Search

The antioxidant and anti-browning activity of heated plant extracts have been attributed to the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) via the Maillard reaction (MR). The inhibitory effect of heated Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extract on banana polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was investigated. The Plain MO seed extracts and those with added glucose and glycine (1.5 mM each) were heated at 100°C for 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. The pH and brown colour development decreased and increased significantly (P

Background. South African (SA) studies indicate that elderly patients receive poor-quality and inadequate medical care at primary care level. Medical schools must be responsive to the needs of the communities they serve. This article reviews medical students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards caring for older patients to identify areas to enhance their learning.Objective. To evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of final-year medical students regarding the care of older patients at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, SA.Methods. All final-year medical students were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire that evaluated their geriatric knowledge and attitudes. Geriatric knowledge was assessed with a modified Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz, and the UCLA geriatric attitudes scale was used to assess their attitudes. Ethical approval was obtained from the UKZN Biomedical Research Ethics Committee and data were collected from September to November 2019.Results. There was a 79% (n=173) response rate. The average age of participants was 24 (interquartile range (IQR) 23 - 24) years. The mean geriatric knowledge score was 56.8% (standard deviation 10.4). The mean attitude score was 3.67 out of 5, indicating mildly positive attitudes towards caring for older patients. The majority of students expressed difficulties in communicating with older patients.Conclusion. The poor knowledge and mildly positive attitudes of students necessitate educational interventions to stimulate student interest in geriatrics and improve learning in this field, including increased attention to communication skills training relevant to the care of older patients.

BACKGROUND: Switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) was non-inferior to continuing tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-based regimens for maintaining virologic suppression at Week 48 of the TANGO study. Here we present Week 144 outcomes (efficacy, safety, weight, and biomarkers). METHODS: TANGO is a randomized (1:1, stratified by baseline third agent class), open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 study. Virologically suppressed (>6 months) adults with HIV-1 switched to once-daily DTG/3TC or continued TAF-based regimens. RESULTS: 741 participants received study treatment (DTG/3TC, n=369; TAF-based regimen, n=372). At Week 144, proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA =50 copies/mL (primary endpoint, Snapshot, intention-to-treat-exposed population) after switching to DTG/3TC was 0.3% (1/369) vs 1.3% (5/372) of those continuing TAF-based regimens, demonstrating non-inferiority (adjusted treatment difference, -1.1; 95% CI, -2.4, 0.2), and favored DTG/3TC in the per-protocol analysis (adjusted treatment difference, -1.1; 95% CI, -2.3, -0.0; P=0.044). Few participants met confirmed virologic withdrawal criteria (DTG/3TC, n=0; TAF-based regimen, n=3), with no resistance observed. Drug-related adverse events were more frequent with DTG/3TC (15%; 4% led to discontinuation) than TAF-based regimens (5%; 1% led to discontinuation) through Week 144 and were comparable post-Week 48 (4%; 1% led to discontinuation in both groups). Change from baseline in lipids generally favored DTG/3TC; no clinical impact on renal function and comparable changes in inflammatory and bone biomarkers across groups were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Switching to DTG/3TC demonstrated non-inferior and durable efficacy vs continuing TAF-based regimens in treatment-experienced adults with HIV-1, with good safety and tolerability, and no resistance through 144 weeks.

Background The 2-drug regimen dolutegravir plus lamivudine has demonstrated long-term noninferior efficacy vs 3-/4-drug regimens (3/4DRs) in phase 3 trials. This systematic literature review summarizes clinical trial and real-world evidence evaluating impact of dolutegravir plus lamivudine on inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers in people with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (PWH). Methods Using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases and conference proceedings, we searched for studies published from 1 January 2013 to 14 July 2021, reporting changes in inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers with dolutegravir plus lamivudine in antiretroviral therapy-experienced, virologically suppressed PWH aged >= 18 years. Results Four records representing 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 6 records of real-world evidence met eligibility criteria. All real-world studies evaluated CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio, while only 1 assessed inflammatory biomarkers. Across both RCTs, no consistent pattern of change in biomarkers was observed between dolutegravir/lamivudine and 3/4DR comparators. There were significant changes in soluble CD14 favoring dolutegravir/lamivudine in TANGO at weeks 48 and 144 and SALSA at week 48, and in interleukin-6 favoring the control group in TANGO at weeks 48 and 144. In the real-world study evaluating inflammatory biomarkers, median soluble CD14 significantly decreased 48 weeks postswitch to dolutegravir plus lamivudine (P < .001), while other biomarkers remained stable. In all 6 real-world studies, increases in CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio were reported after switch to dolutegravir plus lamivudine (follow-up, 12-60 months). Conclusions Results show that dolutegravir plus lamivudine has a comparable impact on inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers vs 3/4DRs, with no consistent pattern of change after switch in virologically suppressed PWH. Results from this systematic literature review show that the 2-drug regimen of dolutegravir plus lamivudine has a comparable impact on inflammatory and atherogenesis biomarkers vs 3- or 4-drug regimen comparators, with no consistent reproducible pattern of change.

