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Chalk rivers and streams are of conservation importance due to their ecological diversity, historical relevance and economic value. With more than 200 chalk watercourses, England is considered unusual in having the most chalk rivers in the world. However, due to increasing anthropogenic activities, many English chalk rivers and streams are becoming badly degraded. The non-biting midges or chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) are considered key-stone taxa in aquatic food webs, and have been used as ecological indicators of freshwater quality and environmental stress. Here we determined the generic richness, diversity, and community structure of Chironomidae across six sites in the mid-section of the Great Stour in Kent, a chalk river for which concern has been expressed regarding both water and habitat quality. Based on the morphological identification of 1336 insect larvae from the six sites (four in Westgate Parks, Canterbury, and two at nearby locations upstream and downstream from Canterbury City), a total of 20 genera of Chironomidae were identified, including some taxa indicative of freshwater habitats with low levels of organic pollution. There were different levels of generic richness and diversity among sites, and while there was little variation in the community composition among the sites within Westgate Parks, there were noticeable generic differences among Westgate Parks sites compared with those upstream and downstream, showing the highest complementarity and Beta diversity values. Overall, the results were comparable with other studies on chironomids in chalk rivers and other river systems. Although spatially limited to a small stretch of river, this represents the first study on chironomids in the Great Stour and provides baseline information on the diversity and structure of this important insect group with aquatic larvae, useful for the objective interpretation of any future biological assessments and monitoring programmes on the Kentish Stour, and also for comparisons with other chalk rivers.

[Acraea igola Trimen, 1889] d ’ Abrera 1997: 141 (3 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 121 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 20a – h. Forewing length: male 21.0 – 28.0 mm [mean (n = 6) 23.92 mm, SD = 1.913]; female 22.5 – 27.5 mm [mean (n = 3) 25.30 mm, SD = 1.852]. Note: the sexes are similar but the ground colour of the female is either orange like the male, but somewhat paler, overall more diaphanous, or (in some South African individuals at least) yellowish or straw-coloured (treated by van Son 1963 as f. ‘ maculiventris ’ Smith and Kirby, 1894)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2533, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Van Son G. 1963. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part III. Nymphalidae: Acraeinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (14): ix + 130 p., 29 pls."]}

Acraea pudorella pudorella Aurivillius, 1898 Larsen 1996: pl. 54, fig. 686i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 169 (2 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 159 (8 figs, Malawi, of A. p. detecta). SI: Figure 11a – f. Forewing length: male 18.0 – 30.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 26.01 mm, SD = 2.247] (a dwarf male in NHMUK from Lake Baringo, western central Kenya, has forewing length = 18.6 and was not included here); female 22.5 – 29.0 mm [mean (n = 6) 25.10 mm, SD = 2.028]. Note: the wing pattern of this species is considered very similar to that of Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877 (Bernaud and Murphy 2014, p. 96, 8 figs). However, as originally pointed out by Eltringham (1912, p. 164), the genitalia of both sexes of both species are very distinct (those of A. caldarena are illustrated in SI Figure 2d – f). Bernaud and Murphy (2014, p. 158) give a fairly effective way to separate the two based on hindwing spot pattern, but rightly caution that literature records need to be treated with care, as these species have often been confused. Both could occur in the Kilimanjaro area, but currently we have no record for A. caldarena. It is our view that the current taxon, based on wing pattern and coloration alone, is also difficult to separate consistently from A. equatorialis anaemia (see key and figures in SI). Eltringham (1912) illustrates part of the female genitalia of both taxa, which appear to be very different. The sexes of A. p. pudorella are similar, but the black spots and borders of females are slightly more heavily marked. The expression of the line of postdiscal spots in forewing cells R 1, R 5 and M 1 – M 3 varies individually, from 0 to 5., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2523, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Aurivillius [PO] C. 1898 - 1899. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. K svenska VetensAkad Handl. 31 (5): 1 - 561, 6 pls.","Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Eltringham H. 1912. A monograph of the African species of the genus Acraea, Fab., with a supplement on those of the Oriental Region. Trans Entomol Soc Lond. 1912 (1): 1 - 374, 16 pls (with legends)."]}

