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1. Larmor Power Limit for Cyclotron Radiation of Relativistic Particles in a Waveguide

Author: Buzinsky, N., Taylor, R. J., Byron, W., DeGraw, W., Dodson, B., Fertl, M., García, A., Goodson, A. P., Graner, B., Harrington, H., Hayen, L., Malavasi, L., McClain, D., Melconian, D., Müller, P., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Savard, G., Smith, E., Stancil, D. D., Storm, D. W., Swanson, H. E., Tedeschi, J. R., VanDevender, B. A., Wietfeldt, F. E., and Young, A. R.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES) is a modern technique for high-precision energy spectroscopy, in which the energy of a charged particle in a magnetic field is measured via the frequency of the emitted cyclotron radiation. The He6-CRES collaboration aims to use CRES to probe beyond the standard model physics at the TeV scale by performing high-resolution and low-background beta-decay spectroscopy of ${}^6\textrm{He}$ and ${}^{19}\textrm{Ne}$. Having demonstrated the first observation of individual, high-energy (0.1 -- 2.5 MeV) positrons and electrons via their cyclotron radiation, the experiment provides a novel window into the radiation of relativistic charged particles in a waveguide via the time-derivative (slope) of the cyclotron radiation frequency, $\mathrm{d}f_\textrm{c}/\mathrm{d}t$. We show that analytic predictions for the total cyclotron radiation power emitted by a charged particle in circular and rectangular waveguides are approximately consistent with the Larmor formula, each scaling with the Lorentz factor of the underlying $e^\pm$ as $\gamma^4$. This hypothesis is corroborated with experimental CRES slope data., Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2024
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2. Abatement of Ionizing Radiation for Superconducting Quantum Devices

Author: Loer, B., Harrington, P. M., Archambault, B., Fuller, E., Pierson, B., Arnquist, I., Harouaka, K., Schlieder, T. D., Kim, D. K., Melville, A. J., Niedzielski, B. M., Yoder, J. K., Serniak, K., Oliver, W. D., Orrell, J. L., Bunker, R., VanDevender, B. A., and Warner, M.
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Ionizing radiation has been shown to reduce the performance of superconducting quantum circuits. In this report, we evaluate the expected contributions of different sources of ambient radioactivity for typical superconducting qubit experiment platforms. Our assessment of radioactivity inside a typical cryostat highlights the importance of selecting appropriate materials for the experiment components nearest to qubit devices, such as packaging and electrical interconnects. We present a shallow underground facility (30-meter water equivalent) to reduce the flux of cosmic rays and a lead shielded cryostat to abate the naturally occurring radiogenic gamma-ray flux in the laboratory environment. We predict that superconducting qubit devices operated in this facility could experience a reduced rate of correlated multi-qubit errors by a factor of approximately 20 relative to the rate in a typical above-ground, unshielded facility. Finally, we outline overall design improvements that would be required to further reduce the residual ionizing radiation rate, down to the limit of current generation direct detection dark matter experiments., Comment: 36 pages, 9 figures, 9 tables including appendices. To be submitted to the Journal of Instrumentation
Published: 2024
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3. Deep Learning Based Event Reconstruction for Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Cervantes, R., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gaison, J. K., Gladstone, L., Grando, M., Guigue, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., Li, M., Lindman, A., Marsteller, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Morrison, E. C., Mueller, R., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Saldaña, L., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Zayas, E., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The objective of the Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) technology is to build precise particle energy spectra. This is achieved by identifying the start frequencies of charged particle trajectories which, when exposed to an external magnetic field, leave semi-linear profiles (called tracks) in the time-frequency plane. Due to the need for excellent instrumental energy resolution in application, highly efficient and accurate track reconstruction methods are desired. Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) - particularly suited to deal with information-sparse data and which offer precise foreground localization - may be utilized to extract track properties from measured CRES signals (called events) with relative computational ease. In this work, we develop a novel machine learning based model which operates a CNN and a support vector machine in tandem to perform this reconstruction. A primary application of our method is shown on simulated CRES signals which mimic those of the Project 8 experiment - a novel effort to extract the unknown absolute neutrino mass value from a precise measurement of tritium $\beta^-$-decay energy spectrum. When compared to a point-clustering based technique used as a baseline, we show a relative gain of 24.1% in event reconstruction efficiency and comparable performance in accuracy of track parameter reconstruction., Comment: submitted to Machine Learning: Science and Technology
Published: 2024
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4. Real-time Signal Detection for Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy Measurements using Antenna Arrays

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Foust, B. T., Gaison, J. K., Grando, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Jones, A. M., Jones, B. J. P., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Li, M., Lindman, A., Marsteller, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Mucogllava, B., Mueller, R., Negi, A., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Oueslati, M., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Tedeschi, J. R., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Van De Pontselle, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a technique for precision measurement of the energies of charged particles, which is being developed by the Project 8 Collaboration to measure the neutrino mass using tritium beta-decay spectroscopy. Project 8 seeks to use the CRES technique to measure the neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 40~meV, requiring a large supply of tritium atoms stored in a multi-cubic meter detector volume. Antenna arrays are one potential technology compatible with an experiment of this scale, but the capability of an antenna-based CRES experiment to measure the neutrino mass depends on the efficiency of the signal detection algorithms. In this paper, we develop efficiency models for three signal detection algorithms and compare them using simulations from a prototype antenna-based CRES experiment as a case-study. The algorithms include a power threshold, a matched filter template bank, and a neural network based machine learning approach, which are analyzed in terms of their average detection efficiency and relative computational cost. It is found that significant improvements in detection efficiency and, therefore, neutrino mass sensitivity are achievable, with only a moderate increase in computation cost, by utilizing either the matched filter or machine learning approach in place of a power threshold, which is the baseline signal detection algorithm used in previous CRES experiments by Project 8.
Published: 2023
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5. Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons, and Neutrinos (FSNN): Whitepaper for the 2023 NSAC Long Range Plan

Author: Acharya, B., Adams, C., Aleksandrova, A. A., Alfonso, K., An, P., Baeßler, S., Balantekin, A. B., Barbeau, P. S., Bellini, F., Bellini, V., Beminiwattha, R. S., Bernauer, J. C., Bhattacharya, T., Bishof, M., Bolotnikov, A. E., Breur, P. A., Brodeur, M., Brodsky, J. P., Broussard, L. J., Brunner, T., Burdette, D. P., Caylor, J., Chiu, M., Cirigliano, V., Clark, J. A., Clayton, S. M., Daniels, T. V., Darroch, L., Davoudi, Z., de Gouvêa, A., Dekens, W., Demarteau, M., DeMille, D., Deshpande, A., Detwiler, J. A., Dodson, G. W., Dolinski, M. J., Elliott, S. R., Engel, J., Erler, J., Filippone, B. W., Fomin, N., Formaggio, J. A., Friesen, F. Q. L., Fry, J., Fujikawa, B. K., Fuller, G., Fuyuto, K., Gallant, A. T., Gallina, G., Ruiz, A. Garcia, Ruiz, R. F. Garcia, Gardner, S., Gonzalez, F. M., Gratta, G., Gruszko, J., Gudkov, V., Guiseppe, V. E., Gutierrez, T. D., Hansen, E. V., Hardy, C. A., Haxton, W. C., Hayen, L., Hedges, S., Heeger, K. M., Heffner, M., Heise, J., Henning, R., Hergert, H., Hertzog, D. W., Aguilar, D. Hervas, Holt, J. D., Hoogerheide, S. F., Hoppe, E. W., Horoi, M., Howell, C. R., Huang, M., Hutzler, N. R., Imam, K., Ito, T. M., Jamil, A., Janssens, R. V., Jayich, A. M., Jones, B. J. P., Kammel, P., Liu, K. F., Khachatryan, V., King, P. M., Klein, J. R., Kneller, J. P., Kolomensky, Yu. G., Korsch, W., Krücken, R., Kumar, K. S., Launey, K. D., Lawrence, D., Leach, K. G., Lehnert, B., Lenardo, B. G., Li, Z., Lin, H. -W., Longfellow, B., Lopez-Caceres, S., Lunardini, C., MacLellan, R., Markoff, D. M., Maruyama, R. H., Mathews, D. G., Melconian, D., Mereghetti, E., Mohanmurthy, P., Moore, D. C., Mueller, P. E., Mumm, H. P., Nazarewicz, W., Newby, J., Nicholson, A. N., Novitski, E., Ondze, J. C. Nzobadila, O'Donnell, T., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Orrell, J. L., Ouellet, J. L., Parno, D. S., Paschke, K. D., Pastore, S., Pattie Jr, R. W., Petrov, A. A., Pitt, M. L., Plaster, B., Pocanic, D., Pocar, A., Poon, A. W. P., Radford, D. C., Rahangdale, H., Rasco, B. C., Rasiwala, H., Redwine, R. P., Ritz, A., Rogers, L., Ron, G., Saldanha, R., Sangiorgio, S., Sargsyan, G. H., Saunders, A., Savard, G., Schaper, D. C., Scholberg, K., Scielzo, N. D., Seng, C. -Y., Shindler, A., Singh, J. T., Singh, M., Singh, V., Snow, W. M., Soma, A. K., Souder, P. A., Speller, D. H., Stachurska, J., Surukuchi, P. T., Oregui, B. Tapia, Tomalak, O., Torres, J. A., Tyuka, O. A., VanDevender, B. A., Varriano, L., Vogt, R., Walker-Loud, A., Wamba, K., Watkins, S. L., Wietfeldt, F. E., Williams, W. D., Wilson, J. T., Winslow, L., Yan, X. L., Yang, L., Young, A. R., Zheng, X., and Zhou, Y.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract: This whitepaper presents the research priorities decided on by attendees of the 2022 Town Meeting for Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons and Neutrinos, which took place December 13-15, 2022 in Chapel Hill, NC, as part of the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) 2023 Long Range Planning process. A total of 275 scientists registered for the meeting. The whitepaper makes a number of explicit recommendations and justifies them in detail.
Published: 2023

6. Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy of Electrons from Tritium Beta Decay and $^{83\rm m}$Kr Internal Conversion

Author: Project 8 Collaboration, Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Doe, P. J., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gaison, J. K., Gladstone, L., Guigue, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Li, M., Lindman, A., Machado, E., Marsteller, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Mueller, R., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., De Jesús, D. Rosa, Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Tedeschi, J. R., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weintroub, J., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Young, A., Zayas, E., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Project 8 has developed a novel technique, Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES), for direct neutrino mass measurements. A CRES-based experiment on the beta spectrum of tritium has been carried out in a small-volume apparatus. We provide a detailed account of the experiment, focusing on systematic effects and analysis techniques. In a Bayesian (frequentist) analysis, we measure the tritium endpoint as $18553^{+18}_{-19}$ ($18548^{+19}_{-19}$) eV and set upper limits of 155 (152) eV (90% C.L.) on the neutrino mass. No background events are observed beyond the endpoint in 82 days of running. We also demonstrate an energy resolution of $1.66\pm0.19$ eV in a resolution-optimized magnetic trap configuration by measuring $^{83\rm m}$Kr 17.8-keV internal-conversion electrons. These measurements establish CRES as a low-background, high-resolution technique with the potential to advance neutrino mass sensitivity., Comment: 41 pages, 33 figures, submitted to PRC
Published: 2023

7. G4CMP: Condensed Matter Physics Simulation Using the Geant4 Toolkit

Author: Kelsey, M. H., Agnese, R., Alam, Y. F., Langroudy, I. Ataee, Azadbakht, E., Brandt, D., Bunker, R., Cabrera, B., Chang, Y. -Y., Coombes, H., Cormier, R. M., Diamond, M. D., Edwards, E. R., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Gao, J., Harrington, P. M., Hong, Z., Hui, M., Kurinsky, N. A., Lawrence, R. E., Loer, B., Masten, M. G., Michaud, E., Michielin, E., Miller, J., Novati, V., Oblath, N. S., Orrell, J. L., Perry, W. L., Redl, P., Reynolds, T., Saab, T., Sadoulet, B., Serniak, K., Singh, J., Speaks, Z., Stanford, C., Stevens, J. R., Strube, J., Toback, D., Ullom, J. N., VanDevender, B. A., Vissers, M. R., Wilson, M. J., Wilson, J. S., Zatschler, B., and Zatschler, S.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Quantum Physics
Abstract: G4CMP simulates phonon and charge transport in cryogenic semiconductor crystals using the Geant4 toolkit. The transport code is capable of simulating the propagation of acoustic phonons as well as electron and hole charge carriers. Processes for anisotropic phonon propagation, oblique charge-carrier propagation, and phonon emission by accelerated charge carriers are included. The simulation reproduces theoretical predictions and experimental observations such as phonon caustics, heat-pulse propagation times, and mean charge-carrier drift velocities. In addition to presenting the physics and features supported by G4CMP, this report outlines example applications from the dark matter and quantum information science communities. These communities are applying G4CMP to model and design devices for which the energy transported by phonons and charge carriers is germane to the performance of superconducting instruments and circuits placed on silicon and germanium substrates. The G4CMP package is available to download from GitHub: github.com/kelseymh/G4CMP., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, 10 tables
Published: 2023
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8. SYNCA: A Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna for the Project 8 Collaboration

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Grando, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., Li, M., Lindman, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Mueller, R., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Saldaña, L., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Zayas, E., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a technique for measuring the kinetic energy of charged particles through a precision measurement of the frequency of the cyclotron radiation generated by the particle's motion in a magnetic field. The Project 8 collaboration is developing a next-generation neutrino mass measurement experiment based on CRES. One approach is to use a phased antenna array, which surrounds a volume of tritium gas, to detect and measure the cyclotron radiation of the resulting $\beta$-decay electrons. To validate the feasibility of this method, Project 8 has designed a test stand to benchmark the performance of an antenna array at reconstructing signals that mimic those of genuine CRES events. To generate synthetic CRES events, a novel probe antenna has been developed, which emits radiation with characteristics similar to the cyclotron radiation produced by charged particles in magnetic fields. This paper outlines the design, construction, and characterization of this Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna (SYNCA). Furthermore, we perform a series of measurements that use the SYNCA to test the position reconstruction capabilities of the digital beamforming reconstruction technique. We find that the SYNCA produces radiation with characteristics closely matching those expected for cyclotron radiation and reproduces experimentally the phenomenology of digital beamforming simulations of true CRES signals.
Published: 2022
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9. Tritium Beta Spectrum and Neutrino Mass Limit from Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy

Author: Project 8 Collaboration, Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Doe, P. J., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gaison, J. K., Gladstone, L., Grando, M., Guigue, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Johnston, J., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Li, M., Lindman, A., Machado, E., Marsteller, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Mueller, R., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., De Jesús, D. Rosa, Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Tedeschi, J. R., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weintroub, J., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Young, A., Zayas, E., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The absolute scale of the neutrino mass plays a critical role in physics at every scale, from the particle to the cosmological. Measurements of the tritium endpoint spectrum have provided the most precise direct limit on the neutrino mass scale. In this Letter, we present advances by Project 8 to the Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) technique culminating in the first frequency-based neutrino mass limit. With only a cm$^3$-scale physical detection volume, a limit of $m_\beta{<}$155 eV ($152$ eV) is extracted from the background-free measurement of the continuous tritium beta spectrum in a Bayesian (frequentist) analysis. Using $^{83{\rm m}}$Kr calibration data, an improved resolution of 1.66${\pm}$0.19 eV (FWHM) is measured, the detector response model is validated, and the efficiency is characterized over the multi-keV tritium analysis window. These measurements establish the potential of CRES for a high-sensitivity next-generation direct neutrino mass experiment featuring low background and high resolution., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, for submission to PRL
Published: 2022

10. First observation of cyclotron radiation from MeV-scale ${\rm e}^{pm}$ following nuclear beta decay

Author: Byron, W., Harrington, H., Taylor, R. J., DeGraw, W., Buzinsky, N., Dodson, B., Fertl, M., Garcia, A., Garvey, G., Graner, B., Guigue, M., Hayen, L., Huyan, X., Khaw, K. S., Knutsen, K., McClain, D., Melconian, D., Mueller, P., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Savard, G., Smith, E., Stancil, D. D., Sternberg, M., Storm, D. W., Swanson, H. E., Tedeschi, J. R., VanDevender, B. A., Wietfeldt, F. E., Young, A. R., and Zhu, X.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We present an apparatus for detection of cyclotron radiation that allows a frequency-based beta energy determination in the 5 keV to 5 MeV range, characteristic of nuclear beta decays. The cyclotron frequency of the radiating beta particles in a magnetic field is used to determine the beta energy precisely. Our work establishes the foundation to apply the cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES) technique, developed by the Project 8 collaboration, far beyond the 18-keV tritium endpoint region. We report initial measurements of beta^-s from 6He and beta^+s from 19Ne decays to demonstrate the broadband response of our detection system and assess potential systematic uncertainties for beta spectroscopy over the full (MeV) energy range. This work is an important benchmark for the practical application of the CRES technique to a variety of nuclei, in particular, opening its reach to searches for evidence of new physics beyond the TeV scale via precision beta-decay measurements.
Published: 2022

11. The Project 8 Neutrino Mass Experiment

Author: Project 8 Collaboration, Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Doe, P. J., Enomoto, S., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gaison, J. K., Grando, M., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., Li, M., Lindman, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Mueller, R., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Tedeschi, J. R., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Measurements of the $\beta^-$ spectrum of tritium give the most precise direct limits on neutrino mass. Project 8 will investigate neutrino mass using Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) with an atomic tritium source. CRES is a new experimental technique that has the potential to surmount the systematic and statistical limitations of current-generation direct measurement methods. Atomic tritium avoids an irreducible systematic uncertainty associated with the final states populated by the decay of molecular tritium. Project 8 will proceed in a phased approach toward a goal of 40 meV/c$^2$ neutrino-mass sensitivity., Comment: contribution to Snowmass 2021
Published: 2022

12. Viterbi Decoding of CRES Signals in Project 8

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Bogorad, Z., Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Grando, M., Guigue, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Johnston, J., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Li, M., Lindman, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Zayas, E., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a modern approach for determining charged particle energies via high-precision frequency measurements of the emitted cyclotron radiation. For CRES experiments with gas within the fiducial volume, signal and noise dynamics can be modelled by a hidden Markov model. We introduce a novel application of the Viterbi algorithm in order to derive informational limits on the optimal detection of cyclotron radiation signals in this class of gas-filled CRES experiments, thereby providing concrete limits from which future reconstruction algorithms, as well as detector designs, can be constrained. The validity of the resultant decision rules is confirmed using both Monte Carlo and Project 8 data., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2021
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13. The Design, Construction, and Commissioning of the KATRIN Experiment

