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2. ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries

Author

Thompson, P.M. (Paul), Jahanshad, N. (Neda), Ching, C.R.K. (Christopher), Salminen, L.E. (Lauren E.), Thomopoulos, S.I. (Sophia I.), Bright, J. (Joanna), Baune, B.T., Bertolín, S. (Sara), Bralten, L.B.C. (Linda), Bruin, W.B. (Willem B.), Bülow, R. (Robin), Chen, J. (Jian), Chye, Y. (Yann), Dannlowski, U. (Udo), de Kovel, C.G.F. (Carolien G F), Donohoe, D.J. (Dennis), Eyler, L.T. (Lisa T.), Faraone, S.V. (Stephen), Favre, P. (Pauline), Filippi, C.A. (Courtney A.), Frodl, T. (Thomas), Garijo, D. (Daniel), Gil, Y. (Yolanda), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Grasby, K.L. (Katrina L.), Hajek, T. (Tomas), Han, L.K.M. (Laura K M), Hatton, W., Hilbert, K. (Kevin), Ho, T.C. (Tiffany C.), Holleran, L. (Laurena), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hosten, N. (Norbert), Houenou, J. (Josselin), Ivanov, I. (Iliyan), Jia, T. (Tianye), Kelly, S. (Sinead), Klein, M. (Marieke), Kwon, J.S. (Jun Soo), Laansma, M.A. (Max A.), Leerssen, J. (Jeanne), Lueken, U. (Ulrike), Nunes, A. (Abraham), Neill, J.O. (Joseph O'), Opel, N. (Nils), Piras, F. (Fabrizio), Piras, F. (Federica), Postema, M.C. (Merel C.), Pozzi, E. (Elena), Shatokhina, N. (Natalia), Soriano-Mas, C. (Carles), Spalletta, G. (Gianfranco), Sun, D. (Daqiang), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Tilot, A.K. (Amanda K.), Tozzi, L. (Leonardo), van der Merwe, C. (Celia), Someren, E.J.W. (Eus) van, van Wingen, G.A. (Guido A.), Völzke, H. (Henry), Walton, E. (Esther), Wang, L. (Lei), Winkler, A.M. (Anderson), Wittfeld, K. (Katharina), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Yun, J.-Y. (Je-Yeon), Zhang, G. (Guohao), Zhang-James, Y. (Yanli), Adhikari, B.M. (Bhim M.), Agartz, I. (Ingrid), Aghajani, M. (Moji), Aleman, A. (André), Althoff, R.R. (Robert R.), Altmann, A. (A.), Andreassen, O.A. (Ole), Baron, D.A. (David A.), Bartnik-Olson, B.L. (Brenda L.), Marie Bas-Hoogendam, J. (Janna), Baskin-Sommers, A.R. (Arielle R.), Bearden, C.E. (Carrie), Berner, L.A. (Laura A.), Boedhoe, P.S.W. (Premika S W), Brouwer, R.M. (Rachel), Buitelaar, J.K. (Jan), Caeyenberghs, K. (Karen), Cecil, C.A.M. (Charlotte), Cohen, R.A. (Ronald A.), Cole, J.H. (James H.), Conrod, P. (Patricia), De Brito, S.A. (Stephane A.), de Zwarte, S.M.C. (Sonja M C), Dennis, E.L. (Emily L.), Desrivieres, S. (Sylvane), Dima, D. (Danai), Ehrlich, S.M. (Stefan), Esopenko, C. (Carrie), Fairchild, G. (Graeme), Fisher, S.E. (Simon), Fouche, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Francks, C. (Clyde), Frangou, S. (Sophia), Franke, B. (Barbara), Garavan, H.P. (Hugh P.), Glahn, D.C. (David), Groenewold, N.A. (Nynke A.), Gurholt, T.P. (Tiril P.), Gutman, B.A. (Boris A.), Hahn, T. (Tim), Harding, I.H. (Ian H.), Hernaus, D. (Dennis), Hibar, D.P. (Derrek P.), Hillary, F.G. (Frank G.), Hoogman, M. (Martine), Hulshoff Pol, H.E. (Hilleke E.), Jalbrzikowski, M. (Maria), Karkashadze, G.A. (George A.), Klapwijk, E.T. (Eduard T.), Knickmeyer, R.C. (Rebecca C.), Kochunov, P. (Peter), Koerte, I.K. (Inga K.), Kong, X.