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O jabuti é um animal selvagem cuja principal característica é o corpo coberto por uma carapaça dura onde consegue recolher seus membros e cabeça, é de difícil acesso na natureza, porém facilmente encontrados em cativeiro. O objetivo do estudo foi ter realizada a análise comportamental em cativeiro desses quelônios, Geochelone Carbonaria e Geochelone Denticulata, foram coletadas, aproximadamente, 36 horas de observações distribuídas em métodos de Ad Libitum e Scan. O presente estudo foi realizado no Aquário Municipal de Santa Fé do Sul-SP e incluía jabutis com idades aproximadas de 10 a 30 anos A metodologia que foi utilizada é o estudo de caso comportamental. O grupo de animais observados encontra-se no Aquário Municipal de Santa Fé do Sul no estado de São Paulo. São 44 animais, dos quais 23 são fêmeas, o resultado da pesquisa concluiu que os espécimes encontrados em vida livre apresentam comportamento mais ativo se comparado aos espécimes estudados em cativeiro, pois estes não recebem estímulos físicos e mentais que resultam em uma menor porcentagem do tempo gasto em atividades. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF TORTOISES IN CAPTIVITY ABSTRACT The tortoise is a wild animal whose main characteristic is the body covered by a hard shell where it can have their limbs and head retracted into, it is difficult to be found in nature, but it is easily found in captivity. The aim of the study was to analyze the behavior of these chelonians in captivity. Geochelonecarbonaria and Geochelononedenticulata, were collected and observed for a period of approximately 36 hours distributed in Ad Libitum and Scan methods. The present study was conducted at the Municipal Aquarium of Santa Fé do Sul-SP and included tortoises with ages ranging from 10 to 30 years old. The methodology that was used is the behavioral case study. The group of animals observed is housed in the Municipal Aquarium of Santa Fé do Sul in the state of São Paulo. There are 44 animals, 23 of them being females. The conclusion of the research was that the specimens found in the wild present a more active behavior when compared to the specimens studied in captivity, because they do not receive physical and mental stimuli, which results in a lower percentage of time spent in activities. Keywords: Analysis, Behavior, Captivity, Tortoise.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo acompanhar as mudanças populacionais e comportamentais da população de Cebus apella que vive na Mata dos Macacos em Santa Fé Do Sul/SP e investigar mudanças que afetaram direta ou indiretamente a população de macaco prego no período anterior e durante a pandemia da Covid-19. A mata é um local turístico onde os animais têm contato direto com os turistas e têm alimentação livre de acordo com o que os visitantes oferecem. Com a pandemia e, consequentemente, o fechamento do local, observaram-se mudanças na população, que mostrou comportamentos, tamanho da população e interação com os humanos alterados. Com as visitas de antes e durante a pandemia, foram registradas todas as alterações observadas de acordo com a situação que a mata vivenciou. Os macacos que, anteriormente, tinham visitas frequentes e comida à vontade, com a pandemia, tiveram a situação transformada, forçando-os a voltarem a ter seus comportamentos mais naturais, buscando seu alimento e sem ligação com turistas. POPULATION DENSITY AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF CEBUS APELLA AT MATA DOS MACACOS BEFORE AND DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC ABSTRACT The research aimed at monitoring population and behavioral changes of Cebus paella population living in Mata dos Macacos in Santa Fé do Sul, as well as investigating changes that directly or indirectly affected the capuchin monkey population in the period before and during Covid-19 pandemic. The woods are a tourist place where animals are in direct contact with tourists who feed them freely. With the pandemic, and consequently the local lockdown, it was possible to identify some changes in the troop, where behavior, population size, and interaction with humans were changed. With the visits before and during the pandemic, all the changes observed were reported accordingly the situation experienced in the woods. The monkeys that were previously visited and were freely fed, due to de pandemic, had their situation changed and they were forced to switch back to their natural behavior, hunting for their food with no connections with tourists. Descriptors: Cebus apella. Behavior, Visits.