Crous, P.W., Osieck, E.R., Jurjevi, ��, Boers, J., Van Iperen, A.L., Starink-Willemse, M., Dima, B., Balashov, S., Bulgakov, T.S., Johnston, P.R., Morozova, O.V., Pinruan, U., Sommai, S., Alvarado, P., Decock, C.A., Lebel, T., McMullan-Fisher, S., Moreno, G., Shivas, R.G., Zhao, L., Abdollahzadeh, J., Abrinbana, M., Ageev, D.V., Akhmetova, G., Alexandrova, A.V., Alt��s, A., Amaral, A.G.G., Angelini, C., Anton��n, V., Arenas, F., Asselman, P., Badali, F., Baghela, A., Ba��ares, A., Barreto, R.W., Baseia, I.G., Bellanger, J.-M., Berraf-Tebbal, A., Biketova, A. Yu., Bukharova, N.V., Burgess, T.I., Cabero, J., C��mara, M.P.S., Cano-Lira, J.F., Ceryngier, P., Ch��vez, R., Cowan, D.A., de Lima, A.F., Oliveira, R.L., Denman, S., Dang, Q.N., Dovana, F., Duarte, I.G., Eichmeier, A., Erhard, A., Esteve-Ravent��s, F., Fellin, A., Ferisin, G., Ferreira, R.J., Ferrer, A., Finy, P., Gaya, E., Geering, A.D.W., Gil-Dur��n, C., Gl��ssnerov��, K., Glushakova, A.M., Gramaje, D., Guard, F.E., Guarnizo, A.L., Haelewaters, D., Halling, R.E., Hill, R., Hirooka, Y., Hubka, V., Iliushin, V.A., Ivanova, D.D., Ivanushkina, N.E., Jangsantear, P., Justo, A., Kachalkin, A.V., Kato, S., Khamsuntorn, P., Kirtsideli, I.Y., Knapp, D.G., Kochkina, G.A., Koukol, O., Kov��cs, G.M., Kruse, J., Kumar, T.K.A., Ku��an, I., L��ss��e, T., Larsson, E., Lebeuf, R., Levic��n, G., Loizides, M., Marinho, P., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Lukina, E.G., Maga��a-Due��as, V., Maggs-K��lling, G., Malysheva, E.F., Malysheva, V.F., Mart��n, B., Mart��n, M.P., Mato��ec, N., McTaggart, A.R., Mehrabi-Koushki, M., Me��i��, A., Miller, A.N., Mironova, P., Moreau, P.-A., Morte, A., M��ller, K., Nagy, L.G., Nanu, S., Navarro-R��denas, A., Nel, W.J., Nguyen, T.H., N��brega, T.F., Noordeloos, M.E., Olariaga, I., Overton, B.E., Ozerskaya, S.M., Palani, P., Pancorbo, F., Papp, V., Paw��owska, J., Pham, T.Q., Phosri, C., Popov, E.S., Portugal, A., Po��ta, A., Reschke, K., Reul, M., Ricci, G.M., Rodr��guez, A., Romanowski, J., Ruchikachorn, N., Saar, I., Safi, A., Sakolrak, B., Salzmann, F., Sandoval-Denis, M., Sangwichein, E., Sanhueza, L., Sato, T., Sastoque, A., Senn-Irlet, B., Shibata, A., Siepe, K., Somrithipol, S., Spetik, M., Sridhar, P., Stchigel, A.M., Stuskova, K., Suwannasai, N., Tan, Y.P., Thangavel, R., Tiago, I., Tiwari, S., Tkal��ec, Z., Tomashevskaya, M.A., Tonegawa, C., Tran, H.X., Tran, N.T., Trov��o, J., Trubitsyn, V.E., Van Wyk, J., Vieira, W.A.S., Vila, J., Visagie, C.M., Vizzini, A., Volobuev, S.V., Vu, D.T., Wangsawat, N., Yaguchi, T., Ercole, E., Ferreira, B.W., de Souza, A.P., Vieira, B.S., Groenewald, J.Z. (2021): Fusarium chuoi R. Hill, Gaya, D.T. Vu, Sand.-Den. & Crous, R. Hill, Gaya, D.T. Vu, Sand.-Den. & Crous sp. nov. Fungal Planet 47 (1): 310-311, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5856199, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.06, {"references": ["Abad ZG, Burgess TI,Bienapfl JC,et al.2019.IDphy:Molecular and morphological identification of Phytophthora based on the types.USDAAPHIS PPQ S&T Beltsville Lab, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T ITP, Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, and World Phytophthora Collection.", "Abdollahzadeh J, Groenewald JZ, Coetzee MPA, et al. 2020. Evolution of lifestyles in Capnodiales. Studies in Mycology 95: 381-414.", "Alvarado P, Cabero J, Moreno G, et al. 2014. Species diversity of Genea (Ascomycota, Pezizales) in Europe. Ascomycete.org 6: 41-51.", "Alvarado P, Cabero J, Moreno G, et al. 2016. Phylogenetic overview of the genus Genea (Pezizales, Ascomycota) with an emphasis on European taxa. Mycologia 108: 441-456.", "Alvarado P, Perez J-B, Van Vooren N, et al. 2020. Genea coronata (Pyronemataceae, Pezizales), a cryptic new species in a highly polymorphic genus. Sydowia 72: 231-242.", "Anonymous. 1969. Flora of British Fungi - Colour Identification Chart. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh.", "Antonin V, Noordeloos M. 2010. A monograph of marasmioid and collybioid fungi in Europe. IHW Verlag.", "Arzanlou A, Groenewald JZ, Gams W, et al. 2007. Phylogenetic and morphotaxonomic revision of Ramichloridium and allied genera. Studies in Mycology 58: 57-93.", "Aveskamp MM, Verkley GJM, De Gruyter J, et al. 2009. DNA phylogeny reveals polyphyly of Phoma section Peyronellaea and multiple taxonomic novelties. Mycologia 101: 363-382.", "Bandini D, Oertel B, Ploch S, et al. 2019.Revision of some central European species of Inocybe (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. subgenus Inocybe, with description of five new species. Mycological Progress 18: 247-294.", "Bandini D, Sesli E, Oertel B, et al. 2020.Inocybe antoniniana,a new species of Inocybe section Marginatae with nodulose spores.Sydowia 72: 95-106.", "Bao DF, Wanasinghe DN, Luo ZL, et al. 2019. Murispora aquatica sp. nov. and Murispora fagicola, a new record from freshwater habitat in China. Phytotaxa 416: 1-13.", "Baral H-O.1987.Lugol's solution / IKI versus Melzer's reagent:hemiamyloidity, a universal feature of the ascus wall. Mycotaxon 29: 399-450.", "Bates ST, Roberson RW, Desjardin DE. 2009. Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales,Basidiomycota).Fungal Diversity 37:153-207.", "Bensch K, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, et al. 2015. Common but different: The expanding realm of Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology 82: 23-74.", "Bensch K, Groenewald JZ, Meijer M, et al. 2018. Cladosporium species in indoor environments. Studies in Mycology 89: 177-301.", "Berkeley,MJ.1845.Decades of Fungi:Australian Fungi.The London Journal of Botany 4: 42-73.", "Bertault R. 1965. Amanites du Maroc. Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe mycologique de France 81: 345-371.", "Bezerra JDP, Sandoval-Denis M, Paiva LM, et al. 2017. New endophytic Toxicocladosporium species from cacti in Brazil, and description of Neocladosporium gen. nov. IMA Fungus 8: 77-97.", "Bien S, Kraus C, Damm U. 2020. Novel collophorina-like genera and species from Prunus trees and vineyards in Germany. Persoonia 45: 46-67.", "Boerema GH,De Gruyer J, Noordeloos ME,et al. 2004.Phoma identification manual. Differentiation of specific and intra-specific and intra-specific taxa in culture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.", "Bose T, Wingfield MJ, Roux J, et al. 2021. Phytophthora species associated with roots of native and non-native trees in natural and managed forests Microbial Ecology 81: 122-133.", "Braun U. 1998.A monograph of Cercosporella,Ramularia and allied genera (phytopathogenic hyphomycetes), Vol. 2, IHW-Verlag, Eching, Munich, Germany.", "Buisman CJ. 1927. Root rots caused by Phycomycetes. Mededelingen uit het Phytopathologisch laboratorium Willie Commelin Scholten 11: 1-65.", "Bukharova NV, Zmitrovich IV. 2014. Aphyllophoroid fungi of the Bastak Reserve. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya 48: 343-354.", "Castaneda-Ruiz RF.1984.Nuevos taxones de Deuteromycotina:Arnoldiella robusta gen. et sp. nov.; Roigiella lignicola gen. et sp. nov.; Sporidesmium pseudolmediae sp.nov.y Thozetella havanensis sp.nov.Revista del Jardin Botanico Nacional Universidad de la Habana 5: 57-87.", "Castaneda-Ruiz RF, Gams W, Saikawa M. 1997. Three new conidial fungi (hyphomycetes) from Cuba. Nova Hedwigia 64: 473-483.", "Chen C, Verkley GJM, Sun G, et al. 2016. Redefining common endophytes and plant pathogens in Neofabraea, Pezicula, and related genera.Fungal Biology 120: 1291-1322.", "Chen Q, Hou LW, Duan WJ, et al. 2017. Didymellaceae revisited. Studies in Mycology 87: 105-159.", "Chen Q, Jiang JR, Zhang GZ, et al. 2015. Resolving the Phoma enigma. Studies in Mycology 82: 137-217.", "Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. 2016. Terrace aware data structure for phylogenomic inference from supermatrices. Systematic Biology 65: 997-1008.", "Contu M. 1985a '1984'. Novitates (2). Documents Mycologiques 14: 26.", "Contu M. 1985b.Amanita mairei Foley sensu Foley.A.mairei sensu Bertault: Nome nuovo per la specie di Bertault:Amanita bertaultii sp. nov. Funghie Ambiente 1: 11-13.", "Contu M.2000.Chiave per la determinazione delle specie europee del genere Amanita sez. Vaginatae. Bollettino del gruppo micologico G. Bresadola 43: 233-240.", "Contu M, Pacioni G. 1998.Amanita cistetorum and Psathyrella liciosae, two new Mediterranean species. Mycotaxon 69: 437-446.", "Corriol G. 2003. Pluteus diverticulatus sp. nov., une espece nouvelle de la sous-section Mixtini. Bulletin Trimestriel de la Societe Mycologique de France 119: 231-244.", "Corriol G, Moreau PA,Bellanger JM. 2017.Calocybe hymenoderma sp. nov., Calocybella juncicola comb.nov. et les contours taxinomiques de la section Rugosomyces. Errotari 14: 35-46.", "Crandall BS. 1947.A new Phytophthora causing root and collar rot of cinchona in Peru. Mycologia 39: 218-223.", "Crous PW, Braun U, McDonald BA, et al.2020a.Redefining genera of cereal pathogens: Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 67-98.", "Crous PW, Braun U, Wingfield MJ, et al. 2009. Phylogeny and taxonomy of obscure genera of microfungi. Persoonia 22: 139-161.", "Crous PW, Carnegie AJ,Wingfield MJ,et al. 2019a.Fungal Planet description sheets: 868-950. Persoonia 42: 291-473.", "Crous PW, Cowan DA, Maggs-Kolling G, et al.2021a.Fungal Planet description sheets: 1182-1283. Persoonia 46: 313-528.", "Crous PW, Groenewald JZ,Mansilla JP, et al. 2004. Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. Studies in Mycology 50: 195-214.", "Crous PW, Lombard L, Sandoval-Denis M, et al. 2021b. Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell. Studies in Mycology 98: 100116.", "Crous PW, Luangsa-ard JJ, Wingfield MJ, et al. 2018a. Fungal Planet description sheets: 785-867. Persoonia 41: 238-417.", "Crous PW, Schumacher RK, Akulov A, et al. 2019b. New and Interesting Fungi. 2. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 3: 57-134.", "Crous PW, Schumacher RK,Wingfield MJ, et al. 2018b.New and interesting fungi. 1. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 1: 169-215.", "Crous PW, Shivas RG,Quaedvlieg W,et al. 2014a.Fungal Planet description sheets: 214-280. Persoonia 32: 184-306.", "Crous PW, Summerell BA,Shivas RG, et al. 2011. Fungal Planet description sheets: 92-106. Persoonia 27: 130-162.", "Crous PW, Verkley GJM, Christensen M, et al. 2012. How important are conidial appendages? Persoonia 28:126-137.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, et al. 2017. Fungal Planet description sheets: 625-715. Persoonia 39: 270-467.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Cheewangkoon R, et al. 2019c. Foliar pathogens of eucalypts. Studies in Mycology 94: 125-298.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Chooi Y-H,et al. 2020b. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1042-1111. Persoonia 44: 301-459.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, le Roux JJ, et al. 2015. Fungal Planet description sheets: 371-399. Persoonia 35: 264-327.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ,Lombard L, et al.2019d. Fungal Planet description sheets: 951-1041. Persoonia 43: 223-425.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ,Richardson DM, et al.2016.Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468. Persoonia 36: 316-458.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Schumacher RK, et al. 2014b. Fungal Planet description sheets 281-319. Persoonia 33: 212-289.", "Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Schumacher RK,et al. 2020c.New and interesting fungi 3. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6: 157-231.", "Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, et al. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9: 772.", "De Gruyter J, Noordeloos ME. 1992. Contributions towards a monograph of Phoma (Coelomycetes) - I. 1. Section Phoma:Taxa with very small conidia in vitro. Persoonia 15: 71-92.", "De Gruyter J, Noordeloos ME, Boerema GH. 1993. Contributions towards a monograph of Phoma (Coelomycetes) - I. 2. Section Phoma:Additional taxa with very small conidia and taxa with conidia up to 7 \u00b5m long. Persoonia 15: 369-400.", "De Hoog GS. 1977. Rhinocladiella and allied genera. Studies in Mycology 15: 1-140.", "De Hoog GS, Mayser P, Haase G, et al. 2000.A new species, Phialophora europaea,causing superficial infections in humans.Mycoses 43:409-416.", "Denk T, Grimm GW. 2010. The oaks of western Eurasia: Traditional classifications and evidence from two nuclear markers. Taxon 59: 351-366.", "Diederich P,Braun U. 2009.First lichenicolous record of Acremonium hypholomatis (anamorphic Ascomycota). Bulletin de la Societe des naturalistes luxembourgeois 110: 97-99.", "Domsch KH, Gams W, Anderson TH. 1993. Compendium of soil fungi. Reprinted by IHW-Verlag with supplement.", "Domsch KH, Gams W,Anderson T-H. 2007. Compendium of soil fungi. 2nd ed. IHW-Verlag, Eching, Germany.", "Dong W, Hyde KD, Jeewon R, et al. 2021. Towards a natural classification of annulatascaceae-like taxa II: introducing five new genera and eighteen new species from freshwater. Mycosphere 12: 1-88.", "Drummond AJ, Suchard MA, Xie D, et al. 2012. Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecoluar Biology and Evolution 29: 1969-1973.", "Duan JX, Wu WP, Liu XZ. 2007. Dinemasporium (coelomycetes). Fungal Diversity 26: 205-218.", "Edler D, Klein J, Antonelli A, et al. 2020. raxmlGUI 2.0: a graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12: 373-377.", "Egidi E, De Hoog GS, Isola D, et al. 2014. Phylogeny and taxonomy of meristematic rock-inhabiting black fungi in the Dothideomycetes based on multi-locus phylogenies. Fungal Diversity 65: 127-165.", "Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD,Gentekaki E, et al. 2019. Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10: 310-489.", "Esteve-Raventos F, Moreno G, Bizio E, et al. 2015. Inocybe flavobrunnescens, a new species in section Marginatae. Mycological Progress 14: 14.", "Farr DF, Rossman AY. Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved October 14, 2021, from https://nt.ars-grin. gov/fungaldatabases/.", "Fassatiova O. 1986.Moulds and filamentous fungi in technical microbiology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.", "Fechner N, Bonito G,Bougher NL,et al. 2017.New species of Austroboletus (Boletaceae) in Australia. Mycological Progress 16: 769-775.", "Feng P, Lu Q, Najafzadeh MJ, et al. 2014. Cyphellophora and its relatives in Phialophora biodiversity and possible role in human infection. Fungal Diversity 65: 17-45.", "Fries E. 1821. Systema mycologicum 1. Ex officina Berlingiana, Lund, Sweden.", "Gams W. 1971. Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes), Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany.", "Gams W. 1975. Cephalosporium-like Hyphomycetes:Some tropical species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 64: 389-404.", "Gams W. 1976. Some new or noteworthy species of Mortierella. Persoonia 9: 111-140.", "Giraldo A,Gene J, Sutton DA, et al. 2015. Phylogeny of Sarocladium (Hypocreales). Persoonia 34: 10-24.", "Goncalves MFM, Santos L, Silva BMV,et al. 2019.Biodiversity of Penicillium species from marine environments in Portugal and description of Penicillium lusitanum sp. nov., a novel species isolated from sea water. