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International audience; Paleogeographic maps are essential tools for understanding Earth system dynamics. They provide boundary conditions for climate and geodynamic modelling, for analysing surface processes and biotic interactions. However, the temporal and spatial distribution of key features such as seaways and mountain belts that govern climate changes and biotic interchange differ between various paleogeographies that require regular updates with new data and models. We developed a reproducible and systematic approach to paleogeographic reconstruction and provide a set of worldwide Cenozoic paleogeographic maps at 60, 40 and 20 Ma. We followed a six-stage methodology that integrates an extensive review of geological data into a coherent plate tectonic model using the open source software GPlates. (1) We generated a global plate kinematic model, and reconstructed intensely-deformed plate boundaries using a review of structural, paleomagnetic and other geologic data in six key regions: the Andes, the North American Cordillera, the Scotia Arc, Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Tibetan-Himalayan collision zone. (2) We modified previously published paleobathymetry in several regions where continental and oceanic crust overlap due to differences in the plate models. (3) We then defined paleoshorelines using updated fossil and geologic databases to locate the terrestrial to marine transition. (4) We applied isostatic compensation in polar regions and global eustatic sea level adjustments. (5) Paleoelevations were estimated using a broad range of data including thermochronology and stable isotopes, combined with paleobotanical (mostly pollen and leaf physiognomy), structural and geomorphological data. We address ongoing controversies on the mechanisms and chronology of India-Asia collision by providing alternate reconstructions for each time slice. We finally discuss the implications of our reconstructions on the Cenozoic evolution of continental weatherability and review methodological limitations and potential improvements. Future addition of new data, tools and reconstructions can be accommodated through a dedicated interactive website tool (https://map.paleoenvironment.eu/) that enables users to interactively upload and download data and compare with other models, and generate their own plots. Our aim is to regularly update the models presented here with new data as they become available.

Purpose: Although patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection have several risk factors for ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections (VA-LRTI), the reported incidence of hospital-acquired infections is low. We aimed to determine the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, as compared to influenza pneumonia or no viral infection, and the incidence of VA-LRTI. Methods: Multicenter retrospective European cohort performed in 36 ICUs. All adult patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation > 48 h were eligible if they had: SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, influenza pneumonia, or no viral infection at ICU admission. VA-LRTI, including ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), were diagnosed using clinical, radiological and quantitative microbiological criteria. All VA-LRTI were prospectively identified, and chest-X rays were analyzed by at least two physicians. Cumulative incidence of first episodes of VA-LRTI was estimated using the Kalbfleisch and Prentice method, and compared using Fine-and Gray models. Results: 1576 patients were included (568 in SARS-CoV-2, 482 in influenza, and 526 in no viral infection groups). VA-LRTI incidence was significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2 patients (287, 50.5%), as compared to influenza patients (146, 30.3%, adjusted sub hazard ratio (sHR) 1.60 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 2.04)) or patients with no viral infection (133, 25.3%, adjusted sHR 1.7 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.39)). Gram-negative bacilli were responsible for a large proportion (82% to 89.7%) of VA-LRTI, mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp. Conclusions: The incidence of VA-LRTI is significantly higher in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as compared to patients with influenza pneumonia, or no viral infection after statistical adjustment, but residual confounding may still play a role in the effect estimates. © 2021, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Schematherapie (ST) is oorspronkelijk ontwikkeld voor de behandeling van persoonlijkheidsstoornissen en therapieresistente problematiek, zoals chronische recidiverende depressies bij volwassenen. Onderzoekers en clinici zijn het niet met elkaar eens over de vraag of persoonlijkheidsstoornissen bij adolescenten geclassificeerd moeten worden. Ook DSM-5 staat hier ambivalent in.

De Grondwateratlas die recent is verschenen maakt het mogelijk om de toelatingsbeoordeling voor het College voor de toelating van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en biociden (Ctgb) te verfijnen en wetenschappelijk te onderbouwen en draagt zo bij aan een duurzame bescherming van het grondwater. Onacceptabele overschrijdingen van de drinkwaternorm worden onder de aandacht gebracht. De 400.000 meetresultaten die terug te vinden zijn in de atlas maken het bovendien mogelijk voor waterbedrijven inzicht te krijgen in het grotere geheel.

Onlangs is de eerste versie van de Grondwateratlas voor bestrijdingsmiddelen verschenen. De Grondwateratlas bevat meetresultaten van zowel waterbedrijven als provincies en geeft een beeld in ruimte en tijd van het voorkomen van residuen van bestrijdingsmiddelen in het grondwater in Nederland. Doel van de Grondwateratlas is om monitoringgegevens te ontsluiten voor gebruik door het College voor de toelating van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen en biociden (Ctgb). Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van de Grondwateratlas en het geheel van de meetresultaten die in de database zijn opgenomen. Het gaat ook in op de monitoring in de praktijk door Brabant Water en op de huidige ontwikkelingen.

The aim of the present study was to assess whether population effects and recovery times increase when a population of a vulnerable aquatic invertebrate is exposed to concentrations of 1 or multiple pesticides. The 2 sets of pesticide combinations tested are typical for orchard and tuber crops in The Netherlands. Exposure concentrations were predicted using the FOCUS step 3 modeling framework and the Dutch drainage ditch scenario. Recovery times were assessed using the MASTEP population model. We simulated the population dynamics and pesticide effects in a Monte Carlo style by using median effective concentration values drawn from an arthropod species sensitivity distribution. In the tuber scenario, exposure to ¿-cyhalothrin resulted in long-term effects, whereas exposure to the co-occurring compound fluazinam hardly resulted in (additional) effects. In the orchard scenario, 3 pesticides resulted in large effects just after exposure, but pulse exposures to these compounds did not coincide. The probabilities of effects for the single compounds added up for the combination; in contrast, the recovery times were not higher for the combination compared to those associated with exposure to the individual compounds. The conclusion from the present study's simulations is that exposure to the evaluated pesticide packages may lead to increased mortality probabilities and effect sizes of the combination, but does not lead to longer recovery times for populations with synchronized reproduction than when exposed to the individual compounds.