Background In Myanmar, HIV is concentrated among key populations, yet less than half of the estimated 250,000 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) report recent HIV testing. As many as 50% of MSM and TW may conceal their same-sex preferences and behaviors, yet little is known about the barriers faced by those who are locally regarded as ‘hidden’ – that is, MSM who do not disclose same-sex preferences and/or identify as gay. This study explored specific barriers to accessing HIV testing and other prevention services among ‘hidden’ MSM to inform appropriate models of service delivery. Methods In-depth interviews with MSM (n = 12) and TW (n = 13) and focus group discussions (FGD) with MSM and TW community members, leaders and key informants (n = 35) were undertaken in Yangon during June – September 2015. Participants were recruited by word-of-mouth by trained peer data collectors. Responses to questions from semi-structured guides were transcribed and coded using Atlas Ti. Codes were based on key domains in the guides and applied to transcripts to identify and analyze emerging themes. Results Fear of stigma and discrimination and the need to meet gender expectations were key reasons for non-disclosure of same-sex preferences and behaviors; this typically manifested as avoidance of other MSM and settings in which sexual identity might be implicated. These concerns influenced preference and interaction with HIV services, with many avoiding MSM-specific services or eschewing HIV testing services entirely. The difficulties of engaging hidden MSM in HIV prevention was strongly corroborated by service providers. Conclusion Hidden MSM face multiple barriers to HIV testing and prevention. Strategies cognizant of concerns for anonymity and privacy, such as One-Stop Shop services and online-based health promotion, can discretely provide services appropriate for hidden MSM. Enhanced capacity of peer-service providers and mainstream health staff to identify and respond to the psychosocial challenges reported by hidden MSM in this study may further encourage service engagement. Overarching strategies to strengthen the enabling environment, such as legal reform and LGBTI community mobilisation, can lessen stigma and discrimination and increase hidden MSM’s comfort and willingness to discuss same-sex behavior and access appropriate services.

Background HIV continues to disproportionately affect men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW). Undiagnosed HIV is a major driver of HIV transmission rates, and increasing the uptake of regular HIV testing and facilitating timely initiation of HIV treatment is a global HIV prevention priority. However, MSM and TW experience a range of barriers that limit their access to testing and other prevention services. Given their growing ubiquity, digital communication technologies are increasingly being used to support HIV prevention efforts, and a growing number of studies have trialed the use of digital technology to promote HIV testing among MSM and TW. Objective We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of digital communication technology on HIV testing uptake among MSM and TW. Subanalyses aimed to identify the features and characteristics of digital interventions associated with greater impact. Methods A systematic literature review was undertaken using select databases and conference repositories. Studies describing the use of a digital technology—internet-enabled devices, including phones, tablets, and computers—to increase HIV testing uptake among MSM or TW using either randomized or observational cohort design with measurement of HIV testing rates measured pre- and postintervention, and published in English between 2010 and 2018 were included. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using a random effects meta-analysis. Subanalyses calculated effect estimates grouped by selected features of digital interventions. Results A total of 13 randomized or observational studies were included in the final review. Digital interventions most commonly used mainstream, existing social media platforms (n=7) or promotion through online peer educators (n=5). Most interventions (n=8) were categorized as interactive and allowed user engagement and most directly facilitated testing (n=7) either by providing self-testing kits or referral to testing services. A total of 1930 participants were included across the 13 studies. HIV testing uptake among MSM and TW exposed to digital interventions was 1.5 times higher than that of unexposed MSM and TW (risk ratio [RR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.7). Subanalyses suggested an increased impact on HIV testing uptake among interventions that were delivered through mainstream social media–based platforms (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.1), included direct facilitation of HIV testing (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9), were interactive (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8), and involved end users in the design process (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0). Conclusions These findings provide broad support for the integration of technology with existing approaches to promote and facilitate HIV testing among MSM and TW. Our findings identified key features that may be associated with greater impact on HIV testing uptake and can be used to inform future development efforts given the growing interest and application of digital technologies in HIV prevention. Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42017070055; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017070055.