Author: Aker, M., Altenmüller, K., Amsbaugh, J. F., Arenz, M., Babutzka, M., Bast, J., Bauer, S., Bechtler, H., Beck, M., Beglarian, A., Behrens, J., Bender, B., Berendes, R., Berlev, A., Besserer, U., Bettin, C., Bieringer, B., Blaum, K., Block, F., Bobien, S., Bohn, J., Bokeloh, K., Bolz, H., Bornschein, B., Bornschein, L., Böttcher, M., Bouquet, H., Boyd, N. M., Brunst, T., Burritt, T. H., Caldwell, T. S., Chaoui, Z., Chilingaryan, S., Choi, W., Corona, T. J., Cox, G. A., Debowski, K., Deffert, M., Descher, M., Barrero, D. Díaz, Doe, P. J., Dragoun, O., Drexlin, G., Dunmore, J. A., Dyba, S., Edzards, F., Eichelhardt, F., Eitel, K., Ellinger, E., Engel, R., Enomoto, S., Erhard, M., Eversheim, D., Fedkevych, M., Felden, A., Fischer, S., Formaggio, J. A., Fränkle, F. M., Franklin, G. B., Frenzel, H., Friedel, F., Fulst, A., Gauda, K., Gehring, R., Gil, W., Glück, F., Görhardt, S., Grimm, J., Grohmann, S., Groh, S., Grössle, R., Gumbsheimer, R., Hackenjos, M., Häßler, D., Hannen, V., Harms, F., Harper, G. C., Hartmann, J., Haußmann, N., Heizmann, F., Helbing, K., Held, M., Hickford, S., Hilk, D., Hillen, B., Hiller, R., Hillesheimer, D., Hinz, D., Höhn, T., Holzmann, S., Horn, S., Hötzel, M., Houdy, T., Howe, M. A., Huber, A., James, T., Jansen, A., Kaiser, M., Karl, C., Kazachenko, O., Kellerer, J., Kippenbrock, L., Kleesiek, M., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Klein, M., Köllenberger, L., Kopmann, A., Korzeczek, M., Kosmider, A., Kovalík, A., Krasch, B., Krause, H., Kraus, M., Kuckert, L., Kumb, A., Kunka, N., Lasserre, T., La Cascio, L., Lebeda, O., Leber, M. L., Lehnert, B., Leiber, B., Letnev, J., Lewis, R. J., Le, T. L., Lichter, S., Lokhov, A., Poyato, J. M. Lopez, Machatschek, M., Malcherek, E., Mark, M., Marsteller, A., Martin, E. L., Mehret, K., Meloni, M., Melzer, C., Menshikov, A., Mertens, S., Minter, L. I., Monreal, B., Mostafa, J., Müller, K., Myers, A. W., Naumann, U., Neumann, H., Niemes, S., Oelpmann, P., Off, A., Ortjohann, H. -W., Osipowicz, A., Ostrick, B., Parno, D. S., Peterson, D. A., Plischke, P., Poon, A. W. P., Prall, M., Priester, F., Ranitzsch, P. C. -O., Reich, J., Renschler, P., Rest, O., Rinderspacher, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Rodejohann, W., Rodenbeck, C., Rohr, P., Röllig, M., Röttele, C., Rupp, S., Ryšavý, M., Sack, R., Saenz, A., Sagawe, M., Schäfer, P., Schaller, A., Schimpf, L., Schlösser, K., Schlösser, M., Schlüter, L., Schneidewind, S., Schön, H., Schönung, K., Schrank, M., Schulz, B., Schwarz, J., Šefčík, M., Seitz-Moskaliuk, H., Seller, W., Sibille, V., Siegmann, D., Slezák, M., Spanier, F., Steidl, M., Sturm, M., Sun, M., Tcherniakhovski, D., Telle, H. H., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Titov, N., Tkachev, I., Trost, N., Valerius, K., VanDevender, B. A., Van Wechel, T. D., Vénos, D., Verbeek, A., Vianden, R., Hernández, A. P. Vizcaya, Vogt, K., Wall, B. L., Wandkowsky, N., Weber, M., Weingardt, H., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, C., Welte, S., Wendel, J., Wierman, K. J., Wilkerson, J. F., Wolf, J., Wüstling, S., Xu, W., Yen, Y. -R., Zacher, M., Zadoroghny, S., Zboril, M., and Zeller, G.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which aims to make a direct and model-independent determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, is a complex experiment with many components. More than 15 years ago, we published a technical design report (TDR) [https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/270060419] to describe the hardware design and requirements to achieve our sensitivity goal of 0.2 eV at 90% C.L. on the neutrino mass. Since then there has been considerable progress, culminating in the publication of first neutrino mass results with the entire beamline operating [arXiv:1909.06048]. In this paper, we document the current state of all completed beamline components (as of the first neutrino mass measurement campaign), demonstrate our ability to reliably and stably control them over long times, and present details on their respective commissioning campaigns., Comment: Added missing acknowledgement, corrected performance statement in chapter 4.2.5, updated author list and references
Published: 2021
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14. Bayesian Analysis of a Future Beta Decay Experiment's Sensitivity to Neutrino Mass Scale and Ordering

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Betancourt, M., Bogorad, Z., Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Cervantes, R., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Grando, M., Guigue, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Johnston, J., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Lindman, A., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Ottiger, M., Pettus, W., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Schram, M., Sibille, V., Slocum, P. L., Sun, Y. -H., Surukuchi, P. T., Tedeschi, J. R., Telles, A. B., Thomas, M., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Zayas, E., and Ziegler, A.
Subjects: Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Bayesian modeling techniques enable sensitivity analyses that incorporate detailed expectations regarding future experiments. A model-based approach also allows one to evaluate inferences and predicted outcomes, by calibrating (or measuring) the consequences incurred when certain results are reported. We present procedures for calibrating predictions of an experiment's sensitivity to both continuous and discrete parameters. Using these procedures and a new Bayesian model of the $\beta$-decay spectrum, we assess a high-precision $\beta$-decay experiment's sensitivity to the neutrino mass scale and ordering, for one assumed design scenario. We find that such an experiment could measure the electron-weighted neutrino mass within $\sim40\,$meV after 1 year (90$\%$ credibility). Neutrino masses $>500\,$meV could be measured within $\approx5\,$meV. Using only $\beta$-decay and external reactor neutrino data, we find that next-generation $\beta$-decay experiments could potentially constrain the mass ordering using a two-neutrino spectral model analysis. By calibrating mass ordering results, we identify reporting criteria that can be tuned to suppress false ordering claims. In some cases, a two-neutrino analysis can reveal that the mass ordering is inverted, an unobtainable result for the traditional one-neutrino analysis approach., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2020
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15. Search for $hep$ solar neutrinos and the diffuse supernova neutrino background using all three phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Krüger, A., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Labe, K., Land, B. J., Lange, R., LaTorre, A., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tešić, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: A search has been performed for neutrinos from two sources, the $hep$ reaction in the solar $pp$ fusion chain and the $\nu_e$ component of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB), using the full dataset of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with a total exposure of 2.47 kton-years after fiducialization. The $hep$ search is performed using both a single-bin counting analysis and a likelihood fit. We find a best-fit flux that is compatible with solar model predictions while remaining consistent with zero flux, and set a one-sided upper limit of $\Phi_{hep} < 30\times10^{3}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ [90% credible interval (CI)]. No events are observed in the DSNB search region, and we set an improved upper bound on the $\nu_e$ component of the DSNB flux of $\Phi^\mathrm{DSNB}_{\nu_e} < 19~\textrm{cm}^{-2}~\textrm{s}^{-1}$ (90% CI) in the energy range $22.9 < E_\nu < 36.9$~MeV., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2020
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16. Cosmogenic Neutron Production at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Curley, R., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Kéfélian, C., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kr\u, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Land, B. J., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Teš, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Neutrons produced in nuclear interactions initiated by cosmic-ray muons present an irreducible background to many rare-event searches, even in detectors located deep underground. Models for the production of these neutrons have been tested against previous experimental data, but the extrapolation to deeper sites is not well understood. Here we report results from an analysis of cosmogenically produced neutrons at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. A specific set of observables are presented, which can be used to benchmark the validity of GEANT4 physics models. In addition, the cosmogenic neutron yield, in units of $10^{-4}\;\text{cm}^{2}/\left(\text{g}\cdot\mu\right)$, is measured to be $7.28 \pm 0.09\;\text{stat.} ^{+1.59}_{-1.12}\;\text{syst.}$ in pure heavy water and $7.30 \pm 0.07\;\text{stat.} ^{+1.40}_{-1.02}\;\text{syst.}$ in NaCl-loaded heavy water. These results provide unique insights into this potential background source for experiments at SNOLAB.
Published: 2019
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17. Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy Signal Classification with Machine Learning in Project 8

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Boser, S., Buzinsky, N., Cervantes, R., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Guigue, M., Heeger, K. M., Johnston, J., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Lindman, A., Machado, E., Monreal, B., Morrison, E. C., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Pettus, W., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldana, L., Sibille, V., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Sun, Y. H., Thummler, T., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., and Zayas, E.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) technique pioneered by Project 8 measures electromagnetic radiation from individual electrons gyrating in a background magnetic field to construct a highly precise energy spectrum for beta decay studies and other applications. The detector, magnetic trap geometry, and electron dynamics give rise to a multitude of complex electron signal structures which carry information about distinguishing physical traits. With machine learning models, we develop a scheme based on these traits to analyze and classify CRES signals. Understanding and proper use of these traits will be instrumental to improve cyclotron frequency reconstruction and help Project 8 achieve world-leading sensitivity on the tritium endpoint measurement in the future., Comment: 30 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2019
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18. An improved upper limit on the neutrino mass from a direct kinematic method by KATRIN

