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The article is devoted to the analysis of phonetic processes in the area of vocalism in the names of the Christian population of Podlasie. The analysis showed that the absorption and functioning of Christian names in the colloquial language and dialects of Podlasie in the 16th–17th centuries in the area of vocalism were determined by the conditions for the development of Slavic phonology and phonology characteristic of the languages and dialects of the region. In the inlaut of the names, heterosyllabic vowels and diphthongs were adapted. In the analyzed period, the transformations of vowels were influenced by changes in consonantism, the quality of vowels in adjacent syllables and paroxytonic accent in Polish as well as dynamic and variable accent in Belarusian.

В статье рассматривается взаимодействие двух книжных жанров славяноязычной арабскоалфавитной письменности татар Великого княжества Литовского: тефсиров (содержащих экзегетический перевод Корана) и китабов (сборников мусульманских религиозных рассказов). На примере коранического аята 36:14 показана взаимосвязь польского перевода Корана, записанного арабским письмом в тефсирах (рукописи XVII–XX вв.), с одним из списков тематически близкого китабного текста «Посольство Исы в Антиохию». Данный аят упоминает трех безымянных посланников, которые в мусульманской традиции обычно считаются Иоанном, Иудой и Симоном-Петром, апостолами Иисуса (Исы). При этом польский тефсирный перевод называет их Яном, Стефаном и Симеоном (т.е. Симоном), а китабный текст – Яхьей, Шевбаном и Шемуном. Рассмотрение двуименности литовских татар, соотносивших свои мусульманские имена с христианскими, позволяет предполагать здесь единую экзегетическую традицию, предполагавшую взаимное соотнесение парных форм Ян и Яхья, Стефан и Шевбан, Семеон и Шемун. Это подтверждает также маргинальная глосса, переписанная из тефсира в китаб.The article discusses one case of interrelation between the Polish translation of the Quran written using the Arabic script in the tefsirs by Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and their manuscript kitabs. The focus is placed on ayah 36:14 in its relation to the narrative “Jesus’ mission to Antioch” (according to the British Library Kitab OR 13020 of the mid-19th c.). While the three nameless messengers of the ayah are usually believed to be Jesus’ disciples John, Judah, and Simon-Peter who were sent to Antioch, the Polish tefsir translation names them John, Stephen, and Simon. The author argues that these are merely Christian forms of the Muslim names „Jechja“, „Ševban“, and „Šeme‘un“ presented in the same context in the kitab narrative “Jesus’ mission to Antioch”. On the other hand, the above mentioned copy of the latter text contains two marginal notes (to ayah 36:14) which cite the Christian forms of the names derived from the Polish manuscript tefsir. A preliminary list of correspondences between Muslim and Christian names used by Lithuanian Tatars is also given in the article.

Straipsnyje tiriamas skolintų vardų su baigmeniu -ij- inventorius jų kilmės aspektu. Tarp tirtų vardų dominuoja lotyniški ir graikiški asmenvardžiai, labiausiai veikę vardyno kaitą. Kitos kilmės skolinti vardai su baigmeniu -ij- nors ir buvo įvairūs, bet didelės vardyno dalies neapėmė. Iš visų laikotarpių išsiskyrė išlaisvintos Lietuvos laikotarpis, kai susidarė didžiausia tirtų vardų įvairovė ir ėmė mažėti rusų kalbos įtaka vardynui. Remiantis skolintų vardų su baigmeniu -ij- inventoriaus pokyčiais, išskirti preliminarūs Lietuvos XX–XXI a. skolinto vardyno kaitos požymiai. The article deals with the inventory of Lithuanian borrowed names ending in -ij- from the point of view of their origin. Names of Latin and Greek origin clearly predominate. They had a major impact on the Lithuanian stock of proper names. Names of other origins were rather variegated, but they did not make a large part of the total of proper names. The period leading to the independence of Lithuania clearly stands out as being the one with the greater variety of names. In addition, Russian influence decreased. The changes in the inventory of borrowed names ending in -ij- allow us to preliminary highlight the main features of the development of Lithuanian borrowed names during the 20th–21st centuries.

TThis research aims at analysing and comparing the motives for choosing the first name of a child in Lithuania and Brazil in the years 1958-2016. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods and applying social and cultural approaches, it reveals that different countries and cultures have both similar and divergent trends in name-giving practices. The most remarkable similarity in both countries and cultures is both the predominance of an aesthetic motiveand the desire to honour a relative, a friend, or a famous person. These trends are presumably related to universal aspects of naming practices. The aesthetic motiveis related to processes of cultural globalization, while the honour-oriented motivepoints to the significance of traditional naming patterns. The greatest difference between Lithuanian and Brazilian data is in the frequency of name choices due to patriotism, religion, name uniqueness or naming a child after a fictional character. Such divergent results are explained by different social values in each society and different cultural and historical experiences. In addition, the research proves that the first names do have meaning; however, it is not purely conceptual or lexical, as they rather bear individual connotations. A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar e comparar as motivações para a escolha do prenome de indivíduos nascidos nos anos 1958-2016 na Lituânia e no Brasil. Ao empregar uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, bem como a aplicação de abordagens sociais e culturais, o estudo apresentado neste artigo revela que países e culturas diferentes têm tendências semelhantes e divergentes nas práticas de atribuição de nomes. A notável semelhança em ambos os países e culturas é a predominância do motivo estético e a escolha do nome de uma criança com o desejo de homenagear um parente, um amigo ou uma pessoa famosa. Essas tendências estão provavelmente relacionadas a aspectos universais das práticas de nomeação. Enquanto a primeira motivação está relacionada a processos de globalização cultural, a segunda evidencia a importância dos padrões tradicionais de nomeação. A maior diferença nos dados lituanos e brasileiros está na frequência de escolhas de nomes devido ao patriotismo, à religião, à univocidade do nome e à nomeação inspirada por personagem ficcional. Estes resultados divergentes são explicados por diferentes valores sociais em cada sociedade e diferentes experiências culturais e históricas. Além disso, a pesquisa mostra que os prenomes têm significado; no entanto, ele não é puramente conceitual ou lexical, mas sim um significado de conotação individual.