Perspectives of multilevel governance are used to contrast the EU legal order to the Dutch legal order. The characteristics of the EU multilevel legal order complicate the development of private law. The article compares the EU multilevel legal order to the traditional nation state and explains what consequences these differences have for the development of private law.

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Volgens de evaluatie van de 1e nota Duurzame Gewasbescherming voldoet Nederland nog onvoldoende aan de kwaliteitsnormen voor oppervlaktewater. Tegen die achtergrond zijn de bedrijfskundige, economische en milieukundige effecten van enkele emissiebeperkende en/of biodiversiteit-bevorderende maatregelen doorgerekend. De belangrijkste aandachtspunten van de 2e nota Duurzame Gewasbescherming zijn verbetering van waterkwaliteit en biodiversiteit. De gewenste verbeteringen zijn technisch haalbaar. De betaalbaarheid voor bedrijven verschilt per maatregel. Voor de aanleg van akkerranden en de overgang op selectieve middelen zijn vergoedingen uit het GLB en ketenwerking (marktsegmentatie) noodzakelijk.

Based on consultation with Member States, EFSA asked the Panel to prepare a revision of the Guidance Document on the persistence of plant protection products in soil (SANCO/9188VI/1997 of 12 July 2000) as scientific knowledge in this field has evolved in recent years. Therefore the Panel developed a revised methodology for the assessment of exposure of soil organisms to such products. Based on a previous Opinion of the Panel, this methodology has been developed both for the concentration in total soil and the concentration in the soil pore water. The goal of the exposure assessment has been chosen to be the 90th percentile of the exposure concentration in the intended area of use in each of the three regulatory geographical zones (North, Centre, South). The exposure-assessment methodology is restricted to spray applications to annual crops under conventional or reduced tillage (excluding tillage systems with ridges and furrows). The Panel proposes a tiered approach. Tier 1 is based on a simple analytical model. Tier 2A is based on simulations with numerical models. To keep the approach as simple as possible, the Panel based Tiers 1 and 2A for each regulatory zone on only one scenario each for the concentration in total soil and for that in pore water. These scenarios are to be used for all these annual crops and for all plant protection products in each regulatory zone. Tiers 2B and 2C are also based on the simple analytical model but in these tiers a specific crop or crop group and an individual plant protection product are considered. Tier 3 is based on simulations with numerical models but, as in Tiers 2B and 2C, a specific crop or crop group and a specific plant protection product are considered. All tiers aim to assess the same exposure assessment goal. Given the complexity of the calculations in the different tiers, efficient use of this tiered approach in the regulatory process is impossible without software tools. Therefore the Panel recommends developing user-friendly software tools for the calculation of the exposure concentrations in the different tiers

Colloque avec actes et comité de lecture. Internationale.; International audience

From the viewpoint of semi-abelian homology, some recent results on homology of Leibniz n-algebras can be explained categorically. In parallel with these results, we develop an analogous theory for Lie n-algebras. We also consider the relative case: homology of Leibniz n-algebras relative to the subvariety of Lie n-algebras., 14 pages

The sub-project on Economics evaluates the economic objectives of the policy documenton sustainable crop protection. The available data does not demonstrate that Dutch growersexperience any competitive disadvantage as a result of national crop protection policy.Growers are relatively positive about the crop protection policy, but are also concernedabout the potential competitive disadvantage, administrative burdens, the development ofresistance and an increasing incidence of infestations and fungal outbreaks. Integrated cropprotection would be applied and valued by many growers. In het deelproject economie wordt de economische doelstelling van de nota DuurzameGewasbescherming geëvalueerd. Op basis van de beschikbare gegevens kan niet wordenaangetoond dat Nederlandse telers concurrentienadeel ondervinden van nationaal gewasbeschermingsbeleid. Telers staan redelijk positief tegenover het gewasbeschermingsbeleid, maar zijn ook ongerust over concurrentienadeel, administratieve lasten, resistentieontwikkeling en een toenemende plaag- en schimmeldruk. Geïntegreerde gewasbescherming wordt door veel telers toegepast en gewaardeerd.

Een belangrijk onderdeel van het deelproject economie is een enquête die is gehouden onder 410 telers uit acht sectoren. De geïnterviewde telers staan positief tegenover het gewasbeschermingsbeleid (goed voor het milieu en goed voor het imago), maar zijn ook ongerust over vermeend concurrentienadeel, administratieve lasten, een toegenomen kans op resistentie en een toegenomen plaag en schimmeldruk. Geïntegreerde gewasbescherming wordt door veel geïnterviewde telers toegepast en gewaardeerd. Verplichte, emissiereducerende maatregelen ten behoeve van het Lozingenbesluit Open Teelt en Veehouderij worden door veel geïnterviewde telers toegepast, maar minder gewaardeerd. An important element of the sub-project on economics is a survey held among 410 growers in eight sectors. The growers interviewed had a positive view of the crop protection policy (in that it is good for the environment and good for their image), but are also concerned about the potential competitive disadvantage, administrative burdens, an increased risk of the development of resistance and an increased incidence of infestations and fungal outbreaks. Integrated crop protection would be applied and valued by many of the growers interviewed. Compulsory emission-reducing measures within the context of the Discharge decision for open cultivation and cattle-breeding are applied by many of the growers interviewed but are less well appreciated.