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 69: 3014-3021.", "Gouy M, Guindon S, Gascuel O. 2010. SeaView version 4: A multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building. Molecular Biology and Evolution 27: 221-224.", "Grafenhan T, Schroers H-J, Nirenberg HI, et al. 2011. An overview of the taxonomy,phylogeny,and typification of nectriaceous fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stilbella, and Volutella. Studies in Mycology 68: 79-113.", "Gryzenhout M, Tarigan M, Clegg PA,et al.2010. Cryptometrion aestuescens gen. sp. nov. (Cryphonectriaceae) pathogenic to Eucalyptus in Indonesia. Australasian Plant Pathology 39: 161-169.", "Guindon S, Lethiec F, Duroux P et al. 2010. PHYML Online - a web server for fast maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic inference. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W557-W559.", "Guzman-Davalos L, Pradeep CK, Vrinda KB, et al. 2017. A new stipitate species of Crepidotus from India and Thailand,with notes on other tropical species. Mycologia 109: 804-814.", "Haelewaters D, De Kesel A. 2020. Checklist of thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes from Belgium and the Netherlands, including Hesperomyces halyziae and Laboulbenia quarantenae spp. nov. MycoKeys 71: 23-86.", "Haelewaters D, De Kesel A, Pfister DH. 2018. Integrative taxonomy reveals hidden species within a common fungal parasite of ladybirds. Scientific Reports 8: 15966.", "Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit:A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.", "Halling RE. 1996. Notes on Collybia V. Gymnopus section Levipedes in tropical South America, with comments on Collybia.Brittonia 48: 487-494.", "Hanss J-M, Moreau P-A. 2020. Une Revision des Amanites \"vaginees\" (Amanita sect. Vaginatae) en Europe, 1re partie: quelques Amanites argentees. Bulletin de la Societe mycologique de France 133: 67-141.", "Hashimoto A, Sato G, Matsuda T, et al. 2015. Taxonomic revision of Pseudolachnea and Pseudolachnella and establishment of Neopseudolachnella and Pseudodinemasporium gen. nov. Mycologia 107: 383-408.", "Hawksworth DL. 1972. A large-spored species of Acremonium sect. Nectrioidea. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 58: 510-512.", "Hawksworth DL. 1979. The lichenicolous hyphomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum for Natural History 6: 183-300.", "He M-Q, Hyde KD, Ratchadawan C, et al. 2020. Two new species of Micropsalliota (Agaricaceae/Agaricales) from Thailand.Phytotaxa 453:140-141.", "Heinemann P, Leelavathy KM.1991.The genus Micropsalliota (Agaricaceae) in Kerala State, India. Mycological Research 95: 343-344.", "Heinemann P, Little Flower S. 1983.Micropsalliota de Kerala (Inde). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 53: 75-84.", "Hernandez-Restrepo M, Groenewald JZ,Crous PW,et al.2016a.Taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Microdochium,Monographella and Idriella. Persoonia 36: 57-82.", "Hernandez-Restrepo M, Groenewald JZ, Elliott ML, et al. 2016b. Take-all or nothing. Studies in Mycology 83: 19-48.", "Hipp AL, Manos PS, Hahn M, et al. 2020. Genomic landscape of the global oak phylogeny. New Phytologist 226: 1198-1212.", "Hjortstam K, Ryvarden L. 2007. Checklist of corticioid fungi (Basidiomycotina) from the tropics, subtropics and the southern hemisphere. Synopsis Fungorum 22: 27-146.", "Hoang DT, Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, et al. 2018. UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 518-522.", "Holubova-Jechova V. 1974. A revision of the genus Olpitrichum Atk. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 9: 425-432.", "Hongo T. 1971. Notulae mycologicae. Mem Shiga University 21: 62-68.", "Horak E.1976.On cuboid spored species of Entoloma.Sydowia 28:171-236.", "Horak E. 1977.Additions to 'On cuboid spored species of Entoloma'.Sydowia 29: 289-299.", "Horak E. 1978 '1977'. Crepidotus episphaeria and related species from the Southern Hemisphere. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 87: 227-235.", "Horak E. 2018 Agaricales (Basidiomycota) of New Zealand 2. Brown spored genera p.p. Crepidotus, Flammulaster, Inocybe, Phaeocollybia, Phaeomarasmius, Pleuroflammula, Pyrrhoglossum, Simocybe, Tubaria and Tympanella. Fungi of New Zealand Nga Hekaheka o Aotearoa Volume 6. Westerdijk Biodiversity Series 16: 1-205. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.", "Hou C-L,Lin Y-R,Piepenbring M. 2005.Species of Rhytismataceae on needles of Juniperus spp. from China. Canadian Journal of Botany 83: 37-46.", "Hou LW,Groenewald JZ,Pfenning LH, et al. 2020a.The phoma-like dilemma. Studies in Mycology 96: 309-396.", "Hou LW, Hernandez-Restrepo M, Groenewald JZ, et al. 2020b. Citizen science project reveals high diversity in Didymellaceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). MycoKeys 65: 49-99.", "Houbraken J, Kocsube S, Visagie CM,et al. 2020. Classification of Aspergillus,Penicillium,Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales):an overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. Studies in Mycology 95: 5-169.", "Huang S,Xia J, Zhang X, et al. 2020.Two new species of Microdochium from Indocalamus longiauritus in south-western China. MycoKeys 72: 93-108.", "Hubka V, Dudova Z, Kubatova A, et al. 2017.Taxonomic novelties in Aspergillus section Fumigati: A. tasmanicus sp. nov., induction of sexual state in A. turcosus and overview of related species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 303: 787-806.", "Hubka V, Peterson SW, Frisvad JC, et al. 2013. Aspergillus waksmanii sp. nov. and Aspergillus marvanovae sp. nov., two closely related species in section Fumigati. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63: 783-789.", "Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.", "Huson DH, Kloepper TH 2005. Computing recombination networks from binary sequences. Bioinformatics, 21: ii159-ii165.", "Hyde KD, Dong Y, Phookamsak R, et al. 2020. Fungal diversity notes 1151-1276: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 100: 5-277.", "Hyde KD, Norphanphoun C, Abreu VP, et al. 2017. Fungal diversity notes 603-708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. Fungal Diversity 87: 1-235.", "Hyde KD, Tennakoon DS, Jeewon R. et al. 2019. Fungal diversity notes 1036-1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1-242.", "Hymphries Z, Seifert KA, Hirooka Y, et al. 2017. A new family and genus in Dothideales for Aureobasidium-like species isolated from house dust. IMA Fungus 8: 299-315.", "Irwin JAG. 1991. Phytophthora macrochlamydospora, a new species from Australia. Mycologia 83: 517-519.", "Jiang H-B, Hyde KD,Yang E-F, et al. 2021. Morphological and phylogenetic appraisal of Ophioceras (Ophioceraceae, Magnaporthales). PLoS ONE 16: e0253853.", "Jiang N,Fan X,Tian C,et al.2020.Reevaluating Cryphonectriaceae and allied families in Diaporthales. Mycologia 112: 267-292.", "Johnston PR. 1986. Rhytismataceae in New Zealand 1. Some foliicolous species of Coccomyces de Notaris and Propolis (Fries) Corda.New Zealand Journal of Botany 24: 89-124.", "Johnston PR. 1994.Ascospore sheaths of some Coccomyces,Hypoderma, and Lophodermium species (Rhytismataceae). Mycotaxon 52: 221-239.", "Johnston PR, Gamundi IJ. 2000. Torrendiella (Ascomycota, Helotiales) on Nothofagus. New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 493-513.", "Ju Y-M, Rogers JD. 2001. New and interesting Biscogniauxia taxa, with a key to the world species. Mycological Research 9: 1123-1133.", "Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TFK, et al. 2017. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods 14: 587-589.", "Karstedt F,Baroni TJ,Largent DL, et al. 2019.Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of species of the Entolomataceae (Agaricales,Basidiomycota) with cuboid basi

Fusarium chuoi R. Hill, Gaya, D.T. Vu, Sand.-Den. & Crous, sp. nov. Etymology. From chu���i, Vietnamese vernacular name for Musa spp., from which the ex-type strain was isolated. Classification ��� Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes. On SNA and CLA, sporulation abundant from aerial conidiophores and sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores erect or prostrate, copiously branching laterally and sympodially, giving rise to macro-, and rarely, microconidia; aerial conidiogenous cells mono- and polyphialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, proliferating sympodially, 6.5���40.5 �� 2.5���4 ��m, with apical flared collarette and periclinal thickening; aerial conidia of two types: microconidia often produced on prostrate conidiophores, rarely on aerial mycelium, aggregating in false heads, ellipsoidal, subcylindrical to slightly falcate, 0 ���1-septate, 8���15 �� 2���29.5 ��m; macroconidia fusiform to falcate, straight to apically dorsiventrally curved, apex curved to pointed, base obtuse to papillate, 1���3-septate, smooth- and thin-walled; 1-septate conidia: (14���)18���27.5(���29.5) �� (2.5���)3���4 ��m (av. 22.8 �� 3.2 ��m); 2-septate conidia: 26���28.5 �� 3���4 ��m (av. 27.4 �� 3.6 ��m); 3-septate conidia: (28���)31.5���43(���50.5) �� 3���4 ��m (av. 37.3 �� 3.5 ��m). Sporodochia saffron, luteous to ochreous coloured (Rayner 1970), formed abundantly on the agar surface and carnation leaves under nuv. Conidiophores in sporodochia, densely and irregularly branched, bearing apical whorls of 2 ��� 4 monophialides; sporodochial monophialides subcylindrical, 10���26 �� 2.5���4.5 ��m, smooth- and thin-walled, with a distinct apical collarette. Sporodochial conidia (macroconidia) falcate, almost straight to gently curved, tapering at both ends, apex curved to blunt, base poorly- to well-developed foot-shaped, 1���6-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled; 1-septate conidia: (14.5���)15���20.5(���24) �� 3���4.5 ��m (av. 17.9 �� 3.9 ��m); 2-septate conidia: 21.5���32 �� 3���4.5 ��m (av. 26.4 �� 3.5 ��m); 3-septate conidia: (33���)43���61(���71.5) �� (3���)4���5 ��m (av. 51.8 �� 4.2 ��m); 4-septate conidia: (50.5���)55���69(���74.5) �� 3.5���5 ��m (av. 62.3 �� 4.2 ��m); 5-septate conidia: 54 �� 4.5 ��m (rare); 6-septate conidia: (49.5���)56.5���71(���73) �� (3.5���)4���4.5(���5) ��m (av. 63.8 �� 4.3 ��m). Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics ��� Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and oatmeal agar (OA) growing in the dark at 24 �� C covering and entire 9 cm Petri dish in 7 d. Colony surface peach to vinaceous, flat, velvety to felty with abundant floccose aerial mycelium forming concentric rings; colony margins undulate. Reverse flesh to salmon with diffuse coral to brick pigment throughout the medium. Typus. VIETNAM, H�� T&itilde;nh Province, H����ng S��n District,S��n Kim commune, N18��25'37.38" E105��12'53.95", inside seed of Musa itinerans (Musaceae), 9 Nov. 2014, D.M. Thu, L.T. Phong & T.T. Duong, isol. R. Hill (holotype CBS H-24901,culture ex-type CBS 148464; ITS, LSU, cmdA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank OK586454, OK586452, OK626304, OK626306, OK626302, OK626308 and OK626310, MycoBank MB 841865). Colour illustrations. Flowers, fruits, leaves and seeds of Musa itinerans (background photo by D. T. Vu); from top to bottom and left to right: colony on PDA after 14 d at 24 �� C in darkness (left = obverse,right = reverse), sporodochia formed on CLA,aerial conidiophore,aerial conidiogenous cells,aerial conidia, sporodochial conidia. Scale bars: black = 20 ��m, white = 10 ��m. Additional material examined. VIETNAM, Ngh��� An Province, Con Cu��ng District, Ch��u Kh�� commune, N19��1'48.73" E104��43'31.97", inside seed of M. itinerans, 18 Nov. 2014, L.T. Phong, V.V. Tung & T.T. Duong, isol. R. Hill (culture CBS 148465; ITS, LSU, cmdA, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences GenBank OK586455, OK586453, OK626305, OK626307, OK626303, OK626309 and OK626311). Notes ��� Fusarium chuoi resides in the Asian clade of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC: O���Donnell et al. 1998, Yilmaz et al. 2021, Crous et al. 2021b). Based on nucleotide searches using the Fusarium Pairwise ID engine on the Fusarioid-ID database (www.fusarium.org, Crous et al. 2021) the closest hit using the ITS sequence was Fusarium siculi (strain CBS 142422; identities = 449/450 (99 %), no gaps). The closest hit using the LSU sequence was F. siculi (strain CBS 142422; identities = 804/805 (99 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the cmdA sequence was Fusarium fractiflexum (strain NRRL 28852; identities = 426/434 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the rpb1 sequence was F. fujikuroi (strain NRRL 13566; identities = 687/702 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the rpb2 sequence was Fusarium globosum (strain CBS 428.97; identities = 856/867 (98 %), no gaps). Closest hit using the tef1 sequence was F. fractiflexum (strain NRRL 28852; identities = 619/643 (96 %), 2 gaps (0.3 %)). The phylogenetic results, however, showed that F. chuoi is not directly related to any of the previously described species of FFSC (see Suppl. material FP1353), clustering as the second basal-most species of that clade after F. sacchari. Asian Fusarium spp. in the FFSC are characterised by mono-and polyphialides producing oval to ellipsoid, rarely pyriform to globose (i.e., F. annulatum, F. fujikuroi and F. globosum) microconidia organized in chains or false heads; 3���5-septate sporodochial conidia and lacking chlamydospores. The elaborate, profusely branched aerial conidiophores of F. chuoi are comparable to those of F. concentricum, F. lumajangense, F. mangiferae and F. sacchari, all the latter species producing oval, ellipsoidal to allantoid microconidia on false heads.Aerial conidiophores of F. chuoi, however, mostly produce macroconidia, while microconidia grouped on false heads are restricted to short, mostly unbranched and prostrate conidiophores formed on the surface on the culture media. Several Asian species of the FFSC have been reported from Musa spp. i.e., F. annulatum, F. concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. lumajangense and F. sacchari (Leslie & Summerell 2006, Maryani et al. 2019, Farr & Rossman 2021). The two strains representing F. chuoi were isolated as endophytes from asymptomatic seeds of wild banana (Musa itinerans), which had been collected predispersal and stored in the Millennium Seed Bank for ~2.5 years at -20 �� C prior to isolation. Supplementary material FP1353 Phylogenetic tree., Published as part of Crous, P. W., Osieck, E. R., Jurjevi, ��, Boers, J., Van Iperen, A. L., Starink-Willemse, M., Dima, B., Balashov, S., Bulgakov, T. S., Johnston, P. R., Morozova, O. V., Pinruan, U., Sommai, S., Alvarado, P., Decock, C. A., Lebel, T., McMullan-Fisher, S., Moreno, G., Shivas, R. G., Zhao, L., Abdollahzadeh, J., Abrinbana, M., Ageev, D. V., Akhmetova, G., Alexandrova, A. V., Alt��s, A., Amaral, A. G. G., Angelini, C., Anton��n, V., Arenas, F., Asselman, P., Badali, F., Baghela, A., Ba��ares, A., Barreto, R. W., Baseia, I. G., Bellanger, J. - M., Berraf-Tebbal, A., Biketova, A. Yu., Bukharova, N. V., Burgess, T. I., Cabero, J., C��mara, M. P. S., Cano-Lira, J. F., Ceryngier, P., Ch��vez, R., Cowan, D. A., de