Issoria hanningtoni hanningtoni (Elwes, 1889) SI: Figure 34a – f. Forewing length: male 16.5 – 20.5 mm [mean (n = 7) 18.71 mm, SD = 0.977]; female 17.5 – 21.0 mm [mean (n = 2) 19.00 mm, SD = 0.707]. Note: The type material of I. hanningtoni is said to have come from the forests of Taveta (Elwes 1889, p. 558) – but at less than 1000 m, this region seems far too low (see discussion under ‘ Records ’). There is evidence to suggest that, instead, the original material may have come from Mt Kilimanjaro, at 1500 – 2650 m (see Appendix 1). Of the three subspecies currently recognised, I. h. jeanneli Bernardi, 1968, differs from both other subspecies in having the black parafocal elements (sensu Otaki 2009) of the wing undersides completely obsolete or nearly so (compare SI Fig 34 b,d, where the parafocals in males are very distinct, with Larsen ’ s (1996, pl. 51, fig. 634ii) image of subspecies jeanneli in which they are entirely missing on the forewing underside, and almost so on the hindwing). Note that d ’ Abrera (2004, p. 261) evidently illustrated a male underside of jeanneli, not the nominotypical race as stated., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2545, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Elwes HJ. 1889. A revision of the genus Argynnis. Trans Entomol Soc Lond. 1889: 535 - 575.","Bernardi G. 1968. La variation geographique de l ' Issoria hanningtoni (Elwes.) (Lep. Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France. 73: 149 - 51.","Otaki JM. 2009. Color-pattern analysis of parafocal elements in butterfly wings. Entomol Sci. 12 (1): 74 - 83.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea pudorina Staudinger, 1885 Larsen 1996: pl. 54, fig. 678i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 167 (2 figs). SI: Figure 4a – h. Forewing length: male 27.5 – 30.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 28.83 mm, SD = 0.391]; female 24.0 – 31.0 mm [mean (n = 9) 27.94 mm, SD = 2.126]. Note: the type locality of this species was given as Zanzibar but, as Kielland (1990, p. 162) suggests, this was almost certainly an error. Often considered to be a Kenyan endemic, despite its listing as such by Ackery et al. (1995, p. 244) and the uncertainty expressed by Larsen (1996, p. 373), this species does also occur in north-eastern Tanzania. Van Someren (1939, p.139, as A. acrita pudorina) notes two forms of male from the Chyulu Hills, southern Kenya: ‘ a dry form in which the marginal loops are obscure and the other in which these are clear and well defined. Six of the females are of the very dark blackish type ’. Females are somewhat olivaceous compared to the bright orange males. See note below concerning dry-season forms of A. utengulensis., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2518, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne (Australia): CSIRO.","Van Someren VGL. 1939. Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the Hills. April - July, 1938. J East Africa and Uganda Nat Hist Soc. 14: 130 - 151."]}

Liseki, Steven D., Vane-Wright, Richard I. (2018): Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae. Journal of Natural History 52 (39-40): 2511-2552, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780

Phalanta eurytis eurytis Doubleday, 1847 Larsen 1996: pl. 51, fig. 633i,ii. d ’ Abrera 2004: 261 (2 figs). SI: Figure 33a – d. Forewing length: male 20.0 – 29.0 mm [mean (n = 5) 25.82 mm, SD = 1.003]; female 24.0 – 31.0 mm [mean (n = 5) 27.52 mm, SD = 1.734]. Note: Males and females are similar, but the female is generally paler, buff- orange rather than bright orange, and slightly more heavily marked. Based on wing patterns, the separation of this species from the next, ‘ in the cabinet ’ let alone in the field, is difficult (see key in SI). That they are separate species there is no doubt, given marked differences in the genitalia of both sexes (van Son 1979, figs 61 – 64; images of males reproduced in SI Figure 2). The adults of this species are more shade-loving than P. phalantha (Gifford 1965, p.116, as P. ‘columbina’), perhaps less active (van Son 1979, p. 8), and largely restricted to forests (Kielland 1990)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2544, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Van Son G. 1979. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part IV. Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (22): x + 286 p., 76 pls.","Gifford D. 1965. A list of the butterflies of Malawi. Blantyre: Society of Malawi.","Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea cabira Hopffer, 1885 Larsen 1996: pl. 53, fig. 667i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 153 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 92 (8 figs). SI: Figure 29e – h. Forewing length: male 19.5 – 25.5 mm [mean (n = 13) 22.70 mm, SD = 1.291]; female 23.5 – 30.0 mm [mean (n = 11) 24.96 mm, SD = 8.21]. Note: This species is very similar to Acraea sotikensis Sharpe, 1892. Both have red and yellow forms, but the species are separable on details of the basal patterning of the hindwing underside (Pierre and Bernaud 2007; Bernaud and Murphy 2014, p. 90). So far we have not found convincing evidence that A. sotikensis occurs on the Kilimanjaro massif, but all material of the cabira phenotype encountered should be checked. To this end we have included A. sotikensis in the key and provided an illustration (SI Figure 29i,j) to help ensure correct identification. Material in OUMNH suggests that A. cabira is sexually dimorphic in size, but not strongly sexually dimorphic in colour pattern (in females, hindwing upperside usually with submarginal pale spots; males without). Van Son (1963) recognised five forms of this species in South Africa., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2541, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Pierre J, Bernaud D. 2007. Acraea cabira, A. sotikensis et especes voisines. Revision et premiers etats. Lambillionea. 107 (1), suppl. 2: 1 - 14.","Van Son G. 1963. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part III. Nymphalidae: Acraeinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (14): ix + 130 p., 29 pls."]}