-Z. (Xiang-Zhen), Liew, S.-L. (Sook-Lei), Lin, A.P. (Alexander P.), Logue, M.W. (Mark W.), Luders, E. (Eileen), Macciardi, F. (Fabio), Mackey, S. (Scott), Mayer, A.R. (Andrew R.), McDonald, C.R. (Carrie R.), McMahon, A.B. (Agnes B.), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Modinos, G. (Gemma), Morey, R.A. (Rajendra A.), Mueller, S.C. (Sven C.), Mukherjee, P. (Pratik), Namazova-Baranova, L. (L.), Nir, T.M. (Talia M.), Olsen, A. (Alexander), Paschou, P. (Peristera), Pine, D.S. (Daniel S.), Pizzagalli, F. (Fabrizio), Rentería, M.E. (Miguel), Rohrer, J.D. (Jonathan D.), Sämann, P.G. (Philipp), Schmaal, L. (Lianne), Schumann, G. (Gunter), Shiroishi, M.S. (Mark S.), Sisodiya, S.M. (Sanjay), Smit, D.J.A. (Dirk J A), Sønderby, I.E. (Ida E.), Stein, D.J. (Dan J.), Stein, J.L., Tahmasian, M. (Masoud), Tate, D.F. (David F.), Turner, J. (Jessica), Heuvel, O.A. (Odile A.), Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, van der Werf, Y.D. (Ysbrand), Erp, T.G.M. (Theo G.) van, van Haren, N.E.M. (Neeltje E M), van Rooij, D. (Daan), Van Velzen, L.S., Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Villalon-Reina, J.E. (Julio E.), Walter, H.J. (Henrik), Whelan, C.D. (Christopher), Wilde, E.A. (Elisabeth A.), Zarei, M. (Mojtaba), Zelman, V. (Vladimir), Thompson, P.M. (Paul), Jahanshad, N. (Neda), Ching, C.R.K. (Christopher), Salminen, L.E. (Lauren E.), Thomopoulos, S.I. (Sophia I.), Bright, J. (Joanna), Baune, B.T., Bertolín, S. (Sara), Bralten, L.B.C. (Linda), Bruin, W.B. (Willem B.), Bülow, R. (Robin), Chen, J. (Jian), Chye, Y. (Yann), Dannlowski, U. (Udo), de Kovel, C.G.F. (Carolien G F), Donohoe, D.J. (Dennis), Eyler, L.T. (Lisa T.), Faraone, S.V. (Stephen), Favre, P. (Pauline), Filippi, C.A. (Courtney A.), Frodl, T. (Thomas), Garijo, D. (Daniel), Gil, Y. (Yolanda), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Grasby, K.L. (Katrina L.), Hajek, T. (Tomas), Han, L.K.M. (Laura K M), Hatton, W., Hilbert, K. (Kevin), Ho, T.C. (Tiffany C.), Holleran, L. (Laurena), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hosten, N. (Norbert), Houenou, J. (Josselin), Ivanov, I. (Iliyan), Jia, T. (Tianye), Kelly, S. (Sinead), Klein, M. (Marieke), Kwon, J.S. (Jun Soo), Laansma, M.A. (Max A.), Leerssen, J. (Jeanne), Lueken, U. (Ulrike), Nunes, A. (Abraham), Neill, J.O. (Joseph O'), Opel, N. (Nils), Piras, F. (Fabrizio), Piras, F. (Federica), Postema, M.C. (Merel C.), Pozzi, E. (Elena), Shatokhina, N. (Natalia), Soriano-Mas, C. (Carles), Spalletta, G. (Gianfranco), Sun, D. (Daqiang), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Tilot, A.K. (Amanda K.), Tozzi, L. (Leonardo), van der Merwe, C. (Celia), Someren, E.J.W. (Eus) van, van Wingen, G.A. (Guido A.), Völzke, H. (Henry), Walton, E. (Esther), Wang, L. (Lei), Winkler, A.M. (Anderson), Wittfeld, K. (Katharina), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Yun, J.