our data shows that insertional mutagenesis can be used to discover the mutational networks, the timing of mutations, and the genes that initiate and drive tumor evolution., Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Cancer develops through a multistep process in which normal cells progress to malignant tumors via the evolution of their genomes as a result of the acquisition of mutations in cancer driver genes. The number, identity and mode of action of cancer driver genes, and how they contribute to tumor evolution is largely unknown. This study deployed the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) as an insertional mutagen to find both the driver genes and the networks in which they function. Using deep insertion site sequencing we identified around 31000 retroviral integration sites in 604 MMTV-induced mammary tumors from mice with mammary gland-specific deletion of Trp53, Pten heterozygous knockout mice, or wildtype strains. We identified 18 known common integration sites (CISs) and 12 previously unknown CISs marking new candidate cancer genes. Members of the Wnt, Fgf, Fgfr, Rspo and Pdgfr gene families were commonly mutated in a mutually exclusive fashion. The sequence data we generated yielded also information on the clonality of insertions in individual tumors, allowing us to develop a data-driven model of MMTV-induced tumor development. Insertional mutations near Wnt and Fgf genes mark the earliest ‘‘initiating’’ events in MMTV induced tumorigenesis, whereas Fgfr genes are targeted later during tumor progression. Our data shows that insertional mutagenesis can be used to discover the mutational networks, the timing of mutations, and the genes that initiate and drive tumor evolution., Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science