Introduction In Myanmar, men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) are disproportionately affected by HIV, despite national HIV program scale‐up. However, limited HIV surveillance capacity prevents monitoring of epidemic trends and program impact. This study aimed to estimate HIV prevalence and incidence and explore associated sexual risk behaviours among MSM and TW clients attending HIV testing clinics in Myanmar. Methods An electronic data management system was implemented in two community‐based, MSM and TW ‐tailored HIV testing clinics in Myanmar in August 2016. Unique client identifiers enabled prospective monitoring of service engagement, testing frequency and outcomes. We estimated HIV incidence and rate of HIV diagnosis at baseline testing visit among clients over a 15 month period. Correlates of HIV diagnoses were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Results 2794 MSM and TW were tested for HIV. At their baseline test, 38% of clients reported any previous testing and 93% reported being sexually active over the previous three months, with 74% reporting sex with casual male partners and 28% reporting consistent condom use with casual partners. 291 clients tested positive for HIV for the first time at baseline (10.4%; 95% CI: 9.3 to 11.6). Twelve incident cases were detected among 279 clients receiving ≥2 tests (incidence = 10.1 per 100 person‐years; 95% CI: 5.73 to 17.8). HIV diagnosis at baseline was significantly associated with being a transgender woman or a non‐openly disclosing man who has sex with men, age 26 to 39 years, and reporting no testing history. Conclusions High HIV incidence and new diagnoses being associated with reporting no testing history points to undiagnosed HIV driving transmissions in Myanmar. Repeat testing was uncommon. HIV programs in Myanmar must focus on promoting frequent HIV testing alongside adequate coverage of education and primary prevention interventions among MSM and TW.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) are a priority population for HIV prevention in Myanmar but report sub-optimal HIV testing frequency. Previous studies have shown that peer involvement in HIV testing can normalize stigmatized sexualities and reduce barriers to testing. We explored the acceptability of peer-delivered HIV testing among 425 undiagnosed MSM and TW in Yangon and Mandalay. An overwhelming majority of participants (86%) reported being 'comfortable/very comfortable' with peer-delivered HIV testing. Logistic regression identified reporting sexual identity as Apone [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.8; 95% CI 1.2-11.7], recent HIV testing (aOR 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.5), reporting a high likelihood of HIV acquisition (aOR 3.6; 95% CI 1.7-7.6), and reporting ≥ 5 casual partners in the past 3 months (aOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.6) as associated with peer-delivered HIV testing acceptability. Given ongoing HIV vulnerability among MSM and TW in Myanmar, peer-delivered testing may offer prevention benefits by increasing testing rates and identifying undiagnosed infection earlier.

Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) experience a disproportionate HIV burden in Myanmar. Relatively little data characterising HIV among MSM and TW in Myanmar exists, and there are no published estimates of HIV incidence. Methods We implemented an electronic data management system (eDMS) at two community-based HIV testing clinics targeting MSM and TW. Unique identifiers were used to longitudinally track HIV testing and sexual risk behaviours, and socio-demographic data was captured at first visit. Baseline HIV prevalence, examined correlates of HIV positivity using logistic regression, HIV incidence among clients receiving more than one HIV test over the observation period was calculated Results 2867 MSM and TW clients were tested over 15months. At first test, 37% reported a lifetime history of HIV testing, 74% reported sex with casual male partners in the p3months, and 28% reported consistent condoms use with casual partners. 291 clients tested HIV positive at their first test (prevalence=10·4%;95%CI: 9·3–11·6). Positivity was significantly associated with self-identifying as Apone (local label describing non-disclosing MSM; aOR 9.1; 95%CI:3·8–22.2) or Apwint (local label used describing TW;aOR: 12.0;95%CI: 4·0–36·0), age 26–39 years (aOR 2·9;95%CI: 1·6–5·3) and reporting no lifetime history of HIV testing (aOR:4·6; 95%CI:2·3–9·4). Twelve incident cases were detected among clients receiving more than one test (n=279) and incidence was 10.1 per 100 person years (95%CI:5·73–17·8). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first HIV incidence estimate for MSM and TW in Myanmar, higher than other regional estimates for MSM and TW. A HIV diagnosis at the first test was associated with sexual identification, younger age and testing history, suggest a high level of HIV transmission and protracted periods of undiagnosed HIV. Imperatives for Myanmar’s national response include promotion of timely and regular testing behaviours, outreach strategies tailored to age and sexual identity and the ongoing monitoring of HIV trends. Disclosure No significant relationships.