Author: Aker, M., Altenmüller, K., Arenz, M., Babutzka, M., Barrett, J., Bauer, S., Beck, M., Beglarian, A., Behrens, J., Bergmann, T., Besserer, U., Blaum, K., Block, F., Bobien, S., Bokeloh, K., Bonn, J., Bornschein, B., Bornschein, L., Bouquet, H., Brunst, T., Caldwell, T. S., La Cascio, L., Chilingaryan, S., Choi, W., Corona, T. J., Debowski, K., Deffert, M., Descher, M., Doe, P. J., Dragoun, O., Drexlin, G., Dunmore, J. A., Dyba, S., Edzards, F., Eisenblätter, L., Eitel, K., Ellinger, E., Engel, R., Enomoto, S., Erhard, M., Eversheim, D., Fedkevych, M., Felden, A., Fischer, S., Flatt, B., Formaggio, J. A., Fränkle, F. M., Franklin, G. B., Frankrone, H., Friedel, F., Fuchs, D., Fulst, A., Furse, D., Gauda, K., Gemmeke, H., Gil, W., Glück, F., Görhardt, S., Groh, S., Grohmann, S., Grössle, R., Gumbsheimer, R., Minh, M. Ha, Hackenjos, M., Hannen, V., Harms, F., Hartmann, J., Haußmann, N., Heizmann, F., Helbing, K., Hickford, S., Hilk, D., Hillen, B., Hillesheimer, D., Hinz, D., Höhn, T., Holzapfel, B., Holzmann, S., Houdy, T., Howe, M. A., Huber, A., Jansen, A., Kaboth, A., Karl, C., Kazachenko, O., Kellerer, J., Kernert, N., Kippenbrock, L., Kleesiek, M., Klein, M., Köhler, C., Köllenberger, L., Kopmann, A., Korzeczek, M., Kosmider, A., Kovalí, A., Krasch, B., Kraus, M., Krause, H., Kuckert, L., Kuffner, B., Kunka, N., Lasserre, T., Le, T. L., Lebeda, O., Leber, M., Lehnert, B., Letnev, J., Leven, F., Lichter, S., Lobashev, V. M., Lokhov, A., Machatschek, M., Malcherek, E., Müller, K., Mark, M., Marsteller, A., Martin, E. L., Melzer, C., Menshikov, A., Mertens, S., Minter, L. I., Mirz, S., Monreal, B., Guzman, P. I. Morales, Naumann, U., Ndeke, W., Neumann, H., Niemes, S., Noe, M., Oblath, N. S., Ortjohann, H. -W., Osipowicz, A., Ostrick, B., Otten, E., Parno, D. S., Phillips II, D. G., Plischke, P., Pollithy, A., Poon, A. W. P., Pouryamout, J., Prall, M., Priester, F., Röllig, M., Röttele, C., Ranitzsch, P. C. -O., Rest, O., Rinderspacher, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Rodenbeck, C., Rohr, P., Roll, Ch., Rupp, S., Rysavy, M., Sack, R., Saenz, A., Schäfer, P., Schimpf, L., Schlösser, K., Schlösser, M., Schlüter, L., Schön, H., Schönung, K., Schrank, M., Schulz, B., Schwarz, J., Seitz-Moskaliuk, H., Seller, W., Sibille, V., Siegmann, D., Skasyrskaya, A., Slezak, M., Spalek, A., Spanier, F., Steidl, M., Steinbrink, N., Sturm, M., Suesser, M., Sun, M., Tcherniakhovski, D., Telle, H. H., Thümmler, T., Thorne, L. A., Titov, N., Tkachev, I., Trost, N., Urban, K., Venos, D., Valerius, K., VanDevender, B. A., Vianden, R., Hernandez, A. P. Vizcaya, Wall, B. L., Wüstling, S., Weber, M., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, C., Welte, S., Wendel, J., Wierman, K. J., Wilkerson, J. F., Wolf, J., Xu, W., Yen, Y. -R., Zacher, M., Zadorozhny, S., Zboril, M., and Zeller, G.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We report on the neutrino mass measurement result from the first four-week science run of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment KATRIN in spring 2019. Beta-decay electrons from a high-purity gaseous molecular tritium source are energy analyzed by a high-resolution MAC-E filter. A fit of the integrated electron spectrum over a narrow interval around the kinematic endpoint at 18.57 keV gives an effective neutrino mass square value of $(-1.0^{+0.9}_{-1.1})$ eV$^2$. From this we derive an upper limit of 1.1 eV (90$\%$ confidence level) on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos. This value coincides with the KATRIN sensitivity. It improves upon previous mass limits from kinematic measurements by almost a factor of two and provides model-independent input to cosmological studies of structure formation.
Published: 2019
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19. Locust: C++ software for simulation of RF detection

Author: Project 8 Collaboration, Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Cervantes, R., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Guigue, M., Heeger, K. M., Johnston, J., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Lindman, A., Machado, E., Monreal, B., Morrison, E. C., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Pettus, W., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldaña, L., Sibille, V., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Sun, Y. -H., Tedeschi, J. R., Thümmler, T., VanDevender, B. A., Wachtendonk, M., Walter, M., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., and Zayas, E.
Subjects: Physics - Computational Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The Locust simulation package is a new C++ software tool developed to simulate the measurement of time-varying electromagnetic fields using RF detection techniques. Modularity and flexibility allow for arbitrary input signals, while concurrently supporting tight integration with physics-based simulations as input. External signals driven by the Kassiopeia particle tracking package are discussed, demonstrating conditional feedback between Locust and Kassiopeia during software execution. An application of the simulation to the Project 8 experiment is described. Locust is publicly available at https://github.com/project8/locust_mc., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2019
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20. Measurement of neutron production in atmospheric neutrino interactions at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kruger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Land, B. J., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Singh, J., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Neutron production in GeV-scale neutrino interactions is a poorly studied process. We have measured the neutron multiplicities in atmospheric neutrino interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment and compared them to the prediction of a Monte Carlo simulation using GENIE and a minimally modified version of GEANT4. We analyzed 837 days of exposure corresponding to Phase I, using pure heavy water, and Phase II, using a mixture of Cl in heavy water. Neutrons produced in atmospheric neutrino interactions were identified with an efficiency of $15.3\%$ and $44.3\%$, for Phase I and II respectively. The neutron production is measured as a function of the visible energy of the neutrino interaction and, for charged current quasi-elastic interaction candidates, also as a function of the neutrino energy. This study is also performed classifying the complete sample into two pairs of event categories: charged current quasi-elastic and non charged current quasi-elastic, and $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_e$. Results show good overall agreement between data and Monte Carlo for both phases, with some small tension with a statistical significance below $2\sigma$ for some intermediate energies.
Published: 2019
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21. Electron Radiated Power in Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy Experiments

Author: Esfahani, A. Ashtari, Bansal, V., Boser, S., Buzinsky, N., Cervantes, R., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Doe, P. J., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Guigue, M., Heeger, K. M., Johnston, J., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., LaRoque, B. H., Leber, M., Lindman, A., Machado, E., Monreal, B., Morrison, E. C., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Pettus, W., Robertson, R. G. H., Rybka, G., Saldana, L., Sibille, V., Schram, M., Slocum, P. L., Sun, Y-H., Tedeschi, J. R., Thummler, T., VanDevender, B. A., Wachtendonk, M., Walter, M., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., and Zayas, E.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The recently developed technique of Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) uses frequency information from the cyclotron motion of an electron in a magnetic bottle to infer its kinetic energy. Here we derive the expected radio frequency signal from an electron in a waveguide CRES apparatus from first principles. We demonstrate that the frequency-domain signal is rich in information about the electron's kinematic parameters, and extract a set of measurables that in a suitably designed system are sufficient for disentangling the electron's kinetic energy from the rest of its kinematic features. This lays the groundwork for high-resolution energy measurements in future CRES experiments, such as the Project 8 neutrino mass measurement., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2019
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22. Constraints on Neutrino Lifetime from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Kéfélian, C., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Krüger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Land, B. J., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tešić, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The long baseline between the Earth and the Sun makes solar neutrinos an excellent test beam for exploring possible neutrino decay. The signature of such decay would be an energy-dependent distortion of the traditional survival probability which can be fit for using well-developed and high precision analysis methods. Here a model including neutrino decay is fit to all three phases of $^8$B solar neutrino data taken by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. This fit constrains the lifetime of neutrino mass state $\nu_2$ to be ${>8.08\times10^{-5}}$ s/eV at $90\%$ confidence. An analysis combining this SNO result with those from other solar neutrino experiments results in a combined limit for the lifetime of mass state $\nu_2$ of ${>1.04\times10^{-3}}$ s/eV at $99\%$ confidence.
Published: 2018
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23. Tests of Lorentz invariance at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Kefelian, C., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kruger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Labe, K., Land, B. J., Lange, R., LaTorre, A., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Winchester, T., Wilson, J. R., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Experimental tests of Lorentz symmetry in systems of all types are critical for ensuring that the basic assumptions of physics are well-founded. Data from all phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, a kiloton-scale heavy water Cherenkov detector, are analyzed for possible violations of Lorentz symmetry in the neutrino sector. Such violations would appear as one of eight possible signal types in the detector: six seasonal variations in the solar electron neutrino survival probability differing in energy and time dependence, and two shape changes to the oscillated solar neutrino energy spectrum. No evidence for such signals is observed, and limits on the size of such effects are established in the framework of the Standard Model Extension, including 40 limits on perviously unconstrained operators and improved limits on 15 additional operators. This makes limits on all minimal, Dirac-type Lorentz violating operators in the neutrino sector available for the first time.
Published: 2018
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24. The search for neutron-antineutron oscillations at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Earle, E. D., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kruger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., OrebiGann, G. D., Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Simpson, J. J., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Tests on $B-L$ symmetry breaking models are important probes to search for new physics. One proposed model with $\Delta(B-L)=2$ involves the oscillations of a neutron to an antineutron. In this paper a new limit on this process is derived for the data acquired from all three operational phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment. The search was concentrated in oscillations occurring within the deuteron, and 23 events are observed against a background expectation of 30.5 events. These translate to a lower limit on the nuclear lifetime of $1.48\times 10^{31}$ years at 90% confidence level (CL) when no restriction is placed on the signal likelihood space (unbounded). Alternatively, a lower limit on the nuclear lifetime was found to be $1.18\times 10^{31}$ years at 90% CL when the signal was forced into a positive likelihood space (bounded). Values for the free oscillation time derived from various models are also provided in this article. This is the first search for neutron-antineutron oscillation with the deuteron as a target., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2017
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25. Project 8 detector upgrades for a tritium beta decay spectrum using cyclotron radiation