-Y. (Je-Yeon), Zhang, G. (Guohao), Zhang-James, Y. (Yanli), Adhikari, B.M. (Bhim M.), Agartz, I. (Ingrid), Aghajani, M. (Moji), Aleman, A. (André), Althoff, R.R. (Robert R.), Altmann, A. (A.), Andreassen, O.A. (Ole), Baron, D.A. (David A.), Bartnik-Olson, B.L. (Brenda L.), Marie Bas-Hoogendam, J. (Janna), Baskin-Sommers, A.R. (Arielle R.), Bearden, C.E. (Carrie), Berner, L.A. (Laura A.), Boedhoe, P.S.W. (Premika S W), Brouwer, R.M. (Rachel), Buitelaar, J.K. (Jan), Caeyenberghs, K. (Karen), Cecil, C.A.M. (Charlotte), Cohen, R.A. (Ronald A.), Cole, J.H. (James H.), Conrod, P. (Patricia), De Brito, S.A. (Stephane A.), de Zwarte, S.M.C. (Sonja M C), Dennis, E.L. (Emily L.), Desrivieres, S. (Sylvane), Dima, D. (Danai), Ehrlich, S.M. (Stefan), Esopenko, C. (Carrie), Fairchild, G. (Graeme), Fisher, S.E. (Simon), Fouche, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Francks, C. (Clyde), Frangou, S. (Sophia), Franke, B. (Barbara), Garavan, H.P. (Hugh P.), Glahn, D.C. (David), Groenewold, N.A. (Nynke A.), Gurholt, T.P. (Tiril P.), Gutman, B.A. (Boris A.), Hahn, T. (Tim), Harding, I.H. (Ian H.), Hernaus, D. (Dennis), Hibar, D.P. (Derrek P.), Hillary, F.G. (Frank G.), Hoogman, M. (Martine), Hulshoff Pol, H.E. (Hilleke E.), Jalbrzikowski, M. (Maria), Karkashadze, G.A. (George A.), Klapwijk, E.T. (Eduard T.), Knickmeyer, R.C. (Rebecca C.), Kochunov, P. (Peter), Koerte, I.K. (Inga K.), Kong, X.-Z. (Xiang-Zhen), Liew, S.-L. (Sook-Lei), Lin, A.P. (Alexander P.), Logue, M.W. (Mark W.), Luders, E. (Eileen), Macciardi, F. (Fabio), Mackey, S. (Scott), Mayer, A.R. (Andrew R.), McDonald, C.R. (Carrie R.), McMahon, A.B. (Agnes B.), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Modinos, G. (Gemma), Morey, R.A. (Rajendra A.), Mueller, S.C. (Sven C.), Mukherjee, P. (Pratik), Namazova-Baranova, L. (L.), Nir, T.M. (Talia M.), Olsen, A. (Alexander), Paschou, P. (Peristera), Pine, D.S. (Daniel S.), Pizzagalli, F. (Fabrizio), Rentería, M.E. (Miguel), Rohrer, J.D. (Jonathan D.), Sämann, P.G. (Philipp), Schmaal, L. (Lianne), Schumann, G. (Gunter), Shiroishi, M.S. (Mark S.), Sisodiya, S.M. (Sanjay), Smit, D.J.A. (Dirk J A), Sønderby, I.E. (Ida E.), Stein, D.J. (Dan J.), Stein, J.L., Tahmasian, M. (Masoud), Tate, D.F. (David F.), Turner, J. (Jessica), Heuvel, O.A. (Odile A.), Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, van der Werf, Y.D. (Ysbrand), Erp, T.G.M. (Theo G.) van, van Haren, N.E.M. (Neeltje E M), van Rooij, D. (Daan), Van Velzen, L.S., Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Villalon-Reina, J.E. (Julio E.), Walter, H.J. (Henrik), Whelan, C.D. (Christopher), Wilde, E.A. (Elisabeth A.), Zarei, M. (Mojtaba), and Zelman, V. (Vladimir)