BACKGROUND HIV continues to disproportionately affect men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW). Undiagnosed HIV is a major driver of HIV transmission rates, and increasing the uptake of regular HIV testing and facilitating timely initiation of HIV treatment is a global HIV prevention priority. However, MSM and TW experience a range of barriers that limit their access to testing and other prevention services. Given their growing ubiquity, digital communication technologies are increasingly being used to support HIV prevention efforts, and a growing number of studies have trialed the use of digital technology to promote HIV testing among MSM and TW. OBJECTIVE We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of digital communication technology on HIV testing uptake among MSM and TW. Subanalyses aimed to identify the features and characteristics of digital interventions associated with greater impact. METHODS A systematic literature review was undertaken using select databases and conference repositories. Studies describing the use of a digital technology—internet-enabled devices, including phones, tablets, and computers—to increase HIV testing uptake among MSM or TW using either randomized or observational cohort design with measurement of HIV testing rates measured pre- and postintervention, and published in English between 2010 and 2018 were included. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using a random effects meta-analysis. Subanalyses calculated effect estimates grouped by selected features of digital interventions. RESULTS A total of 13 randomized or observational studies were included in the final review. Digital interventions most commonly used mainstream, existing social media platforms (n=7) or promotion through online peer educators (n=5). Most interventions (n=8) were categorized as interactive and allowed user engagement and most directly facilitated testing (n=7) either by providing self-testing kits or referral to testing services. A total of 1930 participants were included across the 13 studies. HIV testing uptake among MSM and TW exposed to digital interventions was 1.5 times higher than that of unexposed MSM and TW (risk ratio [RR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.7). Subanalyses suggested an increased impact on HIV testing uptake among interventions that were delivered through mainstream social media–based platforms (RR 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.1), included direct facilitation of HIV testing (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9), were interactive (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8), and involved end users in the design process (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide broad support for the integration of technology with existing approaches to promote and facilitate HIV testing among MSM and TW. Our findings identified key features that may be associated with greater impact on HIV testing uptake and can be used to inform future development efforts given the growing interest and application of digital technologies in HIV prevention. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42017070055; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017070055.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Myanmar are disproportionately impacted by HIV, but report sub-optimal engagement in HIV testing and prevention. This thesis characterised the barriers and current levels of HIV testing among MSM and TW, explored the potential of novel HIV testing models to enhance HIV testing uptake and estimated current HIV burden among MSM and TW clients of a HIV testing clinic. The findings in this thesis can inform HIV prevention priorities and service delivery models in Myanmar to increase engagement of MSM and TW’s in HIV testing and prevention.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Western urban areas have seen substantive decreases in new diagnoses of HIV infection. This paper explores whether such declines are present among MSM and transgender women (TGW) in Southeast Asia and discusses implications for HIV policies and programming. A scoping review was conducted of scientific publications and selected documents regarding the spread of HIV infection among MSM and TGW in major urban centres of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Continued high HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM are found in integrated behavioural and biological surveillance (IBBS) and research studies. HIV prevalence among MSM under IBBS decreased only in Bangkok from 28.6% in 2014 to 10.3% in 2018, whereas it was increasing in Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, Vientiane, and Phnom Penh. HIV/AIDS case reports regarding new HIV infection diagnoses among MSM have started to decrease in Singapore since 2011 and have been plateauing in Metropolitan Manila since 2017. Where data were available, it was found that HIV prevalence among TGW was high and if IBBS was conducted, it was increasing. HIV prevalence among TGW under IBBS in Jakarta had risen to 34.0% (2015) and 14.0% (2019) in Phnom Penh. These findings suggest that most ASEAN member states have so far failed to effectively implement and scale-up scientifically proven biomedical HIV prevention measures and counter stigma and discrimination that impedes access to appropriate HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM and TGW.

Objectives To explore the utility of home and community-based HIV testing and counseling (HTC) to increase detection of undiagnosed HIV among female spouses and children of HIV-positive PWID in Punjab province, Pakistan. Design Between March 2014 and March 2015, home-based HTC was provided by a local NGO to spouses of HIV-positive PWID in Lahore, Faisalabad, and Sargodha. Convenience sampling was used to identify 2400 married, HIV-positive men who inject drugs and who were currently registered and receiving harm reduction services from the NGO ‘Roshan Rasta’ and seek consent to approach their wives. Method Trained outreach teams conducted HTC and administered a short sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaire to consenting spouses in their homes. HIV-exposed children were also tested with parental consent. Results of the 2400 married HIV positive male-injecting drug users, only 1959 spouses were approached and 1896 agreed to HTC (96.8%). HIV prevalence was 5.3% (n = 101) among spouses and they had very low level of HIV-related knowledge and protective behaviors Conclusion Home and community-based HTC was effective in identifying undiagnosed HIV among spouses of PWID, the majority of whom reported low rates of prior HIV testing and low HIV-related knowledge. Expansion of HIV prevention services and linkages to treatment and care including PMTCT are urgently needed for this group.