Names are central elements of people’s identities: they distinguish them from other individuals and play an important role in human self-determination. Names and their spelling reach, from time to time, national and European courtrooms. The European Union is no exception in this respect, as the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice proves. Unlike the European Court of Human Rights, the Luxembourg court avoids looking at the right to one’s name through the prism of fundamental rights but opts for internal market and EU citizenship reasoning. This article puts into context one of the latest EU citizenship cases on the right to one’s name, originating from the (lack of) ethnic minority rights protection in Lithuania. The Runevič-Vardyn case, in which the Court of Justice was called to balance EU citizens' fundamental rights against national constitutional traditions to protect state language, also highlights the political and diplomatic tensions between Poland and Lithuania – two ‘young’ Member States with their unique post-Soviet history. This is only one of the many examples illustrating the intricate ethnic minority rights issues in many EU bordering Member States, which raises wider questions about the future of European integration. Given the current national reform on the spelling of names in identity documents in Lithuania, it may well be that the change to improve the protection to one’s right to identity can come from within. The authors, however, propose that the Court takes a more coherent fundamental rights and proportionality approach on this matter. Hence, as a way out, they put forward a proposal for inclusive residence-based EU citizenship that is underpinned by the substantive equality of all EU citizens, no matter what their ethnic origin or mother tongue.

Vardų teorija užima reikšmingą vietą analitinėje kalbos filosofijoje. Jos pradžia paprastai siejama su F. Brentano, A. Meinongo, o ypač su G. Frege’ės darbais. Tačiau šiuolaikinės vardų teorijos pradininku reiktų laikyti J. S. Millį, kurio „Logikos sistema“ buvo labai svarbi tiek logikos, tiek loginio pozityvizmo, tiek analitinės kalbos filosofijos raidai. Kalbos filosofija ir vardų teorija scholastinėje tradicijoje sulaukė išskirtinio dėmesio ypač dėl to, kad jos pasiekimais rėmėsi teologija. Buvo išplėtota tiek semantinė kalbos teorija, tiek spekuliatyvioji gramatika. Tačiau scholastinės kalbos filosofijos pasiekimai niekaip neatsispindi šiuolaikinėje analitinėje kalbos filosofijoje. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama atsakyti, kodėl taip atsitiko. Galbūt tam įtakos turėjo ne tik atsainus švietimo filosofijos atstovų požiūris į scholastinę filosofiją (jis čia nenagrinėjamas), bet ir J. S. Millio garsiausiame veikale „Logikos sistema“ pateikta išsami visos logikos ir pažinimo teorijos analizė. Šis veikalas turi labai aiškią ir paprastą struktūrą, parašytas sklandžia kalba ir labiau remiasi apeliacija į sveiką protą nei į subtilius samprotavimus. J. S. Millis buvo gerai susipažinęs su scholastine kalbos filosofija, tačiau ja nesirėmė ir atvirai jos nekritikavo. Vardų teorija šiuolaikinėje analitinėje filosofijoje buvo rengiama remiantis J. S. Millio idėjomis: polemika prasideda autoriaus idėjų kritika, o scholastinės teorijos nenagrinėja nei vieno iš pagrindiniais laikomų tekstų. Theory of names is a prominent part of analytic philosophy of language. Contemporary analysis of names is typically taken to be emerging from the works of F. Brentano, A. Meinong and especially G. Frege. However, the contemporary theory of names originates from J. S. Mill. System of Logic, his opus magnum, had an enormous influence on later development of logic, the philosophy of language and the emergence of logical positivism. The philosophy of language and the theory of names in the scholastic tradition were treated highly, partially to their significance to theology. However, achievements of the scholastic philosophy of language are hardly noticeable in the contemporary analytic philosophy of language. This article seeks to investigate the causes of such situation. These may involve disregard towards scholastic philosophy in general characteristic of the philosophy of Enlightment. It is claimed that some other significant influence may had been the analysis of logic and epistemology provided in the System of Logic.