Abstract

This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors.

Published
2020
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3. The stressed and depressed brain

Author

van Velzen, L.S., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Veltman, D.J., Schmaal, L., Penninx, Brenda, Veltman, Dirk, Schmaal, Lianne, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, and Psychiatry

Subjects
neuroimaging, biological psychiatry, anxiety disorders, depression
Published
2019

4. Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group

Author

Schmaal, L. (L.), Hibar, D.P. (D. P.), Sämann, P.G. (Philipp), Hall, G.B. (Garry), Baune, B.T., Jahanshad, N. (Neda), Cheung, J.W. (J. W.), Erp, T.G.M. (Theo G.) van, Bos, D. (Daniel), Ikram, M.K. (Kamran), Vernooij, M.W. (Meike), Niessen, W.J. (Wiro), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Hofman, A. (Albert), Wittfeld, K. (Katharina), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Janowitz, D. (Deborah), Bülow, R. (R.), Selonke, M. (M.), Völzke, H. (Henry), Grotegerd, D. (D.), Dannlowski, U. (U.), Arolt, V. (Volker), Opel, N. (N.), Heindel, W. (W.), Kugel, H. (H.), Hoehn, D. (David), Czisch, M. (Michael), Couvy-Duchesne, B. (Baptiste), Rentería, M.E. (Miguel), Strike, L.T. (Lachlan), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Mills, N.T., Zubicaray, G.I. (Greig) de, Mcmahon, K.L. (Katie), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Gillespie, N.A. (N. A.), Goya-Maldonado, R., Gruber, O. (Oliver), Krämer, B.K. (Bernhard), Hatton, W., Lagopoulos, J. (Jim), Hickie, I.B. (Ian), Frodl, T. (Thomas), Carballedo, A., Frey, E.M., Van Velzen, L.S., Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Tol, M.J.D. (Marie-José) van, Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, Davey, C.G. (Christopher), Harrison, B.J. (B. J.), Mwangi, B. (Benson), Cao, B. (B.), Soares, J.C. (J. C.), Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Walter, H.J. (Henrik), Schoepf, D., Zurowski, B., Konrad, C. (C.), Schramm, E. (E.), Normann, C., Schnell, K. (Kerry), Sacchet, M.D. (M. D.), Gotlib, I.H. (I. H.), MacQueen, G.M. (Glenda), Godlewska, B. (Beata), Nickson, T., McIntosh, A.M. (Andrew), Papmeyer, M. (Martina), Whalley, H.C. (H. C.), Hall, J. (Jeremy), Sussmann, J. (Jessika), Li, M. (M.), Walter, M. (M.), Aftanas, L. (L.), Brack, I. (I.), Bokhan, N.A. (N. A.), Thompson, P.M. (Paul), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Schmaal, L. (L.), Hibar, D.P. (D. P.), Sämann, P.G. (Philipp), Hall, G.B. (Garry), Baune, B.T., Jahanshad, N. (Neda), Cheung, J.W. (J. W.), Erp, T.G.M. (Theo G.) van, Bos, D. (Daniel), Ikram, M.K. (Kamran), Vernooij, M.W. (Meike), Niessen, W.J. (Wiro), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Hofman, A. (Albert), Wittfeld, K. (Katharina), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Janowitz, D. (Deborah), Bülow, R. (R.), Selonke, M. (M.), Völzke, H. (Henry), Grotegerd, D. (D.), Dannlowski, U. (U.), Arolt, V. (Volker), Opel, N. (N.), Heindel, W. (W.), Kugel, H. (H.), Hoehn, D. (David), Czisch, M. (Michael), Couvy-Duchesne, B. (Baptiste), Rentería, M.E. (Miguel), Strike, L.T. (Lachlan), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Mills, N.T., Zubicaray, G.I. (Greig) de, Mcmahon, K.L. (Katie), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Gillespie, N.A. (N. A.), Goya-Maldonado, R., Gruber, O. (Oliver), Krämer, B.K. (Bernhard), Hatton, W., Lagopoulos, J. (Jim), Hickie, I.B. (Ian), Frodl, T. (Thomas), Carballedo, A., Frey, E.M., Van Velzen, L.S., Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Tol, M.J.D. (Marie-José) van, Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, Davey, C.G. (Christopher), Harrison, B.J. (B. J.), Mwangi, B. (Benson), Cao, B. (B.), Soares, J.C. (J. C.), Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Walter, H.J. (Henrik), Schoepf, D., Zurowski, B., Konrad, C. (C.), Schramm, E. (E.), Normann, C., Schnell, K. (Kerry), Sacchet, M.D. (M. D.), Gotlib, I.H. (I. H.), MacQueen, G.M. (Glenda), Godlewska, B. (Beata), Nickson, T., McIntosh, A.M. (Andrew), Papmeyer, M. (Martina), Whalley, H.C. (H. C.), Hall, J. (Jeremy), Sussmann, J. (Jessika), Li, M. (M.), Walter, M. (M.), Aftanas, L. (L.), Brack, I. (I.), Bokhan, N.A. (N. A.), Thompson, P.M. (Paul), and Veltman, D.J. (Dick)