We performed a systematic review to estimate the proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Asia who are bisexual and compare prevalence of HIV and sexual risk between men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) and men who have sex with men only (MSMO). Forty-eight articles based on 55 unique samples were identified from nine countries in Asia. Bisexual behaviour was common among MSM (pooled prevalence 32.8 %). Prevalence of HIV (pooled OR 0.90; 95 % CI 0.77-1.05), recent syphilis infection (pooled OR 0.99; 95 % CI 0.93-1.06) and unprotected anal intercourse (pooled OR 0.80; 95 % CI 0.57-1.11) were similar between MSMW and MSMO, but heterogeneity was high. MSMW had lower odds of reporting a prior HIV test than MSMO (OR 0.82; 95 % CI 0.70-0.95; p = 0.01, I(2) = 0 %). Targeted interventions are needed to increase uptake of HIV testing among MSMW. Increased reporting of disaggregated data in surveillance and research will help improve understanding of risk in MSMW and inform targeted interventions.

No Brasil sabe-se que as zoonoses são doenças que podem estar presentes nos bovinos, sendo causas de condenações, sequestros e subaproveitamentos de carcaças, porém são poucos os estudos que investiguem a prevalência dessas doenças encontradas nos frigoríficos, o que dificulta uma visão das incidências nos rebanhos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos, detectar quais foram as zoonoses encontradas nas carcaças de bovinos abatidos no Estado de São Paulo entre 2005 e 2015 em frigoríficos sob inspeção federal, determinar a prevalência dessas doenças e estimar o prejuízo que elas causaram quando se fez a condenação total da carcaça. No período avaliado houve a ocorrência de brucelose, cisticercose, fasciolose, hidatidose, sarcosporidiose e tuberculose. A cisticercose mostrou ser a patologia mais prevalente e a sarcosporidiose menos. O prejuízo causado pelas carcaças terem sido condenadas totalmente foi U$ 64.032.654,61; valor do dólar obtido em 31 de janeiro de 2015.

Zoonoses são doenças que podem estar presentes nos ovinos e em suas carcaças, o que deprecia o valor comercial, mas poucos estudos investigam a prevalência dessas patologias em carcaças, por isso o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e quantificar as zoonoses encontradas em carcaças de ovinos abatidas no Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2005 e 2015. No período avaliado houve a ocorrência de cisticercose, fasciolose, hidatidose e tuberculose. A cisticercose mostrou ser a patologia mais prevalente e a tuberculose menos. O fígado foi o órgão com maior prevalência de hidatidose e cisticercose. A carcaça foi a mais prevalente para tuberculose e cisticercose. As zoonoses detectadas na pesquisa mostrou ter um grande impacto na produção animal pelo grande número de condenações que ocorreram no período estudado, portanto mais pesquisas, investimentos devem ser feitos para que a ocorrência e prevenção das mesmas diminuam, de modo a reduzir perdas econômicas e o risco à saúde pública.

Background HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Myanmar is increasing and less than half report having a HIV test in the past 12 months. The promotion of regular testing among this group has been identified as a key priority of the national HIV response, yet there remains limited information on HIV testing patterns and frequency among MSM and TW. # Methods A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted among self-identifying MSM and TW in November 2015 recruited from known hot-spot locations in Yangon and Mandalay to characterise the self-reported HIV testing frequencies among MSM and TW and explore factors associated with high frequency HIV testing. # Results Among 353 HIV negative or unknown MSM and TW, more than half were identified as high frequency testers based on their regular HIV testing routine and date of last HIV test; this was significantly associated with reporting recent sex with regular male partners and location of last HIV test. # Conclusion Our findings contrast with national data suggesting sub-optimal testing uptake and support HIV testing delivered through community-based, tailored HIV testing services and the role of such models in establishing and maintaining regular HIV testing behaviours among MSM and TW in Myanmar.

