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Background: Good reading skills are important for appropriate functioning in everyday life, scholastic performance, and acquiring a higher socioeconomic status. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify possible deficits in specific reading skills in people with a variety of mental illnesses, including personality disorders (PDs). Methods: We performed a systematic search of multiple databases from inception until February 2020 and conducted random-effects meta-analyses. Results: The search yielded 34 studieswith standardized assessments of reading skills in people with one or more mental illnesses. Of these, 19 studies provided data for the meta-analysis. Most studies (k = 27; meta-analysis, k = 17) were in people with schizophrenia and revealed large deficits in phonological processing (Hedge's g =-0.88, p < 0.00001), comprehension (Hedge's g =-0.96, p < 0.00001) and reading rate (Hedge's g =-1.22, p=0.002), relative to healthy controls; the single-word reading was less affected (Hedge's g =-0.70, p < 0.00001). A few studies in affective disorders and nonforensic PDs suggested weaker deficits (for all, Hedge's g <-0.60). In forensic populations with PDs, there was evidence of marked phonological processing (Hedge's g =-0.85, p < 0.0001) and comprehension deficits (Hedge's g =-0.95, p = 0.0003). Conclusions: People with schizophrenia, and possibly forensic PD populations, demonstrate a range of reading skills deficits. Future studies are needed to establish how these deficits directly compare to those seen in developmental or acquired dyslexia and to explore the potential of dyslexia interventions to improve reading skills in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders often experience less pleasure during social interaction and frequently demonstrate reduced social motivation. This research examines the extent to which these behaviours may be linked to reduced social reward reactivity and sensitivity, and aims to clarify whether schizophrenia spectrum traits are associated with reduced behavioural and neural responsiveness to social rewards. It includes a systematic review and meta-analyses of social reward sensitivity research in schizophrenia, and also provides preliminary data (participant n = 50) on a novel avatar-based social incentive delay task that was created to further investigate the links between schizophrenia spectrum traits and social reward reactivity. Methods: First, a systematic review and meta-analyses (literature database search conducted November 2019) found six studies that investigated social reward anticipation and consumption within the schizophrenia continuum (total participant n = 440). Four investigated social reward sensitivity in clinical samples with schizophrenia diagnoses, and two studied the links between social anhedonia traits and social reward responding in normative samples. The novel social incentive delay task presents participants with the opportunity to win animated avatar-based monetary or social rewards by responding to a cued target. Results: The narrative review and meta-analyses of behavioural data from clinical and normative samples found that individuals with schizophrenia diagnoses or traits demonstrate significantly reduced behavioural anticipation of social rewards in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, this reduced reward reactivity was more pronounced for social rewards than for monetary rewards. This effect was also mirrored at neural levels, with individuals with schizophrenia demonstrating reduced social reward-related activation in areas such as the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate cortex. Preliminary behavioural data from the social incentive delay task suggest that, in normative samples, more pronounced negative schizotypal traits are associated with reduced anticipation and consumption of social rewards. Like in the reviewed studies, this reduced anticipation was more marked for social rewards than for monetary rewards. Discussion: This research suggests that schizophrenia spectrum traits are associated with reduced reactivity and sensitivity to social rewards. It also highlights that this reduced reactivity is demonstrated at behavioural and neural levels, and is more marked for social rewards than for monetary rewards. We consider the implications of these findings for treatment programmes that target atypical social behaviour within schizophrenia spectrum conditions. A series of methodological recommendations for future work investigating social reward reactivity in schizophrenia are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some studies suggest that lexical recognition is impaired in people with schizophrenia, psychopathy and/or antisocial personality disorders, but not affective disorders. We examined the extent to which various traits dimensionally linked to one or more of these disorders are associated with lexical recognition performance in the general population., Methods: Seventy-eight healthy English-speaking participants completed self-report measures of schizotypy, psychopathy, impulsivity, depression, anxiety and stress. All participants were assessed on a one-choice variant of a lexical decision task (LDT)., Results: Meanness and Boldness traits of psychopathy (Triarchic Psychopathy Measure), and positive schizotypy (Unusual Experiences, Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) were associated with poor word-nonword accuracy, and predicted a significant amount of unique variance (Meanness, 12%; Boldness, 4.8%; Positive Schizotypy, 4.4%; total 21%) in performance. Higher motor impulsivity predicted 30% of the variance in low-frequency words recognition accuracy, but only in non-native English speakers. Affective traits were not associated with LDT performance., Conclusion: Psychopathic traits show stronger negative associations with lexical recognition performance than schizotypal traits, and impulsivity may differently influence lexical decision performance in native and non-native speakers. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, especially the influence of language familiarity in the impulsivity-performance relationship, and to clarify the influence of corresponding symptom dimensions in lexical recognition abilities, taking language familiarity, migration status, and comorbidity into account, in people with schizophrenia, psychopathy, and/or antisocial personality disorders., Competing Interests: None., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)