Abstract

The neuro-anatomical substrates of major depressive disorder (MDD) are still not well understood, despite many neuroimaging studies over the past few decades. Here we present the largest ever worldwide study by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Major Depressive Disorder Working Group on cortical structural alterations in MDD. Structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 2148 MDD patients and 7957 healthy controls were analysed with harmonized protocols at 20 sites around the world. To detect consistent effects of MDD and its modulators on cortical thickness and surface area estimates derived from MRI, statistical effects from sites were meta-analysed separately for adults and adolescents. Adults with MDD had thinner cortical gray matter than controls in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior and posterior cingulate, insula and temporal lobes (Cohen's d effect sizes: -0.10 to -0.14). These effects were most pronounced in first episode and adult-onset patients (>21 years). Compared to matched controls, adolescents with MDD had lower total surface area (but no differences in cortical thickness) and regional reductions in frontal regions (medial OFC and superior frontal gyrus) and primary and higher-order visual, somatosensory and motor areas (d: -0.26 to -0.57). The strongest effects were found in recurrent adolescent patients. This highly powered global effort to identify consistent brain abnormalities showed widespread cortical alterations in MDD patients as compared to controls and suggests that MDD may impact brain structure in a highly dynamic way, with different patterns of alterations at different stages of life.

Published
2017
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6. Response to Dr Fried & Dr Kievit, and Dr Malhi et al.