Author: Esfahani, A Ashtari, Böser, S, Claessens, C, de Viveiros, L, Doe, P J, Doeleman, S, Fertl, M, Finn, E C, Formaggio, J A, Guigue, M, Heeger, K M, Jones, A M, Kazkaz, K, LaRoque, B H, Machado, E, Monreal, B, Nikkel, J A, Oblath, N S, Robertson, R G H, Rosenberg, L J, Rybka, G, Saldaña, L, Slocum, P L, Tedeschi, J R, Thümmler, T, Vandevender, B A, Wachtendonk, M, Weintroub, J, Young, A, and Zayas, E
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Following the successful observation of single conversion electrons from $^{83m}$Kr using Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES), Project 8 is now advancing its focus toward a tritium beta decay spectrum. A tritium spectrum will be an important next step toward a direct measurement of the neutrino mass for Project 8. Here we discuss recent progress on the development and commissioning of a new gas cell for use with tritium, and outline the primary goals of the experiment for the near future., Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK
Published: 2017

26. Project 8 Phase III Design Concept

Author: Esfahani, A Ashtari, Böser, S, Claessens, C, de Viveiros, L, Doe, P J, Doeleman, S, Fertl, M, Finn, E C, Formaggio, J A, Guigue, M, Heeger, K M, Jones, A M, Kazkaz, K, LaRoque, B H, Machado, E, Monreal, B, Nikkel, J A, Oblath, N S, Robertson, R G H, Rosenberg, L J, Rybka, G, Saldaña, L, Slocum, P L, Tedeschi, J R, Thümmler, T, VanDevender, B A, Wachtendonk, M, Weintroub, J, Young, A, and Zayas, E
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We present a working concept for Phase III of the Project 8 experiment, aiming to achieve a neutrino mass sensitivity of $2~\mathrm{eV}$ ($90~\%$ C.L.) using a large volume of molecular tritium and a phased antenna array. The detection system is discussed in detail., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK
Published: 2017
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27. Results from the Project 8 phase-1 cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy detector

Author: Esfahani, A Ashtari, Böser, S, Claessens, C, de Viveiros, L, Doe, P J, Doeleman, S, Fertl, M, Finn, E C, Formaggio, J A, Guigue, M, Heeger, K M, Jones, A M, Kazkaz, K, LaRoque, B H, Machado, E, Monreal, B, Nikkel, J A, Oblath, N S, Robertson, R G H, Rosenberg, L J, Rybka, G, Saldaña, L, Slocum, P L, Tedeschi, J R, Thümmler, T, Vandevender, B A, Wachtendonk, M, Weintroub, J, Young, A, and Zayas, E
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The Project 8 collaboration seeks to measure the absolute neutrino mass scale by means of precision spectroscopy of the beta decay of tritium. Our technique, cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy, measures the frequency of the radiation emitted by electrons produced by decays in an ambient magnetic field. Because the cyclotron frequency is inversely proportional to the electron's Lorentz factor, this is also a measurement of the electron's energy. In order to demonstrate the viability of this technique, we have assembled and successfully operated a prototype system, which uses a rectangular waveguide to collect the cyclotron radiation from internal conversion electrons emitted from a gaseous $^{83m}$Kr source. Here we present the main design aspects of the first phase prototype, which was operated during parts of 2014 and 2015. We will also discuss the procedures used to analyze these data, along with the features which have been observed and the performance achieved to date., Comment: 3 pages; 2 figures; Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK
Published: 2017
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28. Fundamental Symmetries, Neutrons, and Neutrinos (FSNN): Whitepaper for the 2023 NSAC Long Range Plan

Author: Acharya, B, primary, Adams, C, additional, Aleksandrova, A, additional, Alfonso, K, additional, An, P, additional, Baessler, S, additional, Balantekin, A, additional, Barbeau, P, additional, Bellini, F, additional, Bellini, V, additional, Beminiwatha, R, additional, Bernauer, J, additional, Bhattacharya, T, additional, Bishof, M, additional, Bolotnikov, A, additional, Breur, P, additional, Brodeur, M, additional, Brodsky, J, additional, Broussard, L, additional, Brunner, T, additional, Burdette, D, additional, Caylor, J, additional, Chiu, M, additional, Cirigliano, V, additional, Clark, J, additional, Clayton, S, additional, Daniels, T, additional, Darroch, L, additional, Davoudi, Z, additional, de Gouvea, A, additional, Dekens, W, additional, Demarteau, M, additional, DeMille, D, additional, Deshpande, A, additional, Detwiler, J, additional, Dodson, G, additional, Kolinski, M, additional, Elliott, S, additional, Engel, J, additional, Erler, J, additional, Filippone, B, additional, Fomin, N, additional, Formaggio, J, additional, Fry, J, additional, Fujikawa, B, additional, Fuller, G, additional, Fuyuto, K, additional, Gallant, A, additional, Gallina, G, additional, Garcia Ruiz, A, additional, Garcia Ruiz, R, additional, Gardner, S, additional, Gonzalez, F, additional, Gratta, G, additional, Gruszko, J, additional, Gudkov, V, additional, Giuseppe, V, additional, Gutierrez, T, additional, Hansen, E, additional, Hardy, C, additional, Haxton, W, additional, Hayer, L, additional, Hedges, S, additional, Heeger, K, additional, Heffner, M, additional, Heise, J, additional, Henning, R, additional, Hergert, H, additional, Hertzog, D, additional, Hervas Aguilar, D, additional, Holt, J, additional, Hoogerheide, S, additional, Hoppe, E, additional, Horoi, M, additional, Howell, C, additional, Huang, M, additional, Hutzler, N, additional, Imam, K, additional, Ito, T, additional, Jamil, A, additional, Janssens, R, additional, Jayich, A, additional, Kammel, P, additional, Liu, K, additional, Khachatryan, V, additional, King, P, additional, Klein, J, additional, Kneller, J, additional, Kolomensky, Y, additional, Korsch, W, additional, Krucken, R, additional, Kumar, K, additional, Launey, K, additional, Lawrence, D, additional, Leach, K, additional, Lehnert, B, additional, Lenardo, B, additional, Li, Z, additional, Lin, H, additional, Longfellow, B, additional, Lopez-Caceres, S, additional, Lunardini, C, additional, MacLellan, R, additional, Markoff, D, additional, Maruyama, R, additional, Mathews, D, additional, Melconian, D, additional, Mereghetti, E, additional, Mohanmurthy, P, additional, Moore, D, additional, Mueller, P, additional, Mumm, H, additional, Nazarewicz, W, additional, Newby, J, additional, Nicholson, A, additional, Novitski, E, additional, Nzobadila Ondze, J, additional, O'Donnell, T, additional, Orebi Gann, G, additional, Orrell, J, additional, Ouellet, J, additional, Parno, D, additional, Paschke, K, additional, Pastore, S, additional, Pattie Jr, R, additional, Petrov, A, additional, Pitt, M, additional, Plaster, B, additional, Pocanic, D, additional, Pocar, A, additional, Radford, D, additional, Rahangdale, H, additional, Rasco, B, additional, Rasiwala, H, additional, Redwine, R, additional, Ritz, A, additional, Rogers, L, additional, Ron, G, additional, Saldanha, R, additional, Sangiorgio, S, additional, Sargsyan, G, additional, Saunders, A, additional, Savard, G, additional, Schaper, D, additional, Scholberg, K, additional, Scielzo, N, additional, Seng, C, additional, Shindler, A, additional, Singh, J, additional, Singh, M, additional, Singh, V, additional, Snow, W, additional, Soma, A, additional, Souder, P, additional, Speller, D, additional, Stachurska, J, additional, Surukuchi, P, additional, Tapia Oregui, B, additional, Tomalak, O, additional, Torres, J, additional, Tyuka, O, additional, VanDevender, B, additional, Varriano, L, additional, Vogt, R, additional, Walker-Loud, A, additional, Wamba, K, additional, Watkins, S, additional, Wietfeldt, F, additional, Williams, W, additional, Wilson, J, additional, Winslow, L, additional, Yan, X, additional, Yang, L, additional, Young, A, additional, Zheng, X, additional, and Zhou, Y, additional
Published: 2023
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29. Single electron detection and spectroscopy via relativistic cyclotron radiation

Author: Asner, D. M., Bradley, R. F., de Viveiros, L., Doe, P. J., Fernandes, J. L., Fertl, M., Finn, E. C., Formaggio, J. A., Furse, D., Jones, A. M., Kofron, J. N., LaRoque, B. H., Leber, M., McBride, E. L., Miller, M. L., Mohanmurthy, P., Monreal, B., Oblath, N. S., Robertson, R. G. H., Rosenberg, L. J, Rybka, G., Rysewyk, D., Sternberg, M. G., Tedeschi, J. R., Thummler, T., VanDevender, B. A., and Woods, N. L.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: It has been understood since 1897 that accelerating charges must emit electromagnetic radiation. Cyclotron radiation, the particular form of radiation emitted by an electron orbiting in a magnetic field, was first derived in 1904. Despite the simplicity of this concept, and the enormous utility of electron spectroscopy in nuclear and particle physics, single-electron cyclotron radiation has never been observed directly. Here we demonstrate single-electron detection in a novel radiofrequency spec- trometer. We observe the cyclotron radiation emitted by individual magnetically-trapped electrons that are produced with mildly-relativistic energies by a gaseous radioactive source. The relativistic shift in the cyclotron frequency permits a precise electron energy measurement. Precise beta elec- tron spectroscopy from gaseous radiation sources is a key technique in modern efforts to measure the neutrino mass via the tritium decay endpoint, and this work demonstrates a fundamentally new approach to precision beta spectroscopy for future neutrino mass experiments., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2014
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30. Focal-plane detector system for the KATRIN experiment