Lima, A. F., Oliveira, R. L., Denman, S., Dang, Q. N., Dovana, F., Duarte, I. G., Eichmeier, A., Erhard, A., Esteve-Ravent��s, F., Fellin, A., Ferisin, G., Ferreira, R. J., Ferrer, A., Finy, P., Gaya, E., Geering, A. D. W., Gil-Dur��n, C., Gl��ssnerov��, K., Glushakova, A. M., Gramaje, D., Guard, F. E., Guarnizo, A. L., Haelewaters, D., Halling, R. E., Hill, R., Hirooka, Y., Hubka, V., Iliushin, V. A., Ivanova, D. D., Ivanushkina, N. E., Jangsantear, P., Justo, A., Kachalkin, A. V., Kato, S., Khamsuntorn, P., Kirtsideli, I. Y., Knapp, D. G., Kochkina, G. A., Koukol, O., Kov��cs, G. M., Kruse, J., Kumar, T. K. A., Ku��an, I., L��ss��e, T., Larsson, E., Lebeuf, R., Levic��n, G., Loizides, M., Marinho, P., Luangsa-ard, J. J., Lukina, E. G., Maga��a-Due��as, V., Maggs-K��lling, G., Malysheva, E. F., Malysheva, V. F., Mart��n, B., Mart��n, M. P., Mato��ec, N., McTaggart, A. R., Mehrabi-Koushki, M., Me��i��, A., Miller, A. N., Mironova, P., Moreau, P. - A., Morte, A., M��ller, K., Nagy, L. G., Nanu, S., Navarro-R��denas, A., Nel, W. J., Nguyen, T. H., N��brega, T. F., Noordeloos, M. E., Olariaga, I., Overton, B. E., Ozerskaya, S. M., Palani, P., Pancorbo, F., Papp, V., Paw��owska, J., Pham, T. Q., Phosri, C., Popov, E. S., Portugal, A., Po��ta, A., Reschke, K., Reul, M., Ricci, G. M., Rodr��guez, A., Romanowski, J., Ruchikachorn, N., Saar, I., Safi, A., Sakolrak, B., Salzmann, F., Sandoval-Denis, M., Sangwichein, E., Sanhueza, L., Sato, T., Sastoque, A., Senn-Irlet, B., Shibata, A., Siepe, K., Somrithipol, S., Spetik, M., Sridhar, P., Stchigel, A. M., Stuskova, K., Suwannasai, N., Tan, Y. P., Thangavel, R., Tiago, I., Tiwari, S., Tkal��ec, Z., Tomashevskaya, M. A., Tonegawa, C., Tran, H. X., Tran, N. T., Trov��o, J., Trubitsyn, V. E., Van Wyk, J., Vieira, W. A. S., Vila, J., Visagie, C. M., Vizzini, A., Volobuev, S. V., Vu, D. T., Wangsawat, N., Yaguchi, T., Ercole, E., Ferreira, B. W., de Souza, A. P., Vieira, B. S. & Groenewald, J. Z., 2021, Fusarium chuoi R. Hill, Gaya, D. T. Vu, Sand. - Den. & Crous, R. Hill, Gaya, D. T. Vu, Sand. - Den. & Crous sp. nov., pp. 310-311 in Fungal Planet 47 (1) on page 311, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5856199, {"references":["Rayner RW. 1970. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew and British Mycological Society.","O'Donnell K, Cigelnik E, Nirenberg H. 1998. Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Mycologia 90: 465 - 493.","Yilmaz N, Sandoval-Denis M, Lombard L, et al. 2021. Redefining species limits in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. Persoonia 46: 129 - 162.","Crous PW, Lombard L, Sandoval-Denis M, et al. 2021 b. Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell. Studies in Mycology 98: 100116.","Crous PW, Cowan DA, Maggs-Kolling G, et al. 2021 a. Fungal Planet descrip- tion sheets: 1182 - 1283. Persoonia 46: 313 - 528.","Leslie JF, Summerell BA. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames.","Maryani N, Sandoval-Denis M, Lombard L, et al. 2019. New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia. Persoonia 43: 48 - 69."]}

Evaluate differences in weight change by regimen among people living with HIV (PLWH) initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the current era.Between 2012 and 2019, 3232 ART-naïve PLWH initiated ≥3-drug ART regimens in 8 Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems sites. We estimated weight change by regimen for 11 regimens in the immediate (first 6 months) and extended (all follow-up on initial regimen) periods using linear mixed models adjusted for time on regimen, interaction between time and regimen, age, sex, race/ethnicity, hepatitis B/C coinfection, nadir CD4, smoking, diabetes, antipsychotic medication, and site. We included more recently approved regimens [eg, with tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF)] only in the immediate period analyses to ensure comparable follow-up time.Mean follow-up was 1.9 years on initial ART regimen. In comparison to efavirenz/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC), initiating bictegravir/TAF/FTC {3.9 kg [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2 to 5.5]} and dolutegravir/TAF/FTC [4.4 kg (95% CI: 2.1 to 6.6)] were associated with the greatest weight gain in the immediate period, followed by darunavir/TDF/FTC [3.7 kg (95% CI: 2.1 to 5.2)] and dolutegravir/TDF/FTC [2.6 kg (95% CI: 1.3 to 3.9)]. In the extended period, compared with efavirenz/TDF/FTC, initiating darunavir/TDF/FTC was associated with a 1.0 kg (95% CI: 0.5 to 1.5) per 6-months greater weight gain, whereas dolutegravir/abacavir/FTC was associated with a 0.6-kg (95% CI: 0.3 to 0.9) and dolutegravir/TDF/FTC was associated with a 0.6-kg (95% CI: 0.1 to 1.1) per 6-months greater gain. Weight gain on dolutegravir/abacavir/FTC and darunavir/TDF/FTC was significantly greater than that for several integrase inhibitor-based regimens.There is heterogeneity between regimens in weight gain following ART initiation among previously ART-naïve PLWH; we observed greater gain among PLWH taking newer integrase strand transfer inhibitors (DTG, BIC) and DRV-based regimens.