[Acraea utengulensis Thurau, 1903] Kielland 1990: pl. 47, 4 figs. d ’ Abrera 1997: 165 (2 figs). SI: Figure 5a – h. Forewing length: male 26.0 – 35.0 mm [mean (n = 14) 29.57 mm, SD = 2.129]; female 22.5.0 – 32.0 mm [mean (n = 9) 28.82 mm, SD = 2.319]. Note: Females of this species are more or less infumed or olivaceous, in comparison to the bright orange of the males. Kielland (1990, pl. 47) illustrated two ‘ dry season ’ forms – these are less heavily maculated than the two ‘ wet season ’ specimens he shows and those that we illustrate in SI (Figure 5); such individuals could be confused with A. pudorina., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2518, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

[Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865] Larsen 1996: pl. 55, fig. 701i,ii. d ��� Abrera 1997: 177 (6 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 76 (8 figs). SI: Figure 13a ��� h. Forewing length: male 25.5 ��� 33.5 mm [mean (n = 8) 30.73 mm, SD = 2.142]; female 29.5 ��� 37.0 mm [mean (n = 7) 32.99 mm, SD = 2.194]. Note: Sometimes referred to as polymorphic (various ��� forms ��� have been named), this species is individually variable, especially in the extent of upperside maculation. The sexes are similar in overall coloration; in museum material the orange ground colour of the females is slightly less intense., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2526, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504."]}

Acraea pharsalus Ward, 1871 Larsen 1996: pl. 52, fig. 649i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 149 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 156 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 27a – j. Forewing length: male 27.0 – 33.0 mm [mean (n = 8) 30.60 mm, SD = 1.358]; female 28.5 – 38.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 33.61 mm, SD = 2.925]. Note: Many authors have regarded this species as polytypic (e.g. Larsen 2005, p. 446), with the Kilimanjaro population usually included in subspecies A. p. pharsaloides Holland, 1892 – originally described from ‘ Kilimanjaro ’ (Holland 1896 described this taxon again, also as ‘ new ’). However, Pierre and Bernaud (2014) regard this butterfly as monotypic, placing all infraspecific names, including a subspecies named in 1991 from Principe, as synonyms. At least two forms occur at Moshi (see SI Figure 27), both of which can occur in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism seems slight; in museum specimens females are paler orange than males., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on pages 2538-2539, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Larsen TB. 2005. Butterflies of West Africa (2 vols). Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.","Holland W. 1896. List of the Lepidoptera collected in eastern Africa by Dr. W. L. Abbott, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proc US Nat Mus. 18 (1002): 229 - 258, 2 pls.","Pierre J, Bernaud D. 2014. Classification et liste synonymique des taxons du genre Acraea [Internet]. 31 p. [cited 2018 Oct 14]. pdf available from: http: // www. acraea. com / image / liste / systematique. pdf"]}

Pardopsis punctatissima (Boisduval, 1833) Larsen 1996: pl. 56, fig. 719i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 181 (2 figs). SI: Figure 34g – j. Forewing length: male 15.5 – 21.5 mm [mean (n = 6) 18.10 mm, SD = 1.953]; female 17.5 – 21.5 mm [mean (n = 9) 19.48 mm, SD = 0.792]. Note: To appreciate the reasons for inclusion of Pardopsis within the Argynnini, not the Acraeini, see the introductory section (above) on the classification of African Acraeini. Whether or not a subtribe (Pardopsina Ehrlich) is desirable for this very distinct genus within the Argynnini is something to be resolved by future research. The sexes of this curious species are very similar in appearance., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2546, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea pseudolycia astrigera Butler, 1899 Larsen 1996: pl. 55, fig. 702i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 177 (3 figs). SI: Figure 14e – j. Forewing length: male 24.5 – 36.5 mm [mean (n = 11) 32.20 mm, SD = 3.191]; female 32.0 – 37.0 mm [mean (n = 5) 34.02 mm, SD = 1.335]. Note: the sexes are broadly similar in colour pattern, both being variable in ground colour, although the males are less so. Most males are bright orange, but some are more olivaceous – as in f. ‘ brunnea ’ Eltringham, which occurs in both sexes. Females are rarely as orange as males. Female form ‘ emini ’ Weymer is slightly more obscure than ‘ brunnea ’; the whitish ‘ auasa ’ Gabriel, which seems only known from Ethiopia, is in overall coloration similar to the whitish females of A. pseudolycia pseudolycia from western and central Africa., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2527, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House."]}