Author: Amsbaugh, J. F., Barrett, J., Beglarian, A., Bergmann, T., Bichsel, H., Bodine, L. I., Bonn, J., Boyd, N. M., Burritt, T. H., Chaoui, Z., Chilingaryan, S., Corona, T. J., Doe, P. J., Dunmore, J. A., Enomoto, S., Fischer, J., Formaggio, J. A., Fränkle, F. M., Furse, D., Gemmeke, H., Glück, F., Harms, F., Harper, G. C., Hartmann, J., Howe, M. A., Kaboth, A., Kelsey, J., Knauer, M., Kopmann, A., Leber, M. L., Martin, E. L., Middleman, K. J., Myers, A. W., Oblath, N. S., Parno, D. S., Peterson, D. A., Petzold, L., Phillips II, D. G., Renschler, P., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwarz, J., Steidl, M., Tcherniakhovski, D., Thümmler, T., Van Wechel, T. D., VanDevender, B. A., Vöcking, S., Wall, B. L., Wierman, K. L., Wilkerson, J. F., and Wüstling, S.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The focal-plane detector system for the KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment consists of a multi-pixel silicon p-i-n-diode array, custom readout electronics, two superconducting solenoid magnets, an ultra high-vacuum system, a high-vacuum system, calibration and monitoring devices, a scintillating veto, and a custom data-acquisition system. It is designed to detect the low-energy electrons selected by the KATRIN main spectrometer. We describe the system and summarize its performance after its final installation., Comment: 28 pages. Two figures revised for clarity. Final version published in Nucl. Inst. Meth. A
Published: 2014
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31. New results in rare allowed muon and pion decays

Author: Pocanic, D., Munyangabe, E., Bychkov, M., Baranov, V. A., Bertl, W., Bystritsky, Yu. M., Frlez, E., Kalinnikov, V. A., Khomutov, N. V., Korenchenko, A. S., Korenchenko, S. M., Korolija, M., Kozlowski, T., Kravchuk, N. P., Kuchinsky, N. A., Lehman, M. C., Mekterovic, D., Mzhavia, D., Palladino, A., Robmann, P., Rozhdestvensky, A. M., Supek, I., Truoel, P., Tsamalaidze, Z., van der Schaaf, A., Vandevender, B., Velicheva, E. P., and Volnykh, V. P.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: Simple dynamics, few available decay channels, and highly controlled radiative and loop corrections, make pion and muon decays a sensitive means of exploring details of the underlying symmetries. We review the current status of the rare decays: pi+ -> e+ nu, pi+ -> e+ nu gamma, pi+ -> pi0 e+ nu, and mu+ -> e+ nu nu-bar gamma. For the latter we report new preliminary values for the branching ratio B(E_gamma >10 MeV, theta_(e-gamma) > 30deg) = 4.365 (9)_stat (42)_syst x 10^{-3}, and the decay parameter eta-bar = 0.006 (17)_stat (18)_syst, both in excellent agreement with standard model predictions. We review recent measurements, particularly by the PIBETA and PEN experiments, and near-term prospects for improvement. These and other similar precise low energy studies complement modern collider results materially., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, talk presented at the 9th International Workshop on e+ e- Collisions "From phi to psi 2013", held in Rome, 9-12 Sept 2013
Published: 2014
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32. Method of Fission Product Beta Spectra Measurements for Predicting Reactor Anti-neutrino Emission

Author: Asner, D. M., Burns, K., Campbell, L. W., Greenfield, B., Kos, M. S., Orrell, J. L., Schram, M., VanDevender, B., Wood, 1 L. S., and Wootan, D. W.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The nuclear fission process that occurs in the core of nuclear reactors results in unstable, neutron rich fission products that subsequently beta decay and emit electron anti-neutrinos. These reactor neutrinos have served neutrino physics research from the initial discovery of the neutrino to current precision measurements of neutrino mixing angles. The prediction of the absolute flux and energy spectrum of the emitted reactor neutrinos hinges upon a series of seminal papers based on measurements performed in the 1970s and 1980s. The steadily improving reactor neutrino measurement techniques and recent re-considerations of the agreement between the predicted and observed reactor neutrino flux motivates revisiting the underlying beta spectra measurements. A method is proposed to use an accelerator proton beam delivered to an engineered target to yield a neutron field tailored to reproduce the neutron energy spectrum present in the core of an operating nuclear reactor. Foils of the primary reactor fissionable isotopes placed in this tailored neutron flux will ultimately emit beta particles from the resultant fission products. Measurement of these beta particles in a time projection chamber with a perpendicular magnetic field provides a distinctive set of systematic considerations for comparison to the original seminal beta spectra measurements. Ancillary measurements such as gamma-ray emission and post-irradiation radiochemical analysis will further constrain the absolute normalization of beta emissions per fission. The requirements for unfolding the beta spectra measured with this method into a predicted reactor neutrino spectrum are explored., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2014
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33. Dead layer on silicon p-i-n diode charged-particle detectors

Author: Wall, B. L., Amsbaugh, J. F., Beglarian, A., Bergmann, T., Bichsel, H. C., Bodine, L. I., Boyd, N. M., Burritt, T. H., Chaoui, Z., Corona, T. J., Doe, P. J., Enomoto, S., Harms, F., Harper, G. C., Howe, M. A., Martin, E. L., Parno, D. S., Peterson, D. A., Petzold, L., Renschler, P., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwarz, J., Steidl, M., Van Wechel, T. D., VanDevender, B. A., Wüstling, S., Wierman, K. J., and Wilkerson, J. F.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Semiconductor detectors in general have a dead layer at their surfaces that is either a result of natural or induced passivation, or is formed during the process of making a contact. Charged particles passing through this region produce ionization that is incompletely collected and recorded, which leads to departures from the ideal in both energy deposition and resolution. The silicon \textit{p-i-n} diode used in the KATRIN neutrino-mass experiment has such a dead layer. We have constructed a detailed Monte Carlo model for the passage of electrons from vacuum into a silicon detector, and compared the measured energy spectra to the predicted ones for a range of energies from 12 to 20 keV. The comparison provides experimental evidence that a substantial fraction of the ionization produced in the "dead" layer evidently escapes by diffusion, with 46% being collected in the depletion zone and the balance being neutralized at the contact or by bulk recombination. The most elementary model of a thinner dead layer from which no charge is collected is strongly disfavored., Comment: Manuscript submitted to NIM A
Published: 2013
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34. Project 8: Determining neutrino mass from tritium beta decay using a frequency-based method

Author: Doe, P. J., Kofron, J., McBride, E. L., Robertson, R. G. H., Rosenberg, L. J, Rybka, G., Doelman, S., Rogers, A., Formaggio, J. A., Furse, D., Oblath, N. S., LaRoque, B. H., Leber, M., Monreal, B., Bahr, M., Asner, D. M., Jones, A. M., Fernandes, J., VanDevender, B. A., Patterson, R., Bradley, R., and Thuemmler, T.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: A general description is given of Project 8, a new approach to measuring the neutrino mass scale via the beta decay of tritium. In Project 8, the energy of electrons emitted in beta decay is determined from the frequency of cyclotron radiation emitted as the electrons spiral in a uniform magnetic field., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure. White paper submitted to Snowmass Conference 2013
Published: 2013

35. A Search for Astrophysical Burst Signals at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Detwiler, J. A., DiMarco, M., Diamond, M. D., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Earle, E. D., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Krueger, A., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Simpson, J. J., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Watson, P. J. S., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Wouters, J. M., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) has confirmed the standard solar model and neutrino oscillations through the observation of neutrinos from the solar core. In this paper we present a search for neutrinos associated with sources other than the solar core, such as gamma-ray bursters and solar flares. We present a new method for looking for temporal coincidences between neutrino events and astrophysical bursts of widely varying intensity. No correlations were found between neutrinos detected in SNO and such astrophysical sources.
Published: 2013
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36. Predicting Reactor Antineutrino Emissions Using New Precision Beta Spectroscopy

Author: Asner, D., Burns, K. A., Greenfield, B., Kos, M. S., Orrell, J. L., Schram, M., VanDevender, B. A., and Wootan, D.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: A conceptual experimental method for providing a new measurement of the underlying beta decay spectra from fission products is presented. The goal is to provide additional information related to the prediction of the antineutrino emission spectra from fission reactors and assist evaluation of the reactor neutrino anomaly., Comment: Submitted as part of the Snowmass 2013 Electronics Proceedings
Published: 2013

37. The C-4 Dark Matter Experiment

Author: Bonicalzi, R. M., Collar, J. I., Colaresi, J., Fast, J. E., Fields, N. E., Fuller, E. S., Hai, M., Hossbach, T. W., Kos, M. S., Orrell, J. L., Overman, C. T., Reid, D. J., VanDevender, B. A., Wiseman, C., and Yocum, K. M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We describe the experimental design of C-4, an expansion of the CoGeNT dark matter search to four identical detectors each approximately three times the mass of the p-type point contact germanium diode presently taking data at the Soudan Underground Laboratory. Expected reductions of radioactive backgrounds and energy threshold are discussed, including an estimate of the additional sensitivity to low-mass dark matter candidates to be obtained with this search., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2012
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38. Performance of a TiN-coated monolithic silicon pin-diode array under mechanical stress