A deficiencia de fosforo em bovinos e um fator significativo, que contribui para a baixa produtividade do rebanho nacional. Por essa razao, na atividade pecuaria e imprescindivel a mineralizacao dos animais com este macroelemento. Foram quantificados os teores de Fosforo (P) e Fluor (F) em trinta diferentes amostras de suplementos minerais ja misturados de fabrica, sendo marcas de expressiva comercializacao no Estado do Parana. As amostras colhidas referem-se a produtos misturados e destinados exclusivamente para consumo de bovinos, com indicacao do fabricante de 90g de Fosforo por quilo de produto. Para a determinacao do Fosforo foi utilizado espectrofotometro de colorimetria com regiao UV visivel e para a determinacao do Fluor utilizou-se eletrodo de ion especifico para o elemento e potenciometro com escala em milivolts. Os resultados mostraram diferentes proporcoes e alteracoes na relacao P:F, com variadas concentracoes dos elementos, principalmente do Fosforo, possibilitando a conclusao de que quase todas as formulacoes caracterizaram-se como incorretas pelas informacoes prestadas nos rotulos dos fabricantes e irregulares na relacao P:F calculada, quando comparada aos limites estabelecidos pela normatizacao em vigor no pais.

Introduction : HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a key component of contemporary HIV combination prevention strategies. To explore the local suitability of PrEP, country-specific acceptability studies are needed to inform potential PrEP implementation. In the context of Myanmar, in addition to resource constraints, HIV service access by gay men, other men who have sex with men, and transgender women (GMT) continues to be constrained by legislative and community stigma and marginalization. We aimed to determine PrEP acceptability among GMT in Myanmar and explore the factors associated with willingness to use PrEP. Methods : GMT were recruited in Yangon and Mandalay through local HIV prevention outreach programmes in November and December 2014. Quantitative surveys were administered by trained peer educators and collected data on demographics, sexual risk, testing history and PrEP acceptability. A modified six-item PrEP acceptability scale classified self-reported HIV undiagnosed GMT as willing to use PrEP. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with willingness to use PrEP. Results : Among 434 HIV undiagnosed GMT, PrEP awareness was low (5%). PrEP acceptability was high, with 270 (62%) GMT classified as willing to use PrEP. GMT recruited in Mandalay (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.79; 95%CI = 1.05–3.03), who perceived themselves as likely to become HIV positive (aOR = 1.82; 95%CI = 1.10–3.02), who had more than one recent regular partner (aOR = 2.94; 95%CI = 1.41–6.14), no regular partners (aOR = 2.05; 95%CI = 1.10–3.67), more than five casual partners (aOR = 2.05; 95%CI = 1.06–3.99) or no casual partners (aOR = 2.25; 95%CI = 1.23–4.11) were more likely to be willing to use PrEP. The association between never or only occasionally using condoms with casual partners and willingness to use PrEP was marginally significant (aOR = 2.02; 95%CI = 1.00–4.10). GMT who reported concern about side effects and long-term use of PrEP were less likely (aOR = 0.35; 95%CI = 0.21–0.59) to be willing to use PrEP. Conclusions : This is the first study to assess PrEP acceptability in Myanmar. Findings suggest PrEP is an acceptable prevention option among GMT in Myanmar, providing they are not required to pay for it. Implementation/demonstration projects are needed to explore the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of PrEP as a prevention option for GMT in Myanmar. Keywords PrEP; MSM; Burma; acceptability; awareness; transgender women (Published: 26 July 2017) Draper BL et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2017, 20 :21885 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/21885 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21885

Introduction : Global effort to increase early diagnosis and engagement in HIV care emphasize the importance of developing novel approaches to reaching those missed by traditional methods. Such needs are particularly great for men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TW), and other populations who face stigma. Myanmar’s HIV epidemic is concentrated among key populations and the revised National Strategy aims to reduce late diagnosis and barriers to care to curb HIV incidence among these groups. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be one method to improve testing and diagnosis among key populations, by placing HIV testing and disclosure within the individual’s control. Methods : Formative, qualitative research including in-depth interviews with adult MSM (N = 12) and TW (N = 13) and focus group discussions with MSM, TW, and community key informants (N = 35) were conducted in June-September 2015 in Yangon, Myanmar. To inform a subsequent HIV care continuum intervention, including HIVST, participants’ opinions and perceptions about HIVST were elicited. Results : The confidentiality and privacy of HIVST, particularly as it related to disclosure of HIV status and sexual behaviour, was widely recognized among participants. These major advantages were further supported by the opportunity to avoid stigma, convenience of self-testing (reduced need for transportation and time to go to clinics), and the availability of a pain-free testing option. Participants weighed these benefits against perceived disadvantages of HIVST, the majority of which centred on the perception that HIVST does not include counselling. Participants were concerned that potential lack of counselling would result in poor mental health outcomes, inadequate linkage to HIV care and surveillance, and reductions in disclosure of HIV status. Participants did not view these disadvantages as an impediment, but provided suggestions for future implementation of HIVST in Myanmar. Conclusions : MSM and TW are optimistic about the confidentiality and privacy afforded by HIVST but wanted HIV counselling and linkage to appropriate services. The domestic reprioritization of HIV and opening of the country to international support has substantially increased the availability of HIV treatment and provides new opportunities, like HIVST, to potentially improve the HIV response for key populations who are at risk for HIV acquisition. Keywords men who have sex with men; transgender women; HIV test; Myanmar To access the supplementary material to this article please see Supplementary Files under Article Tools online. (Published: 25 April 2017) Wirtz AL et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2017, 20 :21796 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/21796 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.01.21796