The article presents the names bestowed on Polish children in Lithuania after 1990, a topic which merited little scholarly attention to date. First, by way of introduction, the specific Lithuanised written forms of these names are described and compared with their standard Polish and Lithuanian equivalents. The naming trends are then analysed on the basis of three sets of data: the top ten male and female names among Lithuanian Poles (as compared with those in Lithuania and in Poland) in the years 1991, 2000, 2010 and 2013; the names of 1284 students, all born after 1990, from fifteen Polish-language schools in Lithuania; finally, the names given in the years 1991–2011 to children in the municipality of Salcininkai (Soleczniki), where the percentage of Poles is the highest in Lithuania. Interviews with members of the Polish minority in Lithuania, focusing on naming issues, have also been used for fact-finding. The research shows that the name choices of Poles in Lithuania are becoming increasingly different from those in Poland, yet not exactly convergent with Lithuanian trends. Poles almost never use names of Lithuanian origin and prefer instead simple names, not necessarily of Polish origin, that look in writing almost the same in Polish and in Lithuanian. Especially striking among these are Germanic names, such as Edward, Ernest, Eryka, Greta, never particularly popular in Poland.

Rendering place names (names of towns, rivers, lakes) of Lithuania in Latvian has been investigated in both theoretical and practical aspects; however, the region of Northern Lithuania was chosen for the first attempt to review the usage of place names of a narrower territory more thoroughly. The aim of the present research is to find out what are the tendencies of the usage of Northern Lithuanian place names and how Latvian readers are acquainted with these localities. Comparative and analytical descriptive methods were employed for the research. Various non-fiction texts, mostly publications issued in Latvia and Lithuania for tourists, both written in Latvian and translated into Latvian, were chosen as sources for the analysis. There are not many place names of Northern Lithuania in Latvian texts, and their diversity is small; however, publications for tourists include more diverse place names, not only those of cities, rivers, or other objects. The material was divided and discussed according to the following semantic groups: 1) names of regions; 2) names of towns and other settlements; 3) names of water bodies. The present paper discusses variations of alphabet (rendering a grapheme i marking palatalisation) and grammatical changes, e.g. many town names that are of masculine gender in Lithuanian were changed to feminine gender in Latvian. In general, place names of Northern Lithuania are usually Latvianised according to the rules. However, there appears a tendency to write a place name in brackets in Lithuanian besides names of little-known, smaller or other objects. Also, not matching provisions of dictionaries and /or incorrectly rendered place names of Northern Lithuania were found. Several such inaccuracies could be considered as mistakes of proof; however, it seems that there are more cases of neglected laws of rendering. Sometimes there are unreasoned variations of forms (names of regions Ziemeļlietuva and Ziemeļu Lietuva, Aukštaitija and Augštaitija).

1912 m. Kazimieras Būga aiškino, kad „jõrė – pavasario žaluma“ yra slavybė (Aleksandras Brückneris – jau 1877 m.). Taip vėliau manė ir visi etimologai. Bet daug kas jų nežinojo. Jono Barono „Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodyne“ (1924) „jorė“ ir „joruoti“ pateikiami, taigi svetimais nelaikomi. „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“ (IV, 1957) „jorės“ su visa gimine nežymi kaip svetimybių. Tai žemaičių tarmės retesnis žodis, daugiausia išplatintas S. Daukanto ir A. Juškos žodyno, bet nežinomas nei iš senųjų raštų, nei taikęs į naująją bendrinę kalbą. Reikiamai nereagavus, atsivėrė landelė, iki šiol neužkišta nei V. Vitkausko „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno taisymuose“, nei „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ elektroninėje versijoje (2013). A. Salys 1968 m. į lietuvių vardyną praleido – greičiausiai V. Mykolaičio-Putino – „Jorūnę“, tąsą – su „Joriu“, „Jore“, „Jorūnu“, „Jorigiu“, „Jorige“ – padarė B. Savukynas. Fonas šitokiam nerūpestingumui – neatsakingai liberalaus požiūrio į svetimybes lėtinis stiprėjimas. Mokslo tiesai galų gale nebus sunku nugalėti – užteks prisiminti. Šalinti įsisenėjusios klaidos padarinius gyvenime bus sunkiau (iš bėdos galimas teisinimas skandinaviška „Jorio“ kilme). Klaidų nelaisvė kalbos praktikoje apskritai didėja. Tačiau išlaisvina tik įgyvendinta tiesa. Turime jau ir netikėtą pavyzdį – ir ne iš kalbininkų darbų – sovietmečio hibridinė rusybė „jarovizacija – augalo prisitaikymas prie sezoninių klimato kitimų“ – „vernalization“ keičiamas tikru tarptautiniu: „jarovizacija“ (rus. jarovyje – vasarojus) ↗ „vernalizacija“ (Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, VIII, 2005). In 1912 Kazimieras Būga argued that "jõrė" ‘spring vegetation’ is a Slavism (Aleksander Brückner – as far back as 1877). All etymologists took the same road afterwards. However, many did not know them. "Jorė" and "joruoti" are included in the "Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary" published by Jonas Baronas in 1924, meaning that they are not considered foreign words. "The Dictionary of Lithuanian" (IV 1957) does not consider "jorė" and its gender forms as barbarisms. It is a less common word of the Samogitian dialect, mostly disseminated through the dictionaries of Simonas Daukantas and Antanas Juška; however, it is neither known from the old writings nor was it trying to pave its way into the new standard language. In the absence of a timely reaction, a gap nevertheless opened. Most importantly, it was neither corrected in "The Corrections of the Dictionary of Lithuanian" by Vytautas Vitkauskas nor in the electronic edition of "The Dictionary of Lithuanian" (2013). In 1968 Antanas Salys opened the way to "Jorūnė" – probably deriving from Putinas, Lithuanian poet and writer – into the index of Lithuanian proper names; the continuity – with "Joris", "Jorė", "Jorūnas", "Jorigis", "Jorigė" – was established by Bronys Savukynas. The background for such carelessness was a gradual strengthening of an irresponsibly liberal approach towards barbarisms. It will not be hard for the truth of science to triumph eventually – it will only suffice to remember. It will be harder to eliminate the outcomes of the long-established error from life (in the worst case scenario, it can be justified by the Scandinavian origin of "Joris"). The captivity of errors tends to grow in the language practice. However, only the truth brought to life can make us free. An unexpected example is already in front of us – and it does not come from linguistics: a hybrid Soviet Russicism "jarovizacija" – ‘the adjustment of the plant to seasonal climate changes’– "vernalization" is already replaced by a true international word "jarovizacija" (Russian "jarovyje" – spring crops) ↗ "vernalizacija" ("Universal Lithuanian Encyclopaedia" VIII 2005).