Author: VanDevender, B. A., Bodine, L. I., Myers, A. W., Amsbaugh, J. F., Howe, M. A., Leber, M. L., Robertson, R. G. H., Tolich, K., Van Wechel, T. D., and Wall, B. L.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) will detect tritium beta- decay electrons that pass through its electromagnetic spectrometer with a highly- segmented monolithic silicon pin-diode focal-plane detector (FPD). This pin-diode array will be on a single piece of 500-{\mu}m-thick silicon, with contact between titanium nitride (TiN) coated detector pixels and front-end electronics made by spring-loaded pogo pins. The pogo pins will exert a total force of up to 50N on the detector, deforming it and resulting in mechanical stress up to 50 MPa in the silicon bulk. We have evaluated a prototype pin-diode array with a pogo-pin connection scheme similar to the KATRIN FPD. We find that pogo pins make good electrical contact to TiN and observe no effects on detector resolution or reverse-bias leakage current which can be attributed to mechanical stress., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2012
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39. Combined Analysis of all Three Phases of Solar Neutrino Data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Detwiler, J. A., DiMarco, M., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Earle, E. D., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kruger, A, Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Rosten, R. C., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Simpson, J. J., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tešić, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Watson, P. J. S., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Wouters, J. M., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We report results from a combined analysis of solar neutrino data from all phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. By exploiting particle identification information obtained from the proportional counters installed during the third phase, this analysis improved background rejection in that phase of the experiment. The combined analysis resulted in a total flux of active neutrino flavors from 8B decays in the Sun of (5.25 \pm 0.16(stat.)+0.11-0.13(syst.))\times10^6 cm^{-2}s^{-1}. A two-flavor neutrino oscillation analysis yielded \Deltam^2_{21} = (5.6^{+1.9}_{-1.4})\times10^{-5} eV^2 and tan^2{\theta}_{12}= 0.427^{+0.033}_{-0.029}. A three-flavor neutrino oscillation analysis combining this result with results of all other solar neutrino experiments and the KamLAND experiment yielded \Deltam^2_{21} = (7.41^{+0.21}_{-0.19})\times10^{-5} eV^2, tan^2{\theta}_{12} = 0.446^{+0.030}_{-0.029}, and sin^2{\theta}_{13} = (2.5^{+1.8}_{-1.5})\times10^{-2}. This implied an upper bound of sin^2{\theta}_{13} < 0.053 at the 95% confidence level (C.L.).
Published: 2011
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40. Measurement of the $\nu_e$ and Total $^{8}$B Solar Neutrino Fluxes with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Phase-III Data Set

Author: Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Amsbaugh, J. F., Anaya, J. M., Anthony, A. E., Banar, J., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Bowles, T. J., Browne, M. C., Bullard, T. V., Burritt, T. H., Cai, B., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Currat, C. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Detwiler, J. A., DiMarco, M., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Dragowsky, M. R., Drouin, P. -L., Duba, C. A., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Earle, E. D., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Fowler, M. M., Gagnon, N., Germani, J. V., Goldschmidt, A., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Hamian, A. A., Harper, G. C., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heeger, K. M., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Henning, R., Hime, A., Howard, C., Howe, M. A., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Krueger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Mifflin, C., Miller, G. G., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Morissette, B., Myers, A. W., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Rollin, E., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Simpson, J. J., Skensved, P., Smith, M. W. E., Sonley, T. J., Steiger, T. D., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Thornewell, P. M., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Tunnell, C. D., Van Wechel, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wendland, J., West, N., Wilhelmy, J. B., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Wouters, J. M., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: This paper details the solar neutrino analysis of the 385.17-day Phase-III data set acquired by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). An array of $^3$He proportional counters was installed in the heavy-water target to measure precisely the rate of neutrino-deuteron neutral-current interactions. This technique to determine the total active $^8$B solar neutrino flux was largely independent of the methods employed in previous phases. The total flux of active neutrinos was measured to be $5.54^{+0.33}_{-0.31}(stat.)^{+0.36}_{-0.34}(syst.)\times 10^{6}$ cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, consistent with previous measurements and standard solar models. A global analysis of solar and reactor neutrino mixing parameters yielded the best-fit values of $\Delta m^2 = 7.59^{+0.19}_{-0.21}\times 10^{-5}{eV}^2$ and $\theta = 34.4^{+1.3}_{-1.2}$ degrees., Comment: 104 pages, 26 figures, 20 tables, submitted to Phys. Rev. C
Published: 2011
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41. Four methods for determining the composition of trace radioactive surface contamination of low-radioactivity metal

Author: O'Keeffe, H. M., Burritt, T. H., Cleveland, B. T., Doucas, G., Gagnon, N., Jelley, N. A., Kraus, C., Lawson, I. T., Majerus, S., McGee, S. R., Myers, A. W., Poon, A. W. P., Rielage, K., Robertson, R. G. H., Rosten, R. C., Stonehill, L. C., VanDevender, B. A., and Van Wechel, T. D.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Four methods for determining the composition of low-level uranium- and thorium-chain surface contamination are presented. One method is the observation of Cherenkov light production in water. In two additional methods a position-sensitive proportional counter surrounding the surface is used to make both a measurement of the energy spectrum of alpha particle emissions and also coincidence measurements to derive the thorium-chain content based on the presence of short-lived isotopes in that decay chain. The fourth method is a radiochemical technique in which the surface is eluted with a weak acid, the eluate is concentrated, added to liquid scintillator and assayed by recording beta-alpha coincidences. These methods were used to characterize two `hotspots' on the outer surface of one of the He-3 proportional counters in the Neutral Current Detection array of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment. The methods have similar sensitivities, of order tens of ng, to both thorium- and uranium-chain contamination., Comment: 22 pages, 19 figures
Published: 2011
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42. New Precise Measurement of the Pion Weak Form Factors in the Pi+ -> e+ nu gamma Decay

Author: Bychkov, M., Počanić, D., VanDevender, B. A., Baranov, V. A., Bertl, W., Bystritsky, Yu. M., Frlež, E., Kalinnikov, V. A., Khomutov, N. V., Korenchenko, A. S., Korenchenko, S. M., Korolija, M., Kozlowski, T., Kravchuk, N. P., Kuchinsky, N. A., Li, W., Mekterović, D., Mzhavia, D., Ritt, S., Robmann, P., Rondon-Aramayo, O. A., Rozhdestvensky, A. M., Sakhelashvili, T., Scheu, S., Straumann, U., Supek, I., Tsamalaidze, Z., van der Schaaf, A., Velicheva, E. P., Volnykh, V. P., Wang, Y., and Wirtz, H. -P.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We have measured the $\pi^+\to {\rm e}^+\nu\gamma$ branching ratio over a wide region of phase space, based on a total of 65,460 events acquired using the PIBETA detector. Minimum-$\chi^2$ fits to the measured $(E_{e^+},E_\gamma)$ energy distributions result in the weak form factor value of $F_A=0.0119(1)$ with a fixed value of $F_V=0.0259$. An unconstrained fit yields $F_V=0.0258(17)$ and $F_A=0.0117(17)$. In addition, we have measured $a=0.10(6)$ for the dependence of $F_V$ on $q^2$, the ${\rm e}^{+}\nu$ pair invariant mass squared, parametrized as $F_V(q^2)=F_V(0)(1+a\cdot q^2)$. The branching ratio for the kinematic region $E_\gamma > 10 $MeV and $\theta_{{\rm e^+}\gamma} > 40^\circ $ is measured to be $B^{\rm exp}=73.86(54) \times 10^{-8}$. Earlier deviations we reported in the high-$E_\gamma$/low-$E_{{\rm e}^+}$ kinematic region are resolved, and we find full compatibility with CVC and standard $V$$-$$A$ calculations without a tensor term. We also derive new values for the pion polarizability, $\alpha_E = \rm 2.78(10) \times 10^{-4} fm^3$, and neutral pion lifetime, $\tau_{\pi 0} = (8.5 \pm 1.1) \times 10^{-17} $s., Comment: 4 pages, 2 PDF figures
Published: 2008
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43. An array of low-background $^3$He proportional counters for the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: Amsbaugh, J. F., Anaya, J. M., Banar, J., Bowles, T. J., Browne, M. C., Bullard, T. V., Burritt, T. H., Cox-Mobrand, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Di Marco, M., Doe, P. J., Dragowsky, M. R., Duba, C. A., Duncan, F. A., Earle, E. D., Elliott, S. R., Esch, E. -I., Fergani, H., Formaggio, J. A., Fowler, M. M., Franklin, J. E., Geissbühler, P., Germani, J. V., Goldschmidt, A., Guillian, E., Hallin, A. L., Harper, G., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heeger, K. M., Heise, J., Hime, A., Howe, M. A., Huang, M., Kormos, L. L., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Loach, J. C., Majerus, S., Manor, J., McGee, S., Miknaitis, K. K. S., Miller, G. G., Morissette, B., Myers, A., Oblath, N. S., O'Keeffe, H. M., Ollerhead, R. W., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, R. G. H., Skensved, P., Smith, A. R., Smith, M. W. E., Steiger, T. D., Stonehill, L. C., Thornewell, P. M., Tolich, N., VanDevender, B. A., Van Wechel, T. D., Wall, B. L., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wendland, J., West, N., Wilhelmy, J. B., Wilkerson, J. F., and Wouters, J. M.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: An array of Neutral-Current Detectors (NCDs) has been built in order to make a unique measurement of the total active flux of solar neutrinos in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). Data in the third phase of the SNO experiment were collected between November 2004 and November 2006, after the NCD array was added to improve the neutral-current sensitivity of the SNO detector. This array consisted of 36 strings of proportional counters filled with a mixture of $^3$He and CF$_4$ gas capable of detecting the neutrons liberated by the neutrino-deuteron neutral current reaction in the D$_2$O, and four strings filled with a mixture of $^4$He and CF$_4$ gas for background measurements. The proportional counter diameter is 5 cm. The total deployed array length was 398 m. The SNO NCD array is the lowest-radioactivity large array of proportional counters ever produced. This article describes the design, construction, deployment, and characterization of the NCD array, discusses the electronics and data acquisition system, and considers event signatures and backgrounds., Comment: 32 pages, 18 figures, 6 tables
Published: 2007
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44. Precise Measurement of the Pi+ -> Pi0 e+ nu Branching Ratio