Acraea encedon encedon (Linnaeus, 1758) Larsen 1996: pl. 52, fig. 650i. d ’ Abrera 1997: 165 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 110 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 23a – j. Forewing length: male 24.0 – 31.5 mm [mean (n = 15) 27.48 mm, SD = 1.797]; female 28.0 – 35.5 mm [mean (n = 16) 31.04 mm, SD = 1.377]. Note: Although this appears to be slightly smaller (see also SI Table 1), as indicated above, critical separation from the sibling species A. encedana depends, in the adult, on examination of the genitalia (both sexes: Pierre 1976). Pierre and Bernaud (2014) appear to recognise up to a dozen morphs, all of which probably occur in both sexes (the sexes are difficult to separate on coloration alone)., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on pages 2535-2536, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Pierre J. 1976. Un nouveau cas d ' especes jumelles chez un Papillon mimetique, Acraea encedon L. (Lepidoptere Acraeide). C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (D). 282: 731 - 734.","Pierre J, Bernaud D. 2014. Classification et liste synonymique des taxons du genre Acraea [Internet]. 31 p. [cited 2018 Oct 14]. pdf available from: http: // www. acraea. com / image / liste / systematique. pdf"]}

[Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855] Larsen 1996: pl. 54, fig. 685i,ii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 129 (4 figs). Bernaud and Murphy 2014: 144 (8 figs, Malawi). SI: Figure 10a – f. Forewing length: male 23.5 – 29.5 mm [mean (n = 8) 26.05 mm, SD = 1.764]; female 21.0 – 28.0 mm [mean (n = 10) 25.13 mm, SD = 1.641]. Note: this species is sexually dimorphic for wing size, shape and coloration. Males are consistently semi-transparent orange with black spots, the females variable, often olivaceous or dun coloured, and almost invariably with a pale preapical bar on the forewing; however, some females have this bar weakly expressed and can then approximate the male coloration. Van Son (1963, p. 84) stated that (in South Africa at least) ‘ females are usually smaller than males ’; however, while the mean forewing length of the females in our small samples is about 4% less than that of the males, there is considerable overlap., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on page 2522, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Bernaud D, Murphy R. 2014. Acraeinae of Malawi (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Privately published. ISBN 978 2 954821504.","Van Son G. 1963. The butterflies of southern Africa. Part III. Nymphalidae: Acraeinae. Transvaal Mus Mem. (14): ix + 130 p., 29 pls."]}

Acraea uvui uvui Grose-Smith, 1890 Larsen 1996: pl. 53, fig. 664i – iii. d ’ Abrera 1997: 155 (3 figs). SI: Figure 31a – f. Forewing length: male 15.0 – 18.0 mm [mean (n = 6) 16.07 mm, SD = 0.944]; female 16.0 – 19.0 mm [mean (n = 7) 17.49 mm, SD = 0.769]. Note: the sexes are generally similar on the upperside, with relatively little individual colour pattern variation in males. Females, which on average are slightly larger, vary more, notably with respect to the upperside hindwing (marginal orange lunules absent to well expressed – always absent in males), and hindwing underside ground colour – which is often either clear orange or heavily infuscated, chestnut brown. Eltringham (1912, p. 218 – 219) described three forms of female with respect to underside coloration, with intermediates., Published as part of Liseki, Steven D. & Vane-Wright, Richard I., 2018, Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamily Helconiinae, pp. 2511-2552 in Journal of Natural History 52 (39 - 40) on pages 2542-2543, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1539780, http://zenodo.org/record/5177759, {"references":["Larsen TB. 1996. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.","d ' Abrera B. 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. 2 nd ed. Part I. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Acraeidae, Danaidae and Satyridae. Melbourne: Hill House.","Eltringham H. 1912. A monograph of the African species of the genus Acraea, Fab., with a supplement on those of the Oriental Region. Trans Entomol Soc Lond. 1912 (1): 1 - 374, 16 pls (with legends)."]}