Straipsnyje tiriamos vilniškių arealo trumpinių kilmės pavardės. Jas ištyrus buvo nustatyta, kad daugiausia yra vilniškių arealo trumpinių kilmės pavardžių, kurios atsirado iš antrojo dvikamienio vardo kamieno, galinčio būti praplėsto ir hipokoristine priesaga. Dominuojantys pavardžių kamieno struktūros tipai rodo, kad šiame areale (kaip ir kituose Lietuvos arealuose) dažniausi yra CVC struktūros kamienai, o hipokoristiniai kamienai yra plečiami priesagomis -k- ir -š-. Kelta hipotezė, kad visõs Lietuvos trumpinių kilmės pavardžių pamato ir struktūros tendencijos yra būdingos vilniškių arealo pavardėms, pasitvirtino. Ji remia vilniškių arealo kalbinio paveldo nenutrūkstamumą ir archajiškumą. Trumpinių kilmės vilniškių pavardės turi ir arealinių savitumų: 1. funkcionuoja keturi hipokoristinių kamienų struktūros tipai (CVC, CVvC, CVCC ir CCVC), nors kituose Lietuvos arealuose jų yra daugiau; 2. egzistuoja trumpinių kilmės pavardės su hipokoristiniu kamienu sar-, kurį turinčių pavardžių kitur Lietuvoje nėra; 3. tik šiame areale yra pakitę hipokoristiniai kamienai gėd- (>gėdž-), vain- (>van-), vid-k- (>vic-k-); 4. kamienai bor- ir voin- atsirado pakitus trumpinių, bet ne dvikamienių vardų kamienams; 5. nėra pavardžių, turinčių kamienus, praplėstus kitomis nei -k- ir -š- hipokoristinėmis priesagomis, kokių pasitaiko kituose arealuose; 6. iš vieną balsinę priesagą turinčių pavardžių dažniausios yra su priesagomis -(i)ūn-, -eik-, -evič- ir -ausk-. The article deals with the analysis of surnames of abbreviation origin in Vilnius area. The study showed that the majority of surnames of abbreviation origin in Vilnius area emerged from the second stem (which can be extended by hypocoristic suffix) of the double-stemmed name. Dominant structure types of surname stems shows that stems of CVC type are the most frequent in this (and many other Lithuanian areas) area, and hypocoristic stems are extended by suffixes -k- and -š-. The hypothesis that all the trends of structure and the basis of surnames which originated from abbreviations applicable for the entire Lithuania are characteristic to the Vilnius area as well was proven right. The hypothesis also supports the continuity and archaism of linguistic heritage in Vilnius area. Surnames which originated from abbreviations have their aerial peculiarities: 1) four structural types of hypocoristic stems exist (CVC, CVvC, CVCC and CCVC), while there are more of those types in other areas of Lithuania; 2) the surnames of abbreviation origin with hypocoristic stem sar- exist, while there are no surnames having this stem in other places of Lithuania; 3) hypocoristic stems have altered in this area only gėd- (→ gėdž-), vain- (→ van-), vid-k- (→ vic-k-); 4) stems bor- ir voin- appeared when stems of abbreviations, but not the stems of double-stemmed names, were altered; 5) there are no surnames with stems extended by other than -k- ir -š- hypocoristic suffixes, which is the case in other areas; 6. surnames having suffixes -(i)ūn-, -eik-, -evič- and -ausk- are the most frequent of the surnames with a single vocalic suffix.