RESUMO Debates sobre a preservacao do meio ambiente e criacoes de animais produzidos com bem-estar animal vem ganhando muito destaque nos ultimos anos. A ovinocultura para atender as exigencias do mercado atual tem feito investimentos nos sistemas de producao no manejo racional dos ovinos, sem esquecer os principios basicos de sanidade e nutricao animais. Essa revisao tem como objetivo reunir informacoes de pesquisas cientificas e trabalhos tecnicos que tem comentado sobre os beneficios do bem-estar animal na produtividade e na sanidade de ovinos. PALAVRAS CHAVES: Ovinocultura. Producao animal. Saude animal. ABSTRACT Debates on the preservation of the environment and animal creations produced with animal welfare is gaining much prominence in recent years. The sheep industry to meet the demands of the current market has made investments in production systems in the rational management of sheep, without forgetting the basic principles of health and nutrition animals. This review aims to gather scientific research information and technical work that has commented on the benefits of animal welfare in productivity and health of sheep. KEYWORDS: Animal health. Animal production. Sheep industry. RESUMEN Los debates sobre la conservacion de las creaciones de medio ambiente y de los animales producidos con el bienestar animal esta ganando mucho protagonismo en los ultimos anos. La industria de las ovejas para satisfacer las exigencias del mercado actual ha hecho inversiones en los sistemas de produccion en la gestion racional de ovejas, sin olvidar los principios basicos de los animales de salud y nutricion. Esta revision tiene como objetivo recoger informacion investigacion cientifica y el trabajo tecnico que se ha comentado sobre los beneficios de bienestar animal en la productividad y la salud de las ovejas. PALABRAS CLAVE: Ganado. Oveja. Salud de los animales.

A importância da suplementação mineral em bovinos já está comprovada e seus benefícios são amplamente conhecidos, porém na ovinocultura este tópico é incipiente e pesquisas na área são escassas. Este artigo fez uma revisão da literatura abordando as funções do selênio e seu uso na ovinocultura. Percebeu-se que o mineral é essencial para incrementar os índices reprodutivos da espécie e por isso estimula-se que experimentos sejam realizados para se verificar as melhores formas de suplementação e doses que devem ser utilizadas.

Este trabalho pesquisou a correlação existente entre os metabólitos do perfil proteico com o β-hidroxibutirato. Foram utilizadas 30 fêmeas ovinas da raça Suffolk, as quais foram separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 15 fêmeas: um grupo recebeu sal mineral comercial contendo componentes inorgânicos e o outro grupo recebeu sal mineral comercial contendo alguns minerais orgânicos na forma de carboaminofosfoquelato. O sistema adotado foi o confinamento e o sal mineral foi fornecido ad libitum. As colheitas de sangue foram mensais, com início um mês antes do início da estação de monta, que iniciou quando as fêmeas estavam com aproximadamente 8 meses de idade e terminou com 10 dias após o parto. Houve correlação positiva entre os valores séricos de albumina e creatinina, albumina e proteína total, ureia e creatinina e entre β-hidroxibutirato e ureia.

The importance of mineral supplementation in cattle is already proven and its benefits are widely known, but in the sheep industry this topic is incipient and research are scarce. This article made a literature review addressing the Selenium functions and their use in the sheep industry. It was noticed that the mineral is essential to increase the reproductive rates of the species and therefore stimulates that experiments are conducted to verify the best ways of supplementation and doses to be used.

