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For a successful knee arthroplasty it is imperative to measure patellar thickness intraoperatively to guide the depth of resection. Width thickness ratio of patella is a useful indicator for assessing premorbid patellar thickness. Patellar implants for total knee arthroplasty rely mostly on data from Western population as data from Indian population is sparse. To study the dimensions of patella in South Indian population and to compare it with the previous literature. To estimate the commonest variant of patella in Indian population as per the Weibergs classification.: 101 dry patella from the Department of Anatomy of MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital were used for this study following approval from Instutional ethical committee . The dimensions of patella i.e Patellar height, width, thickness, width of medial and lateral articular facet were measured using Digital Vernier calipers. The results of various statistical parameters (Length, Width, Thickness, MAF and LAF) on the right and left side and combined were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviations along with minimum and maximum values.() The mean height, width and thickness of patella was 39.07mm, 42.56mm and 22.7mm respectively. The values of all the variables of both sides were compared. There was no statistical difference between the variables on right and left sides. Width of MAF in the present study was 19.8 ±2.82 mm while Width of LAF was 24.6±1.88mm. Ratio of width to thickness of patella was 1.8mm. There was no correlation between the two variables.Patella was classified according to Wiberg classification on the basis of dimensions of the width of medial articular and lateral articular facet as well as curvature of the facets. The most common variant observed was Type 2.The knowledge of patellar morphometry will aid the orthopedic surgeons in designing prosthesis. Morphometric data of patella on Indian population will also act as guide for forensic experts and anthropologists in sex determination.

The paper examines the role of technology for rural development/empowerment. For the purpose of the feasibility, dried meat production with solar energy is considered on a small scale unit of 50 kg/day. The study shows that the small scale production of sundried meat products require capital investment of US$ 0.17 lakhs. Total annual expenditure was estimated as US$ 0.43 lakhs. Cost of production of dried meat comes to US$ 12.38/kg with variable costs of US$ 10.78 and fixed costs of US$ 1.6/kg. Considering all the discounting measures like net present value (Rs. 0.09 lakhs) IRR (41 %) BCR (1.54) and payback period (3.21 years), sun dried meat production in rural areas can become a viable option for farmers to serve dual role of employment generation and profits. The results showed potential and worthiness of sun drying technology for the rural development/empowerment.

Aim of the Study: Spleen is a clinically important organ because of its immunological and hematological role in the body. It can show a wide range of variation, the knowledge of which is important for physicians, surgeons and radiologists The present study was done to perform a morphometric analysis of cadaveric spleens and compare the results with previous studies. Materials and Methods: The present study was done on 53 cadaveric spleens. It can show a wide range of variation, the knowledge of which is important for physicians, surgeons and radiologists The present study was done to perform a morphometric analysis of cadaveric spleens and compare the results with previous studies. Results: Out of 53 spleens studied, a wedge shaped or triangular spleen was the most common shapes encountered (18 each) followed by 8 tetrahedral spleens and 5 oval spleens. The least common shapes were heart shaped, semi lunar shaped spleens (2 each). Weight of the spleen ranged from 53 to 444 g average weight being 145 g. Length of the spleen ranged from 50.5 to 144.3 mm average being 96.88. Breadth of the spleen ranged from 43.7 to 107.5 mm average being 68.4. Thickness of spleen ranged from 22.3 to 52.14 mm average being 36.12. Notches were only seen on the superior border of 44 spleens and most of these spleens had one or two notches. Three spleens showed the presence of multiple notches and in 5 spleens no notches were seen. Conclusion: These findings will be helpful for operating surgeons and intervention radiologists and for objective determination of splenomegaly.