Straipsnyje analizuojami iš Telšių parapijos XVIII a. pr. krikšto knygos išrinkti 2967 moterų įvardijimai: 472 krikštijamųjų mergaičių įvardijimai, 996 motinų įvardijimai, 985 krikštamočių ir 514 kitų apeigose dalyvavusių moterų įvardijimai. Surinkti moterų įvardijimai suskirstyti pagal įvardijimo struktūrą: moterų įvardijimas vienu asmenvardžiu; moterų įvardijimas dviem asmenvardžiais ir moterų įvardijimas trimis asmenvardžiais. Moterų vardai, išrinkti iš šaltinio, taip pat buvo išsamiai tirti pagal kilmę. Nustatyta, kad visi nagrinėtame šaltinyje rasti vardai yra krikščioniškieji (hebrajiškos, graikiškos, lotyniškos ir germaniškos kilmės). Šaltinyje užfiksuoti vardai taip pat buvo aptarti pagal jų variantiškumą ir dažnumą. 27 vardai (56,3% visų vardų) turi kelis variantus, atsiradusius dėl nesuvienodintos rašybos. Daugiausia variantų (13) turi vardas Jadvyga. Šaltinyje rasti 48 skirtingi moterų vardai. Populiariausi moterų vardai, užfiksuoti XVIII a pr. krikšto knygoje, yra: Anna, Elizabetha, Catharina, Justina, Magdalena The novelty of this study mostly depends on the source which is the 18th Century Telsiai Parish Baptism Registry Book. On the first page of the Parish Baptism Registry Book there is a record in Latin: Metrica Baptorum in Ecclesia chiali Telsensi Conotata ab Anno bi incarnate 1700 (The baptism register of Telsiai Parish church has been written since 1700 A.D.). The baptism book is worn out and therefore, a significant number of the registers are hardly decipherable often chaotically desultory (e.g. in a number of the records information about baptized person or other members of the ceremony is missing). However, the inscriptions follow a particular order applied in this document. In most cases the order is following: baby's naming, parents' naming, godparents' naming and naming of other ceremony members of christening. The purpose of the current research is to collect and analyze all women's namings from the source including namings of baptized girls, their mothers, godmothers ant other women who attended christening ceremony. The object of the study is women's namings and anthroponyms collected from the 18th Century Telsiai Parish Baptism Registry Book. This study attempts, firstly, to collect analyzed women's namings according to their structure; secondly, to classify women's first names according to their origin, frequency, phonetic, graphic versions caused by orthographic peculiarities of that time. The analysis involves 2967 women's namings collected from the Telsiai Parish Baptism Registry Book. 2974 first names were collected. The most popular type of women namings include two anthroponyms otherwise called binomial naming (60.9% of all women's namings). Monomial naming (38.9%) was less frequent, while women's naming in three anthroponyms (trinomial naming) is very rare (0.3%). In the source 2950 women's monomial, binomial and trinomial namings were registered including first names. Only Christian names were used, and the most popular women's names according to their origin were Greek names (14), Hebrew names (8), and Germanic names (4). Only 48 original first names were found. The most popular women's first names in the source are the following: Anna, Elizabetha, Catharina, Justina, and Magdalena. The registry book contains 27 women's first names in one or more phonetic, graphic or other variants

The aim of the article is to present the names given to children from Lithuanian families and to determine the factors which influence the choice of a name in the past and at present. The data from the questionnaires reveal that local Lithuanian families choose the same names for their children as parents in Lithuania: Onutė, Birutė, Jūratė, Asta, Gabija, Kamilė, Jonas, Gediminas, Vytautas, Algimantas, Tomas, Matas, Artūras, Raimundas. There are old Lithuanian names, Christian names, new Lithuanian names and international borrowed names. There are not any official written sources with the forms of these names, therefore some names have different variants Elena / Elė, Gintas / Gintautas. In the past babies were given two names and one of them was a Christian name (Genė Ona, Kazimieras Sigitas). The requirements of the Church to give Christian names influenced the popularity of those names. At present parents usually choose one name for their child. They want to demonstrate their national affiliation and the attachment to the Lithuanian culture, therefore they choose traditional names. However, there is a new tendency to choose borrowed names, which according to the respondents .sound good in other languages as well. Polish names such as Małgorzata, Marzena, Jarosław are used only in mixed families. The Registers are in the Polish language. The officials used to write Polish equivalents of the Lithuanian names. Thus, the names Ona, Birutė, Juozas, Antanas, Vytautas became Anna, Biruta, Józef, Antoni, Witold in the documents. The names which did not have Polish equivalents were written using Polish letters Wida, Dovile, Jokūbas, Ramūnas etc. The Law on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language from 2005 gives the right to write down the names in the documents in their original form. Lithuanian names can be written using Lithuanian orthography Aušra, Dovilė, Jokūbas, Jurgis. There are few families who exercised the right; however, the number is slowly growing. Family members as well as people from the Lithuanian surrounding call their children using the Lithuanian forms of their names. The Polish forms are only antroponymic doublets which are used in formal situations and in contacts with Polish speaking people. People who were given traditional Lithuanian names admit that sometimes they have to listen to disapproving comments concerning their names.