Author

Schmaal, L. (Lianne), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Van Erp, T.G.M., Smann, P.G., Frodl, T. (Thomas), Jahanshad, N., Loehrer, E. (Elizabeth), Vernooij, M.W. (Meike), Niessen, W.J. (Wiro), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Wittfeld, K., Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Block, A. (Andrea), Hegenscheid, K. (Katrin), Hoehn, D. (David), Czisch, M. (Michael), Lagopoulos, J. (Jim), Hatton, W., Hickie, I.B. (Ian), Goya-Maldonado, R., Krmer, B., Gruber, O., Couvy-Duchesne, B. (Baptiste), Rentera, M.E., Strike, L.T. (Lachlan), Wright, M.J., Zubicaray, G.I. (Greig) de, McMahon, K.L., Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Gillespie, N.A., Hall, G.B., Van Velzen, L.S., Tol, M.J.D. (Marie-José) van, Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Walter, H., Schramm, E., Normann, C., Schoepf, D., Konrad, C., Zurowski, B., McIntosh, A.M., Whalley, H.C., Sussmann, J. (Jessika), Godlewska, B. (Beata), Fischer, F.H., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Thompson, P.M., Hibar, D.P. (Derrek), Schmaal, L. (Lianne), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Van Erp, T.G.M., Smann, P.G., Frodl, T. (Thomas), Jahanshad, N., Loehrer, E. (Elizabeth), Vernooij, M.W. (Meike), Niessen, W.J. (Wiro), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Wittfeld, K., Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Block, A. (Andrea), Hegenscheid, K. (Katrin), Hoehn, D. (David), Czisch, M. (Michael), Lagopoulos, J. (Jim), Hatton, W., Hickie, I.B. (Ian), Goya-Maldonado, R., Krmer, B., Gruber, O., Couvy-Duchesne, B. (Baptiste), Rentera, M.E., Strike, L.T. (Lachlan), Wright, M.J., Zubicaray, G.I. (Greig) de, McMahon, K.L., Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Gillespie, N.A., Hall, G.B., Van Velzen, L.S., Tol, M.J.D. (Marie-José) van, Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Walter, H., Schramm, E., Normann, C., Schoepf, D., Konrad, C., Zurowski, B., McIntosh, A.M., Whalley, H.C., Sussmann, J. (Jessika), Godlewska, B. (Beata), Fischer, F.H., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Thompson, P.M., and Hibar, D.P. (Derrek)

Published
2016
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7. Subcortical brain alterations in major depressive disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder working group

Author

Schmaal, L. (Lianne), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Van Erp, T.G.M., Smann, P.G., Frodl, T. (Thomas), Jahanshad, N., Loehrer, E. (Elizabeth), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Hofman, A., Niessen, W.J. (Wiro), Vernooij, M.W. (Meike), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Wittfeld, K. (Katharina), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Block, A. (Andrea), Hegenscheid, K. (Katrin), Völzke, H. (Henry), Hoehn, D. (David), Czisch, M. (Michael), Lagopoulos, J. (Jim), Hatton, W., Hickie, I.B. (Ian), Goya-Maldonado, R., Krmer, B., Gruber, O., Couvy-Duchesne, B. (Baptiste), Rentera, M.E., Strike, L.T. (Lachlan), Mills, N.T., Zubicaray, G.I. (Greig) de, Mcmahon, K.L. (Katie), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Gillespie, N.A., Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Hall, G.B., MacQueen, G.M. (Glenda), Frey, E.M., Carballedo, A., Van Velzen, L.S., Tol, M.J.D. (Marie-José) van, Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Walter, H., Schnell, K., Schramm, E., Normann, C., Schoepf, D., Konrad, C., Zurowski, B., Nickson, T., McIntosh, A.M. (Andrew), Papmeyer, M. (Martina), Whalley, H.C., Sussmann, J. (Jessika), Godlewska, B. (Beata), Cowen, P.J., Fischer, F.H., Rose, M., Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Thompson, P.M., Hibar, D.P. (Derrek), Schmaal, L. (Lianne), Veltman, D.J. (Dick), Van Erp, T.G.M., Smann, P.G., Frodl, T. (Thomas), Jahanshad, N., Loehrer, E. (Elizabeth), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Hofman, A., Niessen, W.J. (Wiro), Vernooij, M.W. (Meike), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Wittfeld, K. (Katharina), Grabe, H.J. (Hans Jörgen), Block, A. (Andrea), Hegenscheid, K. (Katrin), Völzke, H. (Henry), Hoehn, D. (David), Czisch, M. (Michael), Lagopoulos, J. (Jim), Hatton, W., Hickie, I.B. (Ian), Goya-Maldonado, R., Krmer, B., Gruber, O., Couvy-Duchesne, B. (Baptiste), Rentera, M.E., Strike, L.T. (Lachlan), Mills, N.T., Zubicaray, G.I. (Greig) de, Mcmahon, K.L. (Katie), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Gillespie, N.A., Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Hall, G.B., MacQueen, G.M. (Glenda), Frey, E.M., Carballedo, A., Van Velzen, L.S., Tol, M.J.D. (Marie-José) van, Wee, N.J. (Nic) van der, Veer, I.M. (Ilya), Walter, H., Schnell, K., Schramm, E., Normann, C., Schoepf, D., Konrad, C., Zurowski, B., Nickson, T., McIntosh, A.M. (Andrew), Papmeyer, M. (Martina), Whalley, H.C., Sussmann, J. (Jessika), Godlewska, B. (Beata), Cowen, P.J., Fischer, F.H., Rose, M., Penninx, B.W.J.H. (Brenda), Thompson, P.M., and Hibar, D.P. (Derrek)