Introduction: The second part of the vertebral artery along with vertebral venous plexus and sympathetic plexus traverses through vicinity of foramen transversarium of atlas. Derangement of these structures in their course may be seen due to deformities, narrowing and presence of osteophytes in foramen transversarium. Methods: Two hundred foramen transversarium of 100 atlas vertebrae were grossly studied for their variations. Results: Out of hundred atlas vertebrae examined, we found that all the vertebrae had foramina transversaria. Absence of costal element was noticed in five atlas vertebrae. 2 of the vertebrae showed incomplete unilateral foramen transversarium, 3 vertebrae showed bilateral incomplete foramen, In 1 vertebra along with normal foramen transversarium, complete retroarticular foramen was observed on the left side and incomplete retroarticular foramen observed on the right side of the posterior arch.4 vertebrae showed incomplete retroarticular foramen. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of neck injuries and related syndromes necessitates the study of bony variations of the atlas vertebra and its transverse foramina. Due to the incomplete formation of the foramen transversarium the second part of vertebral artery is prone to be damaged easily during posterior cervical injuries and Surgeries. The bony bridges embracing the vertebral artery may be responsible for vertigo and cerebrovascular accidents hence the knowledge of such variations is important for Physicians, Otirhinolaryngologists, neurologists ,Orthopaedicians and Radiologists.

Background: The hard palate is an essential part of human skull, the detailed knowledge of which plays an important role in the passive articulation of speech. Methods: The present study was conducted on 65 dry skulls from the department of anatomy, MVJMC & RH, Bangalore. With vernier caliper, palatine length, palatine breadth and heights were measured. Palatine index and palatine height index were calculated. Results: Mean palatine length was 48.47 ± 4.66 mm. Mean palatine breadth was 36 ± 4.41 mm and height was 8.62 ± 2.76 mm. According to the palatine index range, 66% of the hard palate belongs to leptostaphyline, 18.5% belongs to mesostaphyline and 15. 5% was brachystaphyline. As per palatine height index, 72.3% of hard palate showed chamestaphyline followed by 26.1% orthostaphyline and 1.6% hypistaphyline. Conclusions: These observations can be utilised for ethnic and racial classification of crania, anthropological studies, fabricating complete maxillary dentures for edentulous patients and performing certain surgical procedures in hard palate & soft palate.

The research reported in this paper is carried out as a part of the larger project on retort processing. Evaluation of small scale retort processing plant with a capacity of 1,20,000 pouches of Deccan Chicken Curry per year is carried out using project evaluation techniques. Data is taken from the experiments of the larger project. Financial feasibility analysis indicates that the retort processing plant is economically feasible. The plant is financially viable with an Internal Rate of Return of 72% and a Net Present Value of Rs. 1,86,62,503 discounted at 12%. Risk is also found to be less. Sensitivity analysis showed that the project is less sensitive to changes in input and output prices but sensitive to changes in Sales volume. This study may be useful for the enterprenuers interested in processing sector to get first hand information on investment opportunities in retort processed ready to eat products.

Objective: Mandibular foramen is an important anatomical landmark for the inferior alveolar nerve blocks, mandibular osteotomies and implant treatment. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the mandibular foramen is very essential hence this study aims to determine the position of the mandibular foramen and incidence of accessory mandibular foramen in south Indian population. Material and methods:65 adult human mandibles were obtained from the anatomy department of MVJ medical college . The data was tabulated and statistically analysed. Results:The mean distance of the mandibular foramen to mandibular notch was 22.1±3.2mm. The mandibular foramen to anterior border of ramus distance was 16.9±2.7mm, from the mandibular foramen to the posterior border of the ramus was 11.9 ±2.2mm. The mandibular foramen to base of the mandible distance was 24.9 ± 3.3mm and to the gonion was 22.4± 3.2mm. Accessory mandibular foramen was noted in 41.5% of the mandibles. Conclusion: Knowledge of the position of mandibular foramen and incidence of accessory mandibular foramen is useful for the maxillofacial surgeons, oncologists and radiologists in preventing neurovascular complications and misinterpretations.

Portal annular pancreas is one of the rarest congenital anomaly of the pancreas. This variation was noted in a formalin fixed male cadaver aged about 60 yrs during the course of routine anatomy dissection in MVJ Medical college and research hospital. Here the pancreatic parenchyma not only enclosed the second part of duodenum but also had surrounded the portal vein (PV). Such a variation requires careful consideration by the surgeon and gastroenterologists while performing pancreatic resection and various other procedures pertaining to the pancreas and duodenum.