Publikacijoje pristatomi dabartiniai lietuvių vaikų prasivardžiavimai, susiję su vardais. Prasivardžiavimai yra surinkti per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius, tačiau jie atspindi ne tik šį, bet ir kiek ankstyvesnį laikotarpį, nes pateikėjais buvo ne tik vaikai, bet ir suaugusieji, prisimenantys, kaip jų vaikystėje šaipytasi iš vardų. Šių prasivardžiavimų tekstai saugomi Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Etnologijos ir folkloristikos katedros archyve.Siekiant parodyti tikrąją prasivardžiavimų situaciją, į publikaciją buvo įtraukti tiek tebegyvuojantys tradiciniai vaikų prasivardžiavimų iš vardų pavyzdžiai, tiek nauji prasivardžiavimai. Norint parodyti dabartinių prasivardžiavimų gausą ir populiarumą, demonstruojami ir prasivardžiavimų variantai. Prasivardžiavimai pateikiami pagal vardus iš kurių šaipomasi, o patys vardai rikiuojami abėcėlės tvarka. Kai kada skirtingi vardai nurodomi drauge, kai identiški prasivardžiavimai taikomi skirtingų vardų savininkams. Pasišaipymai iš konkretaus vardo pateikiami pirmiausia dedant trumpuosius prasivardžiavimus (susidedančius iš vardo ir jį lydinčio epiteto), toliau – ilgesnius (susidedančius iš vardo ir kelių lydinčių žodžių). Atskirai pateikiami kiek labiau išplėtoti prasivardžiavimai sudarantys užbaigtą frazę ar išaugantys į kelių sakinių pasakymą. Rikiuojant prasivardžiavimus atsižvelgiama ir į vardo formą: pirmiau pateikiami prasivardžiavimai, kuriuose vartojamos populiariausios vardo formos, toliau – pavyzdžiai su sutrumpintu ar prailgintu vardu. The publication presents contemporary Lithuanian children’s persiflage at first names. Persiflage was collected during the last two decades; however, it reflects not only this, but also the previous period, because it was provided by both children and adults who remembered how they were laughed at in their childhood. The texts are kept in the archives of the Department of Ethnology and Folklore of Vytautas Magnus University. Seeking to reveal the actual situation of persiflage, the publication includes both the existing traditional examples of children’s persiflage at first names and new persiflage. In order to show the abundance and popularity of contemporary persiflage variants of persiflage are also demonstrated. Persiflage is presented according to the first names which are given in the order of the alphabet. In some cases different names are indicated together when identical persiflage is used for different names. Persiflage at a specific name is presented by primarily giving the short version (consisting of the name and the epithet), followed by a longer version (consisting of the name and several defining words). More elaborated persiflage, which makes a complete phrase or several sentences, is presented separately. Persiflage examples are also listed with regard to the form of the first name: the most popular name forms go first, followed by examples with a shortened or extended name.

Straipsnyje trumpai apžvelgiama Lietuvos totorių pavardžių atsiradimo istorija. Pavarde čia laikomas asmenvardis, kurį nepakitusį sūnus paveldi iš tėvo. Tyrimas atskleidžia, kad Lietuvos totorių patronimai formuojasi vėliau negu LDK bajorų luomo asmenų patronimai: XV a. trečdalis Lietuvos totorių užrašomi su tėvavardžiu; XVI a. pradžioje pusė Lietuvos totorių turi tėvavardį; 1528 m. du trečdaliai Lietuvos totorių turi tėvavardį; XVI a. viduryje - XVII a. pradžioje Lietuvos totorių tėvavardį galima laikyti susiformavusiu. XVI a. viduryje dalies Lietuvos totorių vardyne atsiranda antrasis patronimas – tėvo tėvavardis. Jis užrašomas genityvu arba nominatyvu. -sk- tipo asmenvardžių Lietuvos totorių vardyne atsiranda XVI a. viduryje, o ypač pagausėja XVII a. pradžioje. Asmenvardžių, kurie neturi priesagų ir nėra vardai, Lietuvos totorių vardyne atsiranda XVII a. pradžioje. Titulais ir kitais bendriniais žodžiais, vėliau galinčiais virsti pavardėmis, Lietuvos totoriai kartais pavadinami, į įvardijimus neįtraukiant asmenvardžių. Pirmoji Lietuvos totorių pavardė užfiksuota 1631 metais. Masiškai Lietuvos totorių pavardės ima rastis XVII a. antroje pusėje. Pavardėmis virsta patronimai, -sk- tipo asmenvardžiai, asmenvardžiai, kurie neturi priesagų ir nėra vardai. Lietuvos totorių pavardės formavosi arba iš antrojo, arba iš trečiojo įvardijimo nario ir vyriškos lyties asmens, paveldėjusio pavardę iš tėvo, įvardijime eidavo arba antroje, arba trečioje pozicijoje. The article briefly reviews the history of surnames of Lithuanian tartars. In this article, surname is considered to be a personal name, the invariable form of which goes from father to son. The research reveals that Lithuanian tartars’ patronyms formed later than patronyms of noblemen of the GDL formed. In the 15th century, one third of Lithuanian tartars are registered with patronyms. In the first half of the 16th century, half of Lithuanian tartars have a patronym. In 1528, two thirds of Lithuanian tartars have a patronym. In the middle of the 16th century–the beginning of the 17th century, patronyms of Lithuanian tartars can be considered as formed surnames. In the middle of the 16th century, the onomastics of Lithuanian tartars witness the emergence of another patronym – father’s patronym. It is written in the genitive or the nominative case. -Sk-type personal names emerge in the onomastics of Lithuanian tartars in the middle of the 16th century. Their number grows at the beginning of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, the onomastics of Lithuanian tartars are supplemented with personal names, which do not have any suffixes and which are not names. The first Lithuanian tartar surname is registered in 1631. Mass growth in the number of surnames of Lithuanian tartars is registered in the second half of the 17th century. Patronyms, sk-type personal names, personal names without suffixes and which are not names are transformed into surnames. Surnames of Lithuanian tartars formed from the second or the third member of the naming and a male, who inherited his surname from his father.