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake globally is low. A barrier to treatment is the necessity to attend specialists, usually in a tertiary hospital. We investigate the literature to assess the effect of providing HCV treatment in the community on treatment uptake and cure. Methods Three databases were searched for studies that contained a comparison between HCV treatment uptake or sustained virologic response (SVR) in a community site and a tertiary site. Treatment was with standard interferon with or without ribavirin, or pegylated interferon and ribavirin. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Results Thirteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Six studies measured treatment uptake; three demonstrated an increase in uptake at the community site, two demonstrated similar rates between sites and one demonstrated decreased uptake at the community site. Nine studies measured SVR; four demonstrated higher SVR rates in the community, four demonstrated similar SVR rates, and one demonstrated inferior SVR rates in the community compared to the tertiary site. Conclusion The data available supports the efficacy of HCV treatment in the community, and the potential for community based treatment to increase treatment uptake. Whilst further studies are required, these findings highlight the potential benefit of providing community based HCV care – benefits that should be realised as interferon-free therapy become available. (PROSPERO registration number CRD42015025505). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1548-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Um tucano chegou ao Centro de Conservação da Fauna Silvestre de Ilha Solteira (CCFS) levado pela polícia ambiental em julho de 2014. No exame físico observaram-se as seguintes alterações na pata esquerda: atrofia na musculatura do tarso-metatarso, todos os dedos voltados cranialmente, ausência de sensibilidade superficial e profunda nos dedos, dificuldade em se locomover e alteração de aprumo. Primeiramente, fez-se o tratamento com anti-inflamatórios e antibiótico e uma semana após, optou-se pela realização da acupuntura, iniciadas em agosto de 2014. As sessões são realizadas semanalmente e houve uma grande melhora no posicionamento e sensibilidade dos dedos. As sessões continuam sendo feitas (agosto de 2015) para observar se mais melhoras podem ser conquistadas.

Um tamanduá bandeira macho de 30 kg foi levado para o Centro de Conservação da Fauna Silvestre (CCFS), onde foi diagnosticado com uma fratura simples oblíqua na diáfise do fêmur, e uma fratura de rádio e ulna, ambos no lado direito. O animal foi submetido a 2 procedimentos cirúrgicos para fixação do fêmur. Após primeira fixação, a fratura foi reduzida com um bom alinhamento do osso e movimentos de rotação eram completamente ausentes, porém dois dias após a cirurgia foi feito um raio-X, o qual revelou que o pino intramedular tinha dobrado, causando um alinhamento inaceitável do osso. Realizou-se uma segunda cirurgia, na qual foi retirado o pino dobrado e colocou-se outro, mas sete dias após, a ferida apresentou sinais de infecção e para facilitar a inspeção, o animal foi anestesiado e o pino intramedular revelou ter dobrado novamente. Considerando esses sinais, a perda de peso progressiva do animal e a seu comportamento agressivo que tornava o tratamento intensivo impossível sem sedação diária, e a partir disso, a opção de eutanasiar o animal foi a melhor escolha, para evitar mais sofrimento. A avaliação pós mortem confirmou a infecção de sítio cirúrgico, apesar de antibioticoterapia local e sistêmica.

A toucan arrived at the Wildlife Conservation Center Silvester of Ilha Solteira led by the police in July 2014. After the physical examination was seen this changes in left member: atrophy in the tarsalmetatarsal muscles, all fingers crossed cranial position, absence of superficial and deep sensitivity in the fingers and difficulty in movement. First, there was treatment with anti-inflammatory and antibiotic, a week after were been opted for the realization of acupuncture, which began in August 2014. Sessions are doing weekly and there was a great improvement in positioning and sensitivity of fingers. The sessions are still being made (August 2015) to see if more improvements can be achieved.

Ainda hoje há um grande número de animais silvestres que sofrem de maus tratos oriundos do tráfico, sendo mantidos em cativeiros inadequados, sofrem com os atropelamentos nas estradas e são vítimas também de doenças infecciosas, por isso que a medicina de animais silvestres vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Por perceber que são poucos os trabalhos que relatam tratamentos executados em animais silvestres e que associem a alopatia com a acupuntura, realizou-se este relato que mostra a associação do tratamento alopático de feridas com o uso de acupuntura em um tucano-toco.