Abstract

The pattern of structural brain alterations associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) remains unresolved. This is in part due to small sample sizes of neuroimaging studies resulting in limited statistical power, disease heterogeneity and the complex interactions between clinical characteristics and brain morphology. To address this, we meta-analyzed three-dimensional brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 1728 MDD patients and 7199 controls from 15 research samples worldwide, to identify subcortical brain volumes that robustly discriminate MDD patients from healthy controls. Relative to controls, patients had significantly lower hippocampal volumes (Cohen's d=-0.14, % difference=-1.24). This effect was driven by patients with recurrent MDD (Cohen's d=-0.17, % difference=-1.44), and we detected no differences between first episode patients and controls. Age of onset ≤21 was associated with a smaller hippocampus (Cohen's d=-0.20, % difference=-1.85) and a trend toward smaller amygdala (Cohen's d=-0.11, % difference=-1.23) and larger lateral ventricles (Cohen's d=0.12, % difference=5.11). Symptom severity at study inclusion was not associated with any regional brain volumes. Sample characteristics such as mean age, proportion of antidepressant users and proportion of remitted patients, and methodological characteristics did not significantly moderate alterations in brain volumes in MDD. Samples with a higher proportion of antipsychotic medication users showed larger caudate volumes in MDD patients compared with controls. This currently largest worldwide effort to identify subcortical brain alterations showed robust smaller hippocampal volumes in MDD patients, moderated by age of onset and first episode versus recurrent episode status.

Published
2016
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10. P.2.b.017 Structural brain alterations in major depression: findings from the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group

Author

Schmaal, L., primary, Veltman, D.J, additional, Van Erp, T.G, additional, Sämann, P.G, additional, Frodl, T., additional, Jahanshad, N., additional, Loehrer, E., additional, Tiemeier, H., additional, Hofman, A., additional, Niessen, W.J, additional, Vernooij, M.W, additional, Ikram, M.A, additional, Wittfeld, K., additional, Grabe, H.J., additional, Block, A., additional, Hegenscheid, K., additional, Völzke, H., additional, Hoehn, D., additional, Czisch, M., additional, Lagopoulos, J., additional, Hatton, S.N, additional, Hickie, I.B., additional, Goya-Maldonado, R., additional, Krämer, B., additional, Gruber, O., additional, Couvy-Duchesne, B., additional, Rentería, M.E, additional, Strike, L.T, additional, Mills, N.T, additional, De Zubicaray, G.I, additional, McMahon, K.L, additional, Medland, S.E., additional, Martin, N.G, additional, Gillespie, N.A, additional, Wright, M.J, additional, Hall, G.B, additional, MacQueen, G.M, additional, Frey, E.M, additional, Carballedo, A., additional, Van Velzen, L.S., additional, Van Tol, M.J, additional, Van der Wee, N.J, additional, Veer, I.M., additional, Walter, H., additional, Schnell, K., additional, Schramm, E., additional, Normann, C., additional, Schoepf, D., additional, Konrad, C., additional, Zurowski, B., additional, Nickson, T., additional, McIntosh, A.M, additional, Papmeyer, M., additional, Whalley, H.C, additional, Sussmann, J.E, additional, Godlewska, B.R, additional, Cowen, P.J, additional, Fischer, F.H, additional, Rose, M., additional, Penninx, B.W, additional, Thompson, P.M, additional, and Hibar, D.P, additional

Published
2015
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