Straipsnio tikslas - pagal lietuvių ir kaimyninių Šiaurės Europos taurų etninių muzikos instrumentų vardus ir jų atkuriamąsias reikšmes apibrėžti seniausius ūkininkavimo būdus. Uždaviniai - išgvildenti ir sugretinti muzikos instrumentų vardus, nustatyti jų atkuriamąsias reikšmes, jas susieti su senosios gyvensenos laikotarpiais. Objektas - lietuvių ir kaimyninių tautų etninių muzikos instrumentų vardai. Metodai - analizė, lyginimas, rekonstrukcija, apibendrinimas. Rezultatai - iškeliama hipotezė, kad skirtingai nuo etninės istorijos tyrimuose vyraujančios nuomonės, lietuvių ir kaimyninių tautų seniausi ūkininkavimo būdai greičiausiai buvo ne žemdirbystė, bet medžioklė, gyvulininkystė ir netgi žvejyba. According to the latest research made by the author it is evident that the names of the ethnic musical instruments reflect the features of the ancient life and forms of the rural economy. The terms of the wind instruments and especially their meanings reconstructed show very strong traditions of hunting and animal husbandry; on the other hand, we don't have any evidence about the traditions of agriculture. The relics of the fishers' culture which has been revealed by archaeologists during the last decades, most probably, are the string instrument kanklės reflecting the shapes of the relic fishes of the peoples in the Baltic Sea region, while there are no direct parallels with fishing in the names of the instruments. The results of the research show that in contrast to the prevailing opinion, Lithuanians and the neighbouring nations preserved not only traditions of agriculture, but even those of fishing, hunting and cattle-breading. Thus, the reconstructed meanings of the names of trumpets, whistles and reed-pipes show us not only the relicts from the times of the community of the ancient Baits and Slavs in the 3rd - 2nd millennium В. С but even the period of the community of the Indo-Europeans in Northern Europe in the 5th - 3rd millennium В. С The correlation with the archaeological data shows us that these meanings of the names of the musical instruments reflect mainly the traditions of the ancient Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures of hunting and animal husbandry from the 6th - 4th millennium В. С and of the middle of the Neolithic culture of 3rd millennium В. С It is obvious that these reflections do not reveal the traditions of the later agricultural layer from the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age of the 2nd - 1st millennium В. С

Iki šiol gyventojų kalboje vartojami du vienos upės pavadinimai Vilija ir Neris nuo seno yra mokslininkų diskusijų objektas. XIX a. šis klausimas buvo nagrinėjamas labiau atsižvelgiant į istorinę perspektyvą, o XX a. – į lingvistinę. Minėtu klausimu pateikta daug nuomonių, tačiau šiame straipsnyje dėmesys telkiamas į pačią upę, kadangi jų vertinimas ne ką naujo ir suteiktų. Nagrinėjant problema atidžiai pažvelgiama į pačią upę, jos pakrantėse esančius priešistorinius paminklus bei ten vykusius istorijos procesus. Two names of the same river Vilija and Neris that have been used in the speech of the population up to the present day has formed the subject of scientific discussions for a long time. In the 19th century this issue was considered taking into consideration the historical perspective, and in the 20th century attention was paid to the linguistic one. Many opinions were expressed on the said issue; however, attention in this article is focused on the river itself because their evaluation would add nothing new. When investigating the problem the same river, pre-historical monuments on its banks and historic processes that once took place there are treated especially thoroughly.