Author: Pocanic, D., Frlez, E., Baranov, V. A., Bertl, W., Broennimann, C., Bychkov, M., Crawford, J. F., Daum, M., Khomutov, N. V., Korenchenko, A. S., Korenchenko, S. M., Kozlowski, T., Kravchuk, N. P., Kuchinsky, N. A., Li, W., Minehart, R. C., Mzhavia, D., Ritchie, B. G., Ritt, S., Rozhdestvensky, A. M., Sidorkin, V. V., Smith, L. C., Supek, I., Tsamalaidze, Z., VanDevender, B. A., Wang, Y., Wirtz, H. -P., and Ziock, K. O. H.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Using a large acceptance calorimeter and a stopped pion beam we have made a precise measurement of the rare Pi+ -> Pi0 e+ Nu,(pi_beta) decay branching ratio. We have evaluated the branching ratio by normalizing the number of observed pi_beta decays to the number of observed Pi+ -> e+ Nu, (pi_{e2}) decays. We find the value of Gamma(Pi+ -> Pi0 e+ Nu)/Gamma(total) = [1.036 +/- 0.004(stat.) +/- 0.004(syst.) +/- 0.003(pi_{e2})] x 10^{-8}$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third is the pi_{e2} branching ratio uncertainty. Our result agrees well with the Standard Model prediction., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, revtex4; changed content; updated analysis
Published: 2003
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45. Precise Measurement of the Pion Axial Form Factor in the Pi+ -> e+ nu gamma Decay

Author: Frlez, E., Pocanic, D., Baranov, V. A., Bertl, W., Bychkov, M., Khomutov, N. V., Korenchenko, A. S., Korenchenko, S. M., Kozlowski, T., Kravchuk, N. P., Kuchinsky, N. A., Li, W., Minehart, R. C., Mzhavia, D., Ritchie, B. G., Ritt, S., Rozhdestvensky, A. M., Sidorkin, V. V., Smith, L. C., Supek, I., Tsamalaidze, Z., VanDevender, B. A., Velicheva, E. P., Wang, Y., Wirtz, H. -P., and Ziock, K. O. H.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We have studied radiative pion decays Pi+ -> e+ nu gamma in three broad kinematic regions using the PIBETA detector and a stopped pion beam. Based on Dalitz distributions of 42,209 events we have evaluated absolute Pi -> e nu gamma branching ratios in the three regions. Minimum chi^2 fits to the integral and differential (E(e+),E(gamma)) distributions result in the axial-to-vector weak form factor ratio of gamma = F_A/F_V = 0.443(15),or F_A = 0.0115(4) with F_V = 0.0259. However, deviations from Standard Model predictions in the high-E(gamma)/low-E(e+) kinematic region indicate the need for further theoretical and experimental work., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, revtex4
Published: 2003
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46. Design, Commissioning and Performance of the PIBETA Detector at PSI

Author: Frlez, E., Pocanic, D., Assamagan, K. A., Bagaturia, Yu., Baranov, V. A., Bertl, W., Broennimann, Ch., Bychkov, M. A., Crawford, J. F., Daum, M., Fluegel, Th., Frosch, R., Horisberger, R., Kalinnikov, V. A., Karpukhin, V. V., Khomutov, N. V., Koglin, J. E., Korenchenko, A. S., Korenchenko, S. M., Kozlowski, T., Krause, B., Kravchuk, N. P., Kuchinsky, N. A., Li, W., Lawrence, D. W., Minehart, R. C., Mzhavia, D., Obermeier, H., Renker, D., Ritchie, B. G., Ritt, S., Sakhelashvili, T., Schnyder, R., Sidorkin, V. V., Slocum, P. L., Smith, L. C., Soic, N., Stephens, W. A., Supek, I., Tsamalaidze, Z., VanDevender, B. A., Wang, Y., Wirtz, H. -P., and Ziock, K. O. H.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We describe the design, construction and performance of the PIBETA detector built for the precise measurement of the branching ratio of pion beta decay, pi+ -> pi0 e+ nu, at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The central part of the detector is a 240-module spherical pure CsI calorimeter covering 3*pi sr solid angle. The calorimeter is supplemented with an active collimator/beam degrader system, an active segmented plastic target, a pair of low-mass cylindrical wire chambers and a 20-element cylindrical plastic scintillator hodoscope. The whole detector system is housed inside a temperature-controlled lead brick enclosure which in turn is lined with cosmic muon plastic veto counters. Commissioning and calibration data were taken during two three-month beam periods in 1999/2000 with pi+ stopping rates between 1.3*E3 pi+/s and 1.3*E6 pi+/s. We examine the timing, energy and angular detector resolution for photons, positrons and protons in the energy range of 5-150 MeV, as well as the response of the detector to cosmic muons. We illustrate the detector signatures for the assorted rare pion and muon decays and their associated backgrounds., Comment: 117 pages, 48 Postscript figures, 5 tables, Elsevier LaTeX, submitted to Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A
Published: 2003
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47. Method of fission product beta spectra measurements for predicting reactor anti-neutrino emission

Author: Asner, D.M., Burns, K., Campbell, L.W., Greenfield, B., Kos, M.S., Orrell, J.L., Schram, M., VanDevender, B., Wood, L.S., and Wootan, D.W.
Published: 2015
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48. SYNCA: A Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna for the Project 8 Collaboration

Author: Ashtari Esfahani, A., Böser, S., Buzinsky, N., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Claessens, C., de Viveiros, L., Fertl, M., Formaggio, J. A., Gladstone, L., Grando, M., Hartse, J., Heeger, K. M., Huyan, X., Jones, A. M., Kazkaz, K., Li, M., Lindman, A., Matthé, C., Mohiuddin, R., Monreal, B., Mueller, R., Nikkel, J. A., Novitski, E., Oblath, N. S., Peña, J. I., Pettus, W., Reimann, R., Robertson, R. G. H., Saldaña, L., Slocum, P. L., Stachurska, J., Sun, Y.-H., Surukuchi, P. T., Telles, A. B., Thomas, F., Thomas, M., Thorne, L. A., Thümmler, T., Tvrznikova, L., Van De Pontseele, W., VanDevender, B. A., Weiss, T. E., Wendler, T., Zayas, E., Ziegler, A., and Project 8 Collaboration
Subjects: Microwave Antennas, Physics, ddc:530, Antennas
Abstract: Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a technique for measuring the kinetic energy of charged particles through a precision measurement of the frequency of the cyclotron radiation generated by the particle's motion in a magnetic field. The Project 8 collaboration is developing a next-generation neutrino mass measurement experiment based on CRES. One approach is to use a phased antenna array, which surrounds a volume of tritium gas, to detect and measure the cyclotron radiation of the resulting β-decay electrons. To validate the feasibility of this method, Project 8 has designed a test stand to benchmark the performance of an antenna array at reconstructing signals that mimic those of genuine CRES events. To generate synthetic CRES events, a novel probe antenna has been developed, which emits radiation with characteristics similar to the cyclotron radiation produced by charged particles in magnetic fields. This paper outlines the design, construction, and characterization of this Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna (SYNCA). Furthermore, we perform a series of measurements that use the SYNCA to test the position reconstruction capabilities of the digital beamforming reconstruction technique. We find that the SYNCA produces radiation with characteristics closely matching those expected for cyclotron radiation and reproduces experimentally the phenomenology of digital beamforming simulations of true CRES signals.
Published: 2023
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49. Viterbi decoding of CRES signals in Project 8

Author: Ashtari Esfahani, A, primary, Bogorad, Z, additional, Böser, S, additional, Buzinsky, N, additional, Claessens, C, additional, de Viveiros, L, additional, Fertl, M, additional, Formaggio, J A, additional, Gladstone, L, additional, Grando, M, additional, Guigue, M, additional, Hartse, J, additional, Heeger, K M, additional, Huyan, X, additional, Johnston, J, additional, Jones, A M, additional, Kazkaz, K, additional, LaRoque, B H, additional, Li, M, additional, Lindman, A, additional, Matthé, C, additional, Mohiuddin, R, additional, Monreal, B, additional, Nikkel, J A, additional, Novitski, E, additional, Oblath, N S, additional, Peña, J I, additional, Pettus, W, additional, Reimann, R, additional, Robertson, R G H, additional, Rybka, G, additional, Saldaña, L, additional, Schram, M, additional, Slocum, P L, additional, Stachurska, J, additional, Sun, Y-H, additional, Surukuchi, P T, additional, Telles, A B, additional, Thomas, F, additional, Thomas, M, additional, Thümmler, T, additional, Tvrznikova, L, additional, Van De Pontseele, W, additional, VanDevender, B A, additional, Weiss, T E, additional, Wendler, T, additional, Zayas, E, additional, and Ziegler, A, additional
Published: 2022
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50. Bayesian analysis of a future β decay experiment's sensitivity to neutrino mass scale and ordering

Author: Ashtari Esfahani, A., primary, Betancourt, M., additional, Bogorad, Z., additional, Böser, S., additional, Buzinsky, N., additional, Cervantes, R., additional, Claessens, C., additional, de Viveiros, L., additional, Fertl, M., additional, Formaggio, J. A., additional, Gladstone, L., additional, Grando, M., additional, Guigue, M., additional, Hartse, J., additional, Heeger, K. M., additional, Huyan, X., additional, Johnston, J., additional, Jones, A. M., additional, Kazkaz, K., additional, LaRoque, B. H., additional, Lindman, A., additional, Mohiuddin, R., additional, Monreal, B., additional, Nikkel, J. A., additional, Novitski, E., additional, Oblath, N. S., additional, Ottiger, M., additional, Pettus, W., additional, Robertson, R. G. H., additional, Rybka, G., additional, Saldaña, L., additional, Schram, M., additional, Sibille, V., additional, Slocum, P. L., additional, Sun, Y.-H., additional, Surukuchi, P. T., additional, Tedeschi, J. R., additional, Telles, A. B., additional, Thomas, M., additional, Thümmler, T., additional, Tvrznikova, L., additional, VanDevender, B. A., additional, Weiss, T. E., additional, Wendler, T., additional, Zayas, E., additional, and Ziegler, A., additional
Published: 2021
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