Straipsnyje aptariamas naujasis, pataisytas ir papildytas, K. Kuzavinio ir B. Savukyno Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodyno leidimas ir trumpai įvertinamas kitas vardams skirtas leidinys – Vardai: nuo A iki Ž (sudarė N. Blaževičiūtė). Tai labai skirtingi įvairiais požiūriais darbai. Pirmasis – specialistų parengtas darbas. Čia vardai atrinkti pagal vartojimo tradiciją ir lietuvių vardyno raidos ypatumus. Visi jie sunorminti, sukirčiuoti, nurodytos kirčiuotės. Prie vardų pateikiami moksliniu požiūriu nepriekaištingi duomenys apie jų kilmę ir struktūrą. Žodyno vardų visuma apibūdina lietuvių vardyno ypatumus, jo baltišką savitumą. Čia yra suderinta vardų vartosenos tradicija ir neišvengiamos naujovės, kurioms žodynas pakankamai atviras. Dėl išvardytų savybių žodynas gali būti vertinamas ir kaip rekomenduojamų vartoti lietuvių vardų šaltinis. Antrasis leidinys – Vardai: nuo A iki Ž – taip pat pretenduoja į vardų, kuriuos tariamai galėtų vartoti lietuviai, sankaupą. Tačiau jis neatitinka nė vieno reikalavimo, kurie keliami tokio turinio ir paskirties darbams. Dauguma jame pateiktų vardų yra visiškai nepriimtini lietuvių vardynui. Aptariant tokius skirtingus leidinius straipsnyje dar kartą primenama, kokie vardai sudaro lietuvių vardyną, užsimenama apie jo kultūros problemas. The article discusses the new, amended and expanded edition of Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas (Dictionary of the Origin of Lithuanian Names) of K. Kuzavinis and B. Savukynas and it does a brief evaluation of another publication about names: Names from A to Ž (compiled by N. Blaževičiūtė). These two works are very different from various aspects. The first is a publication prepared by specialists. The names have been compiled according to their tradition of use and the characteristics of evolution of Lithuanian onomastics. All the names are standardised, with stressed syllable marked, and accentuation class indicated. The names are accompanied by scientifically correct data about their origin and structure. The totality of the names in this Dictionary defines the characteristics of Lithuanian onomastics and their Baltic nature. Old naming traditions are coordinated with inevitable innovations, to which the Dictionary is quite open. For these reasons the Dictionary can be assessed as a source of Lithuanian names that are recommended for usage. The second publication – Names from A to Ž – might also vie be considered to be a treasury of names that Lithuanians supposedly could use. However, it does not meet any of the requirements for a book of such content and aspirations. Most of the names in it are totally unacceptable in Lithuanian onomastics. In discussing such different publications, the article reminds readers what kinds of names are part of Lithuanian onomastics, and issues surrounding the use of these names are mentioned.

Straipsnyje siekiama žvilgtelėti į pietinio sėlių gyvento pakraščio istorinę ir dabartinę antroponimiją ieškant galimų sėlių kalbos pėdsakų, bandant nustatyti galimas sąveikas su kaimynais, taip pat žmonių kraustymosi kryptis. Tuo tikslu aptariamos pietvakarinės sėlių krašto ribos, galimi sėlių kalbos substratiniai reiškiniai lietuvių tarmėse, lietuvių pavardžių formavimosi ypatumai ir kai kurie istoriniai bei dabartiniai seniau sėlių gyvento krašto, tiksliau – pietinės jo dalies, gyventojų sąrašai. Sėliai, baltų gentis, taigi kalbėjusi viena iš baltų kalbų, toje teritorijoje, kurioje gyveno, paliko lietuvių (ir latvių) kalbose tokių ypatybių, kurios gali būti siejamos tiek su jais pačiais, tiek ir su jų kaimynais (slavais, ugrofinais lyviais). Vienas tokių reiškinių yra balsių harmonija, vadinamasis dadininkavimas, dabar išlikęs kupiškėnų tarmėje. Galimų sėlių kalbos reliktų ieškoma Tauragnų ir netolimų apylinkių istoriniuose bei dabartiniuose asmenvardžiuose. lš viso vietinėmis galima būtų laikyti 288 (70,1 proc.) dabartinių tauragniškių pavardes. Iš jų net 118 (44,02 proc.) kildinama iš lietuviškų (ar tiesiog baltiškų) žodžių, 3 pavardės (1,11 proc.) – iš latvizmų, o 17 (6,34 proc.) – iš senųjų baltų dvikamienių asmenvardžių. Straipsnyje apžvelgiami pietinių sėlių gyventų žemių kai kurie istoriniai ir dabartiniai asmenvardžiai, ieškant juose šių sėliškų reliktų: s, z ten, kur dabar lietuviai taria š, ž; c, dž (arba atitinkamai c, dz) ten, kur būta minkštųjų *k', *g'; sveikų tautosilabinių n, kurie lietuvių tarmėse įvairiai kito. The paper aims to have a look at the historical and modern anthroponymy of the southern part inhabited by Selonians, searching for possible traces of the Selonian language, trying to identify possible interactions with neighbours, as well as the directions of the migration of people. The paper discusses the boundaries of the south-western part of the Selonian land, possible substratum phenomena of the Selonian language in Lithuanian dialects, the features of the formation of Lithuanian surnames and certain historical and current lists of population from the Selonian land, namely its southern part. Selonians were the Baltic tribe, thus they spoke one of the Baltic languages. They left certain features in the Lithuanian (and Latvian) languages in the territories where they lived which might be related to themselves or their neighbours (Slavs, Finno-Ugrian Livonians). One of such phenomena is vowel harmony, the so-called dadininkavimas, currently observed in Kupiškis dialect. The possible relics of the Selonian language are searched for in the historical and modern personal names from the localities around Tauragnai. 288 (70.1%) surnames of present Tauragnai inhabitants could be considered local. Of them as many as 118 (44.02%) originated from Lithuanian (Baltic) words, 3 surnames (1.11%) from Latvian, and 17 (6.34%) from Old Baltic two-stem anthroponyms. The paper overviews certain historical and modern anthroponyms of southern Selonian territories, looking for the following Selonian relics: s, z where modern Lithuanians pronounce š, ž; c, dž (or respectively, c, dz) instead of soft *k', *g'; sound tautosyllabic n, which underwent different changes in